archives@tulane.edu / Academic Self-Esteem was examined as a moderator between two dimensions of positive and negative youth experiences (community experiences and perceptions of teacher beliefs) and academic achievement (grade point average and academic future expectations) in a sample of Black adolescents. Self-reported data were collected from 364 participants (grades 9-12, 70% girls) as part of the larger Teen Experiences Project. The students attended a high school in a large and urban city (Mean Age = 15.93, S.D = 1.56). Results from regression analyses revealed that academic self-esteem moderated relations between negative community experiences and academic achievement. For boys, academic achievement increased as academic self-esteem (ASE) and negative community experiences increased; but decreased when ASE was lower and negative community experiences were high. Exploratory regression analysis examining relations between grade level, ASE, and negative community experiences revealed that for students in older grades, achievement reduces when ASE is lower and negative community experiences are high. Implications and future directions for research are discussed. / 1 / Jarrad Hodge

Please read the abstract in the section 07 summury of this document Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Adventure based experiential learning programmes (AEPs) are certainly nothing new (Louw et al., 2007). Its inception can be traced back as far as Plato after which it was revised as a result of the contributions of Kurt Hahn, the German educationalist and organisations such as Outward Bound (Hattie et al., 1997). The positive contribution to personal- and life effectiveness as a result of participation in AEPs and which adventure enthusiasts have laid claim to, has been in existence since the start of Outward Bound in 1942 (Neill, 2000:3). Witt and Crompton (1996) further emphasised value of AEPs by stating that they are internationally recognised as a scientific method that assist in developing the life effectiveness of adolescents and adults. One of the most critical challenges for adventure based experiential learning organisations in the 21st century is the development of applicable AEPs for less privileged groups, according to Neill and Flory (2000a). High school pupils in this day and age pose much bigger challenges to educational institutions. They are more diverse in terms of age, race, socio-economic status, culture, sex, stability, attitudes and values (Upcraft, 1993). To adhere to the above mentioned challenges Kimball and Bacon (1993) recommend AEPs that take place in nature as this serves as a therapy for the gaps in the current educational- and community systems. The purpose of this study was to obtain scientific information regarding the contribution of an adventure based experiential learning program (AEP1) to the improvement of the life- and personal effectiveness of black high school pupils, specifically in light of the current transformation- and empowerment processes. Black high school students were specifically used in this study because no results regarding their participation in AEPs have been found in South Africa. The results of this study will deliver important scientific information regarding this topic, especially in light of the current focus on transformation and empowerment. The test subject consisted of an experimental- (20 boys and 20 girls) and a control group (20 boys and 20 girls) aged between twelve and seventeen years with an average age of 14.5. The experimental group participated in a five day AEP in the Vredefort Dome in the North West province. The study is conducted in the form of a quantitative pre-test post-test design (Thomas & Nelson, 1996:321-322). The questionnaires were administered before, directly after and six months after the initial evaluation to determine the immediate and long term effect thereof. To measure life effectiveness, use was made of the Life Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ-H) (Neill et al., 1997:6) with a Cronbach Alpha-value of between 0.78 and 0.93 to measure the development of life effectiveness of the group. The instrument focuses on psychological and behavioural aspects that are key components of life effectiveness. The LEQ-H consists of 24 questions and assesses the following dimensions: achievement motivation, active initiative, emotional control, intellectual flexibility, self confidence, social competence, task leadership and time management. The results yielded an overall intra-group effect size of d= 0.03 in the short term and a negative effect size of d=-0.03 in the long term. The inter-group results, however, yielded an overall small effect size of d=0.35 in the short term and a medium effect size of d=0.49 in the long term. The overall results obtained indicate that an AEP had a significant intergroup short- and long term effect on the life effectiveness of black high school pupils but it did not have a significant intra-group effect. The hypothesis regarding the positive, immediate and long term effect of the AEP on the life effectiveness of black high school pupils was thus rejected. Albeit that the life effectiveness of black high school pupils did not necessarily improve as a result of the AEP, it is important to note that the socio-economic environment as well as the family structures of the participants seems to have had an impact on the outcome of the study. Furthermore, the fact that the questionnaires were not in their home language, could also have impacted on the results. To measure personal effectiveness, use was made of the Review of Personal effectiveness and Locus of Control (ROPELOC) with a Cronbach Alpha-value of between 0.79 and 0.93 (Richards et al., 2002:1-4). The ROPELOC consists of 45 questions and is made up of six major components with sub-constructs namely personal abilities and beliefs (self-confidence, self-efficacy, stress management, open thinking), social abilities (social effectiveness, cooperative teamwork, leadership ability), organisational skills (time management, quality seeking, coping with change) active. The difference can be determined with regard to the main components as well as the underlying subcomponents. The results yielded an overall small intra-group effect size of d=0.28 in the short term and a small effect size of d=0.42 in the long term. The inter-group results yielded an overall medium effect size of d=0.54 in the short term and a large effect size of d=0.87 in the long term. The overall results obtained indicate that an AEP had a significant short- and long term effect on the personal effectiveness of black high school pupils. The hypothesis regarding the positive, immediate and long term effect of the AEP on the personal effectiveness of black high school pupils was thus accepted. It is thus recommended that AEPs be utilized to improve personal effectiveness of black high school pupils in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Adventure based experiential learning programmes (AEPs) are certainly nothing new (Louw et al., 2007). Its inception can be traced back as far as Plato after which it was revised as a result of the contributions of Kurt Hahn, the German educationalist and organisations such as Outward Bound (Hattie et al., 1997). The positive contribution to personal- and life effectiveness as a result of participation in AEPs and which adventure enthusiasts have laid claim to, has been in existence since the start of Outward Bound in 1942 (Neill, 2000:3). Witt and Crompton (1996) further emphasised value of AEPs by stating that they are internationally recognised as a scientific method that assist in developing the life effectiveness of adolescents and adults. One of the most critical challenges for adventure based experiential learning organisations in the 21st century is the development of applicable AEPs for less privileged groups, according to Neill and Flory (2000a). High school pupils in this day and age pose much bigger challenges to educational institutions. They are more diverse in terms of age, race, socio-economic status, culture, sex, stability, attitudes and values (Upcraft, 1993). To adhere to the above mentioned challenges Kimball and Bacon (1993) recommend AEPs that take place in nature as this serves as a therapy for the gaps in the current educational- and community systems. The purpose of this study was to obtain scientific information regarding the contribution of an adventure based experiential learning program (AEP1) to the improvement of the life- and personal effectiveness of black high school pupils, specifically in light of the current transformation- and empowerment processes. Black high school students were specifically used in this study because no results regarding their participation in AEPs have been found in South Africa. The results of this study will deliver important scientific information regarding this topic, especially in light of the current focus on transformation and empowerment. The test subject consisted of an experimental- (20 boys and 20 girls) and a control group (20 boys and 20 girls) aged between twelve and seventeen years with an average age of 14.5. The experimental group participated in a five day AEP in the Vredefort Dome in the North West province. The study is conducted in the form of a quantitative pre-test post-test design (Thomas & Nelson, 1996:321-322). The questionnaires were administered before, directly after and six months after the initial evaluation to determine the immediate and long term effect thereof. To measure life effectiveness, use was made of the Life Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ-H) (Neill et al., 1997:6) with a Cronbach Alpha-value of between 0.78 and 0.93 to measure the development of life effectiveness of the group. The instrument focuses on psychological and behavioural aspects that are key components of life effectiveness. The LEQ-H consists of 24 questions and assesses the following dimensions: achievement motivation, active initiative, emotional control, intellectual flexibility, self confidence, social competence, task leadership and time management. The results yielded an overall intra-group effect size of d= 0.03 in the short term and a negative effect size of d=-0.03 in the long term. The inter-group results, however, yielded an overall small effect size of d=0.35 in the short term and a medium effect size of d=0.49 in the long term. The overall results obtained indicate that an AEP had a significant intergroup short- and long term effect on the life effectiveness of black high school pupils but it did not have a significant intra-group effect. The hypothesis regarding the positive, immediate and long term effect of the AEP on the life effectiveness of black high school pupils was thus rejected. Albeit that the life effectiveness of black high school pupils did not necessarily improve as a result of the AEP, it is important to note that the socio-economic environment as well as the family structures of the participants seems to have had an impact on the outcome of the study. Furthermore, the fact that the questionnaires were not in their home language, could also have impacted on the results. To measure personal effectiveness, use was made of the Review of Personal effectiveness and Locus of Control (ROPELOC) with a Cronbach Alpha-value of between 0.79 and 0.93 (Richards et al., 2002:1-4). The ROPELOC consists of 45 questions and is made up of six major components with sub-constructs namely personal abilities and beliefs (self-confidence, self-efficacy, stress management, open thinking), social abilities (social effectiveness, cooperative teamwork, leadership ability), organisational skills (time management, quality seeking, coping with change) active. The difference can be determined with regard to the main components as well as the underlying subcomponents. The results yielded an overall small intra-group effect size of d=0.28 in the short term and a small effect size of d=0.42 in the long term. The inter-group results yielded an overall medium effect size of d=0.54 in the short term and a large effect size of d=0.87 in the long term. The overall results obtained indicate that an AEP had a significant short- and long term effect on the personal effectiveness of black high school pupils. The hypothesis regarding the positive, immediate and long term effect of the AEP on the personal effectiveness of black high school pupils was thus accepted. It is thus recommended that AEPs be utilized to improve personal effectiveness of black high school pupils in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Race has been considered to serve as a barrier to leisure for most Blacks. Such claims have been based on a few studies many of which are theoretically faulty. This dissertation research attempts to address the current shortcomings of the literature by exploring the relationships between racial socialization, racial identity, saliency, and the free-time choices of Black youth. Using a web-based survey, the relationship between the racial socialization behaviors of parents and development of racial ideologies is described. Findings provide support for the idea that specific race-related behaviors and messages and influence the development of one's racial identity. The results from the web-based survey are also used to test the Salience of Race in Leisure Questionnaire which is intended to determine the extent to which one considers race when selecting free-time activities. Finally, focus groups explore the race-related meanings that youth attach to their free-time activities. Findings provide information about the impact of racial socialization on the beliefs youth develop concerning Black and non-Black activities. In summary, this study provides a starting point for examining socialization and saliency as factors impacting the free-time decisions of Blacks. Much replication, extension and application research will be required to extend findings from current results using student and general population samples. The dissertation is organized in five sections. An introductory section presents the theoretical orientation for research. The second, third, and fourth sections explain the relationship between racial socialization, racial identity and saliency of race, and free-time activities. The final section provides a summary of the key findings of this dissertation.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T20:57:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Flavia_Acosta.pdf: 1161509 bytes, checksum: 052df8d02f8edc108c8f9213e3948f7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-22T22:16:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Flavia_Acosta.pdf: 1161509 bytes, checksum: 052df8d02f8edc108c8f9213e3948f7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-22T22:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Flavia_Acosta.pdf: 1161509 bytes, checksum: 052df8d02f8edc108c8f9213e3948f7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Sem bolsa / A compreensão de como as adolescentes negras moradoras de Santana do Livramento percebem a construção de suas identidades e como elas experienciam o racismo é o tema dessa dissertação. Este trabalho visa entender como estas jovens negras estão vivenciando seus processos de identificações sendo estudantes do ensino médio de escolas estaduais e como moradoras do bairro Carolina e do bairro Centro, da cidade supracitada. Isto foi feito através de uma pesquisa qualitativa utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas como forma de se aproximar às ideias e percepções das adolescentes pesquisadas. Assim, tem-se como objetivo geral compreender como as adolescentes negras estão construindo suas identidades na periferia e no centro de Santana do Livramento e como elas se posicionam com relação ao racismo. Alémdisso, têm-se como objetivos específicos: analisar como as alunas estão dialogando com o processo de construção de suas identidades, como lidam com o racismo e as ações afirmativas realizadas no âmbito escolar; compreender a relação que as adolescentes têm com os movimentos negros e se estes compõem a construção de suas identidades; e perceber de que forma as adolescentes articulam suas identidades frente às possibilidades de mobilidade social. Verificou-se que as construções das identidades em foco e seu contexto cultural estão sendo influenciados de forma significativa pela implementação da Lei 10.639/03 e de forma sutil pelas atividades dos movimentos negros de Santana do Livramento. A construção das identidades a partir da interseccionalidade das categorias raça, gênero e classe, das adolescentes do terceiro ano, trouxe outros elementos para o debate que se mostraram relevantes e fortemente presentes nas construções de suas identidades, como a reação a situações de racismo, as influências da família, da religião, da autoestima, cabelo e beleza, bem como do ambiente escolar. / The comprehension of howblack adolescents resident in Santana do Livramento perceive the construction of their identities and how they dialogue with racism is the subject of this dissertation. This work seeks to comprehend how these black adolescents are experiencing their identification processes being high school students of state public schools and residents in Carolina neighbourhood or downtown, of the aforementioned city. This qualitative research used semi-structured interviews as a way to approach the ideas and perceptions of the adolescents.Thus, the main objective was to comprehend how black adolescents are building their identities in the suburbs and downtown in Santana do Livramento and how they position themselves related to racism. In addition, the specific objectives are: to analyze how the students are interacting with their process of identity construction, how they deal with racism and affirmative actions that took place in the school context; to comprehend the relation between the adolescents and the black movementsand if these movements are part of their identity construction; and to realize how the adolescents articulate their identities in order to enable a social mobility. It was verified that the construtions of identities in focus and their cultural context are being affected significantly by the implementation of Law 10.639/03 and subtly by the activities of the black movements in Santana do Livramento. The construction of identities from the intersectionality of race, gender and class categories, of the last year high school teenagers, brought other elements for the debate that were relevant and strongly present in the constructions of their identities, as the reaction to racism situations and the influences of the family, religion, self-esteem, hair and beauty, jointly to the school environment.

<p>Racial microaggressions are associated with multiple negative health outcomes, including increased distress, anxiety (Blume et al., 2012; Schoulte et al., 2011), and substance use (Su et al., 2019). The negative effects of racial microaggressions have been observed through daily assessments (Burrow & Ong, 2010; Ong et al., 2009; Swim et al., 2003). However, these studies have been conducted almost exclusively among Black adults. Thus, the first aim of the current study is to examine the impact of daily experiences of racial microaggressions on health outcomes among Black adolescents. Further, it is also important to examine factors that might influence the relationship between racial microaggressions and health outcomes. One factor that has received a considerable amount of attention is racial identity, with more recent studies examining the impact of racial identity profiles. Thus, the second aim of the current study was to explore variability in these risk pathways based on racial identity profiles. Participants were Black adolescents (N = 48; 79.2% girls; Mage=17.13). Respondents completed measures of racial identity at baseline and daily diary measures of racial microaggressions, depression, anxiety, aggression, and substance use for 14 days. Participants reported an average of 5.56 experiences of racial microaggressions per day. Neither concurrent or lagged-day associations between racial microaggressions and symptoms of depression or symptoms of anxiety were significant. Concurrent analyses indicated that the between-person effect of racial microaggressions on aggression was significant (estimate=0.345, SE=0.138, t=2.495, p=0.016), and that effect was still evident one day later (estimate=0.107, SE=0.040, t=2.686, p=0.007). The concurrent, within-person effect of racial microaggressions on cannabis use was also significant (OR=1.524, 95%CI[0.103, 0.740], p=0.010). Four racial identity profiles were identified (labeled race- focused, undifferentiated, integrationist, and multiculturalist) and a number of effects were significant within profiles. This study further highlighted that Black youth are experiencing an overwhelming number of racial microaggressions on a daily basis. Additionally, this project represents a crucial step in advancing our understanding of how racial microaggressions operate to influence health outcomes among Black adolescents on the daily level and highlights several areas for needed study and intervention. </p>

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This study aimed to verify the influence of the threat of stereotypes on young blacks and whites in the face of professional choice by professions of high and low social status. It is known that stereotypes are shared ideas about a group and serve to maintain the order and status quo of the dominant group (Tajfel, 1981). And the theory of the threat of stereotype makes explicit that the maintenance of the social order is favored to the extent that at the time of an evaluation, if the stereotypes of the group to which the evaluated one belongs belong, and if such stereotypes are related to the evaluation, threat of confirming the negative stereotypy would decrease the subject's performance, confirming the stereotypes about the target group (Steele & Aronson, 1995). In Brazil, stereotypes about the occupation of blacks have been built since slavery, and it is now necessary to understand to what extent the threat to stereotypes can be an explanation for the maintenance of the social order established in this society, blacks occupy the professions of low social status. Thus, in order to achieve this objective, two studies were carried out. Study 1 analyzed the social perception of occupations as to the social status attributed to them and the racial composition of these occupations. A total of 253 adolescents, aged 15-21, participated in high school students from three public schools in Aracaju - Sergipe. The information was collected in a semi structured questionnaire and the data analyzed through the SPSS. Study 2 investigated the influence of the threat to stereotypes on the professional choice of young blacks and whites. From this study, 296 adolescents, aged 15 to 24 years, participated in high school students from three public schools in Aracaju-Sergipe. We sought to replicate the research model of Steele and Aronson (1995), however, in the school context and related to the professional choices of young people regarding the status assigned to them. An almost experimental model was used, in which the threat to the stereotype was manipulated through a text about the reality of the professions by race in Brazil for the "threat group", while the "no threat group" did not go through this procedure. Both groups responded to a semi-structured questionnaire. The results of study 1 indicate that young people, regardless of skin color, perceive racial segregation of the professions; black and white young people attribute higher status professions to whites, and the higher the status attributed to them, the smaller the number of blacks; young black people choose more high status professions than whites. In study 2 it was noticed that young blacks in the stereotype threat tended to choose fewer high status professions compared to non-threatening blacks. Whites did not differ in their choice of high-status professions according to the conditions of threat or no threat to the stereotype. It was concluded from the data that the reality of racial segregation of occupations is still a social barrier to be broken, because the context reinforces social stereotypes about the black; and for black adolescents the threat to stereotypes negatively influences choice by high status professions, corroborating with the maintenance of the status quo of the whitening of professions of high social status. / Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da ameaça dos estereótipos em jovens negros e brancos diante da escolha profissional por profissões de alto e baixo status social. Sabe-se que os estereótipos são ideias compartilhadas a respeito de um grupo e servem para a manutenção da ordem e status quo do grupo dominante (Tajfel, 1981). Segundo a teoria da ameaça do estereótipo quando um indivíduo prestes a realizar uma tarefa em que os estereótipos de seu grupo sejam suscitados antes da realização, o desempenho dele será diminuído, de modo a confirmar a estereotipia do grupo alvo (Steele & Aronson, 1995). E é considerando os estereótipos sobre a ocupação profissional dos negros que se faz necessária a compreensão sobre em qual medida a ameaça aos estereótipos podem explicar a ordem social no qual os negros ocupam as profissões de baixo status. Sendo assim, para a consecução do objetivo citado, realizou-se dois estudos. O estudo 1 analisou a percepção social das ocupações quanto ao status social a elas atribuído e a composição racial destas ocupações. Participaram 253 adolescentes, entre 15 e 21 anos, alunos do ensino médio de três escolas da rede pública em Aracaju. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário semiestruturado e os dados analisados através do SPSS. O estudo 2 investigou a influência da ameaça aos estereótipos na escolha profissional de jovens negros e brancos. Dele participaram 265 adolescentes, entre 15 e 24 anos, alunos do ensino médio da rede pública em Aracaju. Foi replicado o modelo da pesquisa de Steele e Aronson (1995), entretanto, no contexto escolar e relacionado às escolhas profissionais quanto ao alto e baixo status. Utilizou-se do modelo quase-experimental, sendo a amostra dividida em 2 grupos: “ameaça” e “de não ameaça”. A ameaça foi manipulada com um texto sobre a composição racial das profissões em função do alto ou baixo status, sendo ele lido apenas para o grupo “ameaça” antes da aplicação do questionário. Os resultados do estudo 1 indicam que os jovens, independentemente da cor de pele, percebem segregação racial das profissões; os jovens negros e brancos atribuem mais aos brancos as profissões de alto status e, quanto maior o status atribuído a ela, menor a quantidade de negros; os jovens negros escolhem mais profissões de alto status do que os brancos. No estudo 2, percebeu-se que os negros do grupo “ameaça” escolheram menos profissões de alto status se comparado aos negros do grupo “de não ameaça”; e os brancos não se diferenciaram quanto a escolha por profissões de alto status nas duas condições experimentais. Concluiu-se a partir dos dados que a realidade de segregação racial das ocupações profissionais ainda é uma barreira social a ser quebrada, pois o contexto reforça estereótipos sociais a respeito do negro; e para os adolescentes negros a ameaça aos estereótipos influencia negativamente na escolha por profissões de alto status, corroborando com a manutenção do status quo do embranquecimento das profissões de alto status social. / São Cristóvão, SE