The new economy is characterised by globalisation, increased competition, and rapid changes. In order to remain competitive, organisations need to be proactive and innovative to survive. This is mirrored in the South African retail industry which is developing into a dynamic industry driven by changes in technology, shifts in consumer behaviour, saturating markets, and increased competition as a result of globalisation. In light of these increased demands on organisations to be more flexible, adaptable, and competitive, new demands have subsequently been placed on leaders. The retail industry is highly labour-intensive and requires effective leadership at all levels, and Transformational Leadership (TL) has been shown to be an effective leadership style to improve various organisational outcomes. In recent years, personality has been used as a means to predict TL behaviours in leaders. One model of personality that has proved its utility in identifying leadership characteristics has been the Five Factor Model of Personality. However, not much is known about the relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors in the retail industry. The current study utilised a quantitative research approach in which 101 leaders in a retail organisation in South Africa were assessed on TL and the Big Five personality factors, using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Fifteen Factor Plus Personality Questionnaire. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the statistical relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant relationships between three of the Big Five personality factors, namely extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness, and any of the TL dimensions or the composite TL score. There are two statistically significant relationships between one Big Five personality factor, namely agreeableness, and two TL dimensions, namely inspirational motivation (.196; p < .05), and individualised consideration (.200; p < .05). Only one Big Five personality factor, namely emotional stability, is statistically significantly related to all the TL dimensions as well as the composite TL score, ranging from a low of .539 (p < .01) for idealised behaviour to a high of .556 (p < .01) for the composite TL score. The study concluded that the Big Five personality factors should be used with caution to identify and develop potential TL behaviours in the diverse South African retail context. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

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When looking for a future partner, both attractiveness and personality play a part. The purpose of this study was to expand previous findings and investigate the difference between face and body choice and the ratings of body parts importance depending on if a person is considering a long- or short-term relationship. The similarity between self and an ideal partner’s extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits was also investigated. An additional question researched associations between the choice of body part for women and men and the two types of relationship (short- and long-term). The method was an online survey in two versions: one which asked questions about participant considering a long- and the other short- term relationship. Seventy-seven university students took a part and were randomly assigned to one of the two surveys. After exclusion of three participants, 38 participants were included in the long-term group (18 women and 20 men, mean age 22.66) and 36 in the short-term survey (17 women and 19 men, mean age 21.86). The results revealed that although face was more frequently chosen than body overall there was no significant association between choice of body part and relationship type. This association was not significant either for males or females when gender was analyzed separately. In addition, individuals rated face higher than body in both the long- and short-term relationship groups, and the ratings of face and body did not differ between the two groups. For the long-term relationships, positive and significant correlations between self and ideal partner personality were found for the three traits (agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness), suggesting a similarity between a person and their ideal partner’s personality for these factors. For the short-term the traits agreeableness and conscientiousness were positive and significantly correlated between self and ideal personality, while extraversion was positive, but it did not reach statistical significance. The traits that survived correction for multiple comparisons in this study were long- and short-term agreeableness and long-term extraversion. In sum, the choice of face or body did not depend on the relationship considered (long- or short- term partner). The personality traits between self and ideal partner were similar and significant besides short-term extraversion. / När man letar efter sin framtida partner spelar både attraktion och personlighet roll. Syftet med denna studie var att utöka tidigare forskning och undersöka skillnaden mellan ansikts- och kroppsval samt hur stor betydelse olika kroppsdelar har beroende på om en person överväger en lång- eller kortvarig relation. Likheten mellan själv och en ideal partners extraversion, behaglighet och samvetsgrannhet undersöktes också. En ytterligare fråga utredde samband mellan val av kroppsdel för kvinnor och män med anseende på de två typerna av relationer (kort- och långvarig). Metoden var en webbenkät i två versioner: den ena ställde frågor om hur deltagaren valde sin partner i en långvarig relation och den andra kortvarig relation. Sjuttio-sju universitetsstudenter deltog och de tilldelades slumpmässigt till en av de två enkäter. Efter uteslutning av tre deltagare, 38 deltagare i långtidsgruppen (18 kvinnor och 20 män, medelåldern 22,66) och 36 i korttidsundersökningen (17 kvinnor och 19 män, medelålder 21,86) deltog i studien. Resultaten avslöjade att även om ansikte valdes oftare än kroppen, fanns det inget signifikant samband mellan val av kroppsdel och relationstyp. Detta samband var inte heller signifikant vare sig för män eller kvinnor när kön analyserades separat. Dessutom bedömde individer ansikte högre än kropp i både lång- och kortsiktiga relationsgrupper, och betygen av ansikte och kropp skilde sig inte mellan de två grupperna. För de långtidrelationerna fann man positiva och signifikanta korrelationer mellan själv och den ideala partners personlighet för de tre egenskaperna (behaglighet, extraversion och samvetsgrannhet). Detta tyder på en likhet mellan en person och deras ideala partners personlighet för dessa faktorer. För korttidsförhållanden var egenskaperna behaglighet och samvetsgrannhet positiva och signifikant korrelerade mellan själv och den ideala personligheten, medan extraversion var positiv, men detta nådde inte statistisk signifikans. De egenskaper som har överlevt korrigering för flera jämförelser i denna studie var lång- och kortvarig behaglighet och långvarig extraversion. Valet av ansikte eller kropp berodde inte på vilken relation som ansågs (lång- eller korttidspartner). Personlighetsdragen för sig själv och ideal partner var lika och signifikanta förutom kortvarig extraversion.

Ian Fleming’s debut novel Casino Royale (2015) introduces the iconic character James Bond. The savvy British spy who must save the world from Soviet villain is a cultural icon the world over. Yet not much is known of his personal political leanings. Fleming once claimed that James Bond’s politics lies just left of center. In this essay I analyze where James Bond lies on the left-right political scale by using Cichoka &amp; Dhont’s (2018) “Big-five personality model”.Research has been made about the contextual, historical and political settings of the Bond novels such as Jeremy Black’s (2001) “The politics of James Bond: from Fleming's novels to the big screen” which serves as a complement to this research. Black’s (2001)claims suggest that Britain struggled for dominance after The Second World War as they were financially in ruin and although Britain lost some of its colonies, they still had many territories under their control. However, with the rising power of the Soviet Union, the nationalistic feeling in Britain grew as their reputation as a powerful empire needed to be upheld. Therefore, a need for a strong British symbol grew, which also acted as a reason for why Fleming created James Bond.The essay concludes that James Bond represents a specific part of Great Britain. The analysis has shown James Bond is a product of his time by symbolizing the longing for the return of the great British empire. This is supported by the fact of him scoring low on categories such as Agreeableness and Openness combined with the fact that he harbors anti-Communist beliefs. The analysis show that he acts in a manner that would highlight the colonial days of Britain where their strength had not yet diminished as opposed to the times after the Second World War. As such, the actions of James Bond, together with his explicit views suggest that he lies slightly more towards the right on the political scale and thus, disputesthe claim of Ian Fleming.

Objectifs. Le décrochage d’études universitaires est un comportement marquant la sortie d’un cursus avant l’obtention du diplôme le validant. Il est produit par des processus complexes se manifestant sur les lignes de fragilité du rapport entre la singularité psychique de l’étudiant et le cursus d’études dans lequel il s’inscrit et évolue. Cette thèse vise à préciser les déterminants psychosociaux à l’œuvre dans ces processus. / Introduction. Dropping out of university is a behavior related to leaving a study course without a degree. It is produced by complex processes manifested on the lines of fragility in the relationship between the psychic singularity of the student and the enrollment on specific studies. The aim of this thesis is to precise psychosocial determinants at work in these processes.

<p>Three main theoretical approaches to the study of the causation of prejudice can be distinguished within psychological research. The cognitive approach suggests that prejudice is a function of cognitive processes where stereotypic information about social groups, stored in memory, is automatically activated and affects people’s judgements and behavior toward members of the target group. The personality approach suggests that prejudice is a function of people’s personality characteristics. Finally, the social psychological approach emphasizes people’s group membership and group identification as the as major source of causation.</p><p>Previous research has almost entirely focused on only one approach of causation at a time. The focus has also shifted periodically – with attention paid to one approach at each period of time. The present thesis is an attempt to integrate these approaches and suggests an integrative model where the relative contribution of each approach could be assessed. The underlying assumption is that all three approaches are meaningful and that prejudice is a complex phenomenon that is best explained by taking into account all approaches jointly.</p><p>Examining the cognitive approach, Paper I revealed that people are knowledgeable of the cultural stereotypes and that stereotypic information is automatically activated and affects people’s judgments. Paper II (and Paper III) supported the personality approach and revealed that prejudice is highly related to primary personality characteristics and, in line with a central idea in this approach, different types of prejudice (ethnic prejudice, sexism, homophobia, and prejudice toward disabled people) are highly correlated. The results of Paper III revealed the importance of group membership and group identification, supporting the social psychology approach.</p><p>The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and the necessity to integrate various approaches and disciplines to explain psychological phenomena in general and prejudice in particular. Also, implications of the findings for prejudice prevention are discussed.</p>

Three main theoretical approaches to the study of the causation of prejudice can be distinguished within psychological research. The cognitive approach suggests that prejudice is a function of cognitive processes where stereotypic information about social groups, stored in memory, is automatically activated and affects people’s judgements and behavior toward members of the target group. The personality approach suggests that prejudice is a function of people’s personality characteristics. Finally, the social psychological approach emphasizes people’s group membership and group identification as the as major source of causation. Previous research has almost entirely focused on only one approach of causation at a time. The focus has also shifted periodically – with attention paid to one approach at each period of time. The present thesis is an attempt to integrate these approaches and suggests an integrative model where the relative contribution of each approach could be assessed. The underlying assumption is that all three approaches are meaningful and that prejudice is a complex phenomenon that is best explained by taking into account all approaches jointly. Examining the cognitive approach, Paper I revealed that people are knowledgeable of the cultural stereotypes and that stereotypic information is automatically activated and affects people’s judgments. Paper II (and Paper III) supported the personality approach and revealed that prejudice is highly related to primary personality characteristics and, in line with a central idea in this approach, different types of prejudice (ethnic prejudice, sexism, homophobia, and prejudice toward disabled people) are highly correlated. The results of Paper III revealed the importance of group membership and group identification, supporting the social psychology approach. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and the necessity to integrate various approaches and disciplines to explain psychological phenomena in general and prejudice in particular. Also, implications of the findings for prejudice prevention are discussed.

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This study tested the utility of three different models of personality, namely the social and personality model, the pathological personality traits model, and the psychological dysregulation model, in predicting overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency in a sample of detained boys (ages 12 to 18; M age = 15.31; SD = 1.16). Results indicated that the three personality approaches demonstrated different unique associations with aggression and delinquency. The psychological dysregulation approach, composed of behavioral dysregulation, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive dysregulation, emerged as the overall best predictor of overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. After controlling for the Big Five personality traits, psychological dysregulation accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and delinquency, but not relational aggression. After controlling for callous-unemotional traits and narcissistic traits, psychological dysregulation also accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. Psychological dysregulation did not account for significant variance in aggression or delinquency after controlling for borderline traits. The pathological personality traits approach, comprised of callous-unemotional traits, narcissistic traits, and borderline traits performed second best. In particular, within this approach borderline traits accounted for the most unique variance, followed by narcissistic traits, then callous-unemotional traits. Borderline traits accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency when controlling for the Big Five traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. Narcissistic traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and relational aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. CU traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. The social and personality model, represented by the Big Five personality traits accounted for the least amount of variance in the prediction of aggression and delinquency, on its own, and when pitted against the other two personality approaches. The exception was that the Big Five personality traits accounted for significant variance in relational aggression beyond narcissistic traits, as well as psychological dysregulation. These findings have implications for assessment and intervention with aggressive and antisocial youth.