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Showing 41 to 50 of 53 (0.023 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"birkhoff"" "subject:"birkhoffs""
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On Ruled Surfaces in three-dimensional Minkowski SpaceShonoda, Emad N. Naseem 22 December 2010 (has links) (PDF)
In a Minkowski three dimensional space, whose metric is based on a strictly convex and centrally symmetric unit ball , we deal with ruled surfaces Φ in the sense of E. Kruppa. This means that we have to look for Minkowski analogues of the classical differential invariants of ruled surfaces in a Euclidean space. Here, at first – after an introduction to concepts of a Minkowski space, like semi-orthogonalities and a semi-inner-product based on the so-called cosine-Minkowski function - we construct an orthogonal 3D moving frame using Birkhoff’s left-orthogonality. This moving frame is canonically connected to ruled surfaces: beginning with the generator direction and the asymptotic plane of this generator g we complete this flag to a frame using the left-orthogonality defined by ; ( is described either by its supporting function or a parameter representation). The plane left-orthogonal to the asymptotic plane through generator g(t) is called Minkowski central plane and touches Φ in the striction point s(t) of g(t). Thus the moving frame defines the Minkowski striction curve S of the considered ruled surface Φ similar to the Euclidean case. The coefficients occurring in the Minkowski analogues to Frenet-Serret formulae of the moving frame of Φ in a Minkowski space are called “M-curvatures” and “M-torsions”. Here we essentially make use of the semi-inner product and the sine-Minkowski and cosine-Minkowski functions. Furthermore we define a covariant differentiation in a Minkowski 3-space using a new vector called “deformation vector” and locally measuring the deviation of the Minkowski space from a Euclidean space. With this covariant differentiation it is possible to declare an “M-geodesicc parallelity” and to show that the vector field of the generators of a skew ruled surface Φ is an M-geodesic parallel field along its Minkowski striction curve s. Finally we also define the Pirondini set of ruled surfaces to a given surface Φ. The surfaces of such a set have the M-striction curve and the strip of M-central planes in common
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Combinatoire et algorithmique des factorisations tangentes à l'identité / Combinatorics and algorithms for factorizations tangent to the identityKane, Ladji 27 June 2014 (has links)
La combinatoire a permis de résoudre certains problèmes en Mathématiques, en Physique et en Informatique, en retour celles-ci inspirent des questions nouvelles à la combinatoire. Ce mémoire de thèse intitulé "Combinatoire et algorithme des factorisations tangentes à l'identité" regroupe plusieurs travaux sur la combinatoire des déformations du produit de Shuffle. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'écrire des factorisations dont le terme principal est l'identité à travers l'utilisation d'outils portant principalement sur la combinatoire des mots (ordres, graduation etc.). Dans le cas classique, soit F une algèbre libre. En raison du fait que F est une algèbre enveloppante, on a une factorisation exacte de l'identité de End(F) = F*⨶F comme un produit infini d'exponentielles (End(F) étant muni du produit de Shuffle sur la gauche et de la concaténation sur la droite, une représentation fidèle du produit de convolution). La procédure est la suivante : premièrement on commence avec une base de Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt, deuxièmement on calcule la famille des formes coordonnées et alors les propriétés (combinatoires) non triviales de ces familles en dualité donne la factorisation. Si on part de l'autre côté, l'écriture pour le même produit ne donne exactement l'identité que sous des conditions très restrictives que nous précisons ici. Dans de nombreux autres cas (déformés), la construction explicite des paires de bases en dualité nécessite une étude combinatoire et algorithmique que nous fournissons dans ce mémoire. / Combinatorics has solved many problems in Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, in return these domains inspire new questions to combinatorics. This memoir entitled "Combinatorics and algorithmics of factorization tangent to indentity includes several works on the combinatorial deformations of the shuffle product. The aim of this thesis is to write factorizations wich principal term is the identity through the use of tools relating mainly to combinatorics on the words (orderings, grading etc). In the classical case, let F be the free algebra. Due to the fact that F is an enveloping algebra, one has an exact factorization of the identity of End(F) = F⨶F as an infinite product of exponentials (End(F) being endowed with the shuffle product on the left and the concatenation on the right, a faithful representation of the convolution product) as follows : first on begins with a PBW basis, second one computes the family of coordinate forms and then non-trivial (combinatorial) properties of theses families in duality gives the factorization. Starting from the other side and writing the same product does give exactly identity only under very restrictive conditions that we clarify here. In many other (deformed) cases, the explicit construction of pairs of bases in duality requires combinatorial and algorithmic studies that we provide in this memoir.
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Classification et géométrie des équations aux q-différences : étude globale de q-Painlevé, classification non isoformelle et Stokes à pentes arbitraires / Classification and geometry of q-difference equations : global study of q-Painlevé, non-isoformal classification and stokes with arbitrary slopesEloy, Anton 28 September 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse s'intéresse à la classification géométrique, locale et globale, des équations aux q-différences. Dans un premier temps nous réalisons une étude globale de certains systèmes dérivés des équations de q-Painlevé et introduits par Murata, en proposant une correspondance de Riemann-Hilbert-Birkhoff entre de tels systèmes et leurs matrices de connexion. Dans un second temps nous nous intéressons à la classification locale, en construisant un fibré vectoriel équivariant sur l'espace des classes formelles à deux pentes dont la fibre au dessus d'une classe formelle est l'espace de ses classes analytiques isoformelles. Ceci fait, voyant que l'action du groupe des automorphismes du gradué s'impose naturellement dans l'étude de ce fibré, nous nous intéressons à l'espace des classes analytiques, soit des classes analytiques isoformelles modulo cette action, dont nous proposons dans un cas restreint une première approche de classification via l'utilisation de variétés toriques. Dans un troisième temps nous construisons, via des transformations de q-Borel et de q-Laplace, des q-Stokes, soit des solutions méromorphes de systèmes, dans le cadre des systèmes à deux pentes dont une non entière et une nulle. / This thesis falls within the context of global and local geometric classification of q-difference equations. In a first part we study the global behaviour of some systems derived from q-Painlevé equations and introduced by Murata. We do so by constructing a Riemann-Hilbert-Birkhoff correspondence between such systems and their connexion matrices. In a second part we work on local classification by providing a construction of an equivariant vector bundle over the space of all formal classes with two slopes, the fibre over a formal class being the space of its isoformal analytic classes. As the action of the group of automorphisms of the graded module arises naturally when we study this bundle, we take an interest in the study of the space of analytic classes, which is the space of isoformal analytic classes modulo this action. We propose a first approach of such a classification by using toric varieties. In a third part we construct q-Stokes, i.e. meromorphic solutions of systems, in the context of systems with one non-integral slope and one equal to zero, this by using q-Borel and q-Laplace transforms.
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On Ruled Surfaces in three-dimensional Minkowski SpaceShonoda, Emad N. Naseem 13 December 2010 (has links)
In a Minkowski three dimensional space, whose metric is based on a strictly convex and centrally symmetric unit ball , we deal with ruled surfaces Φ in the sense of E. Kruppa. This means that we have to look for Minkowski analogues of the classical differential invariants of ruled surfaces in a Euclidean space. Here, at first – after an introduction to concepts of a Minkowski space, like semi-orthogonalities and a semi-inner-product based on the so-called cosine-Minkowski function - we construct an orthogonal 3D moving frame using Birkhoff’s left-orthogonality. This moving frame is canonically connected to ruled surfaces: beginning with the generator direction and the asymptotic plane of this generator g we complete this flag to a frame using the left-orthogonality defined by ; ( is described either by its supporting function or a parameter representation). The plane left-orthogonal to the asymptotic plane through generator g(t) is called Minkowski central plane and touches Φ in the striction point s(t) of g(t). Thus the moving frame defines the Minkowski striction curve S of the considered ruled surface Φ similar to the Euclidean case. The coefficients occurring in the Minkowski analogues to Frenet-Serret formulae of the moving frame of Φ in a Minkowski space are called “M-curvatures” and “M-torsions”. Here we essentially make use of the semi-inner product and the sine-Minkowski and cosine-Minkowski functions. Furthermore we define a covariant differentiation in a Minkowski 3-space using a new vector called “deformation vector” and locally measuring the deviation of the Minkowski space from a Euclidean space. With this covariant differentiation it is possible to declare an “M-geodesicc parallelity” and to show that the vector field of the generators of a skew ruled surface Φ is an M-geodesic parallel field along its Minkowski striction curve s. Finally we also define the Pirondini set of ruled surfaces to a given surface Φ. The surfaces of such a set have the M-striction curve and the strip of M-central planes in common
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The Diamond Lemma for Power Series AlgebrasHellström, Lars January 2002 (has links)
<p>The main result in this thesis is the generalisation of Bergman's diamond lemma for ring theory to power series rings. This generalisation makes it possible to treat problems in which there arise infinite descending chains. Several results in the literature are shown to be special cases of this diamond lemma and examples are given of interesting problems which could not previously be treated. One of these examples provides a general construction of a normed skew field in which a custom commutation relation holds.</p><p>There is also a general result on the structure of totally ordered semigroups, demonstrating that all semigroups with an archimedean element has a (up to a scaling factor) unique order-preserving homomorphism to the real numbers. This helps analyse the concept of filtered structure. It is shown that whereas filtered structures can be used to induce pretty much any zero-dimensional linear topology, a real-valued norm suffices for the definition of those topologies that have a reasonable relation to the multiplication operation.</p><p>The thesis also contains elementary results on degree (as of polynomials) functions, norms on algebras (in particular ultranorms), (Birkhoff) orthogonality in modules, and construction of semigroup partial orders from ditto quasiorders.</p>
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The Diamond Lemma for Power Series AlgebrasHellström, Lars January 2002 (has links)
The main result in this thesis is the generalisation of Bergman's diamond lemma for ring theory to power series rings. This generalisation makes it possible to treat problems in which there arise infinite descending chains. Several results in the literature are shown to be special cases of this diamond lemma and examples are given of interesting problems which could not previously be treated. One of these examples provides a general construction of a normed skew field in which a custom commutation relation holds. There is also a general result on the structure of totally ordered semigroups, demonstrating that all semigroups with an archimedean element has a (up to a scaling factor) unique order-preserving homomorphism to the real numbers. This helps analyse the concept of filtered structure. It is shown that whereas filtered structures can be used to induce pretty much any zero-dimensional linear topology, a real-valued norm suffices for the definition of those topologies that have a reasonable relation to the multiplication operation. The thesis also contains elementary results on degree (as of polynomials) functions, norms on algebras (in particular ultranorms), (Birkhoff) orthogonality in modules, and construction of semigroup partial orders from ditto quasiorders.
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| 47 |
Monodromie d'opérateurs non auto-adjointsQuang Sang, Phan 28 June 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Nous proposons de construire dans cette thèse un invariant combinatoire, appelée la "monodromie spectrale" à partir du spectre d'un seul opérateur h-pseudo-différentiel (non auto-adjoint) à deux degrés de liberté dans la limite semi-classique. Notre inspiration est issue de la monodromie quantique qui est définie pour le spectre conjoint d'un système intégrable de n opérateurs h-pseudo-différentiels auto-adjoints qui commutent, donnée par S. Vu Ngoc. Le premier cas simple traité dans ce travail est celui d'un opérateur normal. Dans ce cas, son spectre discret peut être identifié au spectre conjoint d'un système quantique intégrable. Le deuxième cas plus complexe que nous proposons est une petite perturbation d'un opérateur auto-adjoint en supposant une propriété d'intégrabilité classique. Nous montrons que son spectre discret (dans une petite bande autour de l'axe réel) possède également une monodromie combinatoire. La difficulté ici est qu'on ne connaît pas la description du spectre partout, mais seulement dans un ensemble de type Cantor. De plus, nous montrons aussi que cette monodromie peut être identifiée à la monodromie classique (qui est définie par J. Duistermaat). Ce sont les résultats principaux de cette thèse.
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Geometry of Minkowski Planes and Spaces -- Selected TopicsWu, Senlin 13 November 2008 (has links)
The results presented in this dissertation refer to the geometry of Minkowski
spaces, i.e., of real finite-dimensional Banach spaces.
First we study geometric properties of radial projections of
bisectors in Minkowski spaces, especially the relation between the
geometric structure of radial projections and Birkhoff
orthogonality. As an application of our results it is shown that for
any Minkowski space there exists a number, which plays somehow the
role that $\sqrt2$ plays in Euclidean space. This number is referred
to as the critical number of any Minkowski space. Lower and upper
bounds on the critical number are given, and the cases when these
bounds are attained are characterized. Moreover, with the help of
the properties of bisectors we show that a linear map from a normed
linear space $X$ to another normed linear space $Y$ preserves
isosceles orthogonality if and only if it is a scalar multiple of a
linear isometry.
Further on, we examine the two tangent segments from any exterior
point to the unit circle, the relation between the length of a chord
of the unit circle and the length of the arc corresponding to it,
the distances from the normalization of the sum of two unit vectors
to those two vectors, and the extension of the notions of
orthocentric systems and orthocenters in Euclidean plane into
Minkowski spaces. Also we prove theorems referring to chords of
Minkowski circles and balls which are either concurrent or parallel.
All these discussions yield many interesting characterizations of
the Euclidean spaces among all (strictly convex) Minkowski spaces.
In the final chapter we investigate the relation between the length
of a closed curve and the length of its midpoint curve as well as
the length of its image under the so-called halving pair
transformation. We show that the image curve under the halving pair
transformation is convex provided the original curve is convex.
Moreover, we obtain several inequalities to show the relation
between the halving distance and other quantities well known in
convex geometry. It is known that the lower bound for the geometric
dilation of rectifiable simple closed curves in the Euclidean plane
is $\pi/2$, which can be attained only by circles. We extend this
result to Minkowski planes by proving that the lower bound for the
geometric dilation of rectifiable simple closed curves in a
Minkowski plane $X$ is analogously a quarter of the circumference of
the unit circle $S_X$ of $X$, but can also be attained by curves
that are not Minkowskian circles. In addition we show that the lower
bound is attained only by Minkowskian circles if the respective norm
is strictly convex. Also we give a sufficient condition for the
geometric dilation of a closed convex curve to be larger than a
quarter of the perimeter of the unit circle.
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An Invitation to Generalized Minkowski GeometryJahn, Thomas 11 March 2019 (has links)
The present thesis contributes to the theory of generalized Minkowski spaces as a continuation of Minkowski geometry, i.e., the geometry of finite-dimensional normed spaces over the field of real numbers.
In a generalized Minkowski space, distance and length measurement is provided by a gauge, whose definition mimics the definition of a norm but lacks the symmetry requirement.
This seemingly minor change in the definition is deliberately chosen.
On the one hand, many techniques from Minkowski spaces can be adapted to generalized Minkowski spaces because several phenomena in Minkowski geometry simply do not depend on the symmetry of distance measurement.
On the other hand, the possible asymmetry of the distance measurement set up by gauges is nonetheless meaningful and interesting for applications, e.g., in location science.
In this spirit, the presentation of this thesis is led mainly by minimization problems from convex optimization and location science which are appealing to convex geometers, too.
In addition, we study metrically defined objects, which may receive a new interpretation when we measure distances asymmetrically.
To this end, we use a combination of methods from convex analysis and convex geometry to relate the properties of these objects to the shape of the unit ball of the generalized Minkowski space under consideration.
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Metrical Problems in Minkowski GeometryFankhänel, Andreas 19 October 2012 (has links) (PDF)
In this dissertation we study basic metrical properties of 2-dimensional normed linear spaces, so-called (Minkowski or) normed planes.
In the first chapter we introduce a notion of angular measure, and we investigate under what conditions certain angular measures in a Minkowski plane exist. We show that only the Euclidean angular measure has the property that in an isosceles triangle the base angles are of equal size. However, angular measures with the property that the angle between orthogonal vectors has a value of pi/2, i.e, a quarter of the full circle, exist in a wider variety of normed planes, depending on the type of orthogonality. Due to this we have a closer look at isosceles and Birkhoff orthogonality. Finally, we present results concerning angular bisectors.
In the second chapter we pay attention to convex quadrilaterals. We give definitions of different types of rectangles and rhombi and analyse under what conditions they coincide. Combinations of defining properties of rectangles and rhombi will yield squares, and we will see that any two types of squares are equal if and only if the plane is Euclidean. Additionally, we define a ``new\'\' type of quadrilaterals, the so-called codises. Since codises and rectangles coincide in Radon planes, we will explain why it makes sense to distinguish these two notions. For this purpose we introduce the concept of associated parallelograms.
Finally we will deal with metrically defined conics, i.e., with analogues of conic sections in normed planes. We define metric ellipses (hyperbolas) as loci of points that have constant sum (difference) of distances to two given points, the so-called foci. Also we define metric parabolas as loci of points whose distance to a given point equals the distance to a fixed line. We present connections between the shape of the unit ball B and the shape of conics. More precisely, we will see that straight segments and corner points of B cause, under certain conditions, that conics have straight segments and corner points, too. Afterwards we consider intersecting ellipses and hyperbolas with identical foci. We prove that in special Minkowski planes, namely in the subfamily of polygonal planes, confocal ellipses and hyperbolas intersect in a way called Birkhoff orthogonal, whenever the respective ellipse is large enough.
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