After decades of decrease, maternal mortality rates have shown a slight increase in Europe. Immigrants, especially Africans, have shown to be at higher risk than native women. This could not be explained solely by well-known obstetric and socio-economic risk factors. The aim of this thesis was to study incidence, classification and quality of care of maternal deaths in Sweden, with focus on the foreign-born population. The study population was identified through linkage of the Cause of Death Register, Medical Birth Register, and National Patient Register, and medical records obtained from hospitals. Data from registers, death certificates, and medical records were reviewed. Suboptimal care was studied by structured implicit review of medical records. Differences between foreign- and Swedish-born women were analysed by relative risks, Chi2- and Fisher’s exact test. Underreporting of maternal mortality was shown to be substantial: as compared to the official statistics, 64% more maternal deaths were identified. Women born in low-income countries were identified as being at highest risk of dying during reproductive age in Sweden. The relative risk of dying from diseases related to pregnancy was 6.6 (95% confidence interval 2.6–16.5) for women born in low-income countries, as compared to Swedish-born women. Major and minor suboptimal factors related to care-seeking, accessibility, and quality of care were found to be associated with a majority of maternal deaths and significantly more often to foreign-born women. Suboptimal factors identified included non-compliance, communication barriers, and inadequate care. The rate of suicides during pregnancy or within one year after delivery did not change during the last three decades, and was higher for foreign-born women. A majority of women who committed suicide had been under psychiatric care, but such documentation at antenatal care was inconsistent, and planning for follow-up postpartum was generally lacking. The conclusion of this thesis is that foreign-born women are a high-risk group for maternal death and morbidity that calls for clinical awareness with respect to their somatic and psychiatric history, care-seeking behaviour, and communication barriers. Cross-disciplinary care is necessary, both in obstetric emergencies and in cases of maternal psychiatric illness, to avert maternal death and suicide.

The problem of subsurface imaging with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a challenging one. Due to the low-pass nature of soil sensors must utilise wave-lengths that are of the same order of magnitude as the object being imaged. This makes imaging difficult as straight ray approximations commonly used in higher frequency applications cannot be used. The problem becomes even more challenging when the target is shallowly buried as in this case the ground surface reflection and the near-field parameters of the radar need to be considered. This thesis has investigated the problem of imaging shallowly buried targets with GPR. Two distinct problems exist in this field radar design and the design of inverse scattering techniques. This thesis focuses on the design of inverse scattering techniques capable of taking the electric field measurements from the receiver and providing accurate images of the scatterer in real time. The thesis commences with a brief introduction to GPR theory. It then provides an extensive review of linear inverse scattering techniques applied to raw GPR data. As a result of this review the thesis draws the conclusion that, due to its strong foundations in Maxwell's equations, diffraction tomography is the most appropriate approach for imaging shallowly buried targets with GPR. A three-dimensional diffraction tomographic technique is then developed. This algorithm forms the primary contribution of the thesis. The novel diffraction tomography technique improves on its predecessors by catering for shallowly buried targets, significant antenna heights and evanescent waves. This is also the first diffraction tomography technique to be derived for a range of antenna structures. The advantages of the novel technique are demonstrated first mathematically then on synthetic and finally practical data. The algorithm is shown to be of high practical value by producing accurate images of buried targets in real time.

In a scope where continuous innovations are seen each day, the cyberspace can be seen as the tech-entrepreneurs’ playground for delivering new solutions to customers. Digital start-ups who interact through the cyberspace operate with little to no restriction despite having limiting resource. In 2008 a man named Satoshi Nakamoto developed a new technology called blockchain. The new breed of firms providing blockchain solutions have been painted to live in a borderless world with little technical restrictions. Exploring the effects that blockchain brings to their internationalisation has brought our attention to study the early internationalisation of blockchain born globals and their business ecosystem. The deductive and qualitative approach gave the results from four different companies that were involved in blockchain technology. By using previous theory on internationalisation and a deductive approach a conceptual synthesis was developed. The synthesis was later applied in the case-companies to observe the results. The findings have shown that the firms implementing blockchain in the core offering has resulted in an accelerated internationalisation. The major factors contributing to this quick internationalisations is the spread of knowledge between buyers and sellers, trough the cyberspace. However, the authors were unable to find a relationship between the accelerated internationalisation and to the extent in which a firm has implemented blockchain in its core offering. The finding has given the authors prominent answers to the research question and has highlighted the complexity of the subject. The, authors conclude the thesis by displaying the importance of cyberspace in the business ecosystem; how it attracts customers and the importance of the company’s business model. Blockchain technology proved to have effects on the process of internationalisation due to superior technological performance, but also its hype.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar eventuais diferenças das práticas educativas parentais com relação a filhos únicos e primogênitos de famílias com dois filhos. Participaram do estudo 22 famílias, das quais 12 com filhos únicos e 10 com dois filhos. As famílias foram emparelhadas conforme o nível sócio-econômico e pela idade e sexo dos filhos únicos e primogênitos. A idade dos filhos únicos variou entre 4,6 e 6,1 anos (M=5,5; dp=0,51) e a dos primogênitos entre 4,3 e 6,3 anos (M=5,1; dp=0,78). As mães e pais dos dois grupos responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Contrariando a hipótese inicial do estudo, o teste do qui-quadrado somente revelou diferença marginalmente significativa nas práticas de mães e pais com relação ao filho único. De maneira geral, verificou-se semelhança nas práticas educativas entre mães e pais em ambos os grupos de famílias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura, com vistas a entender os fatores que podem estar contribuindo para explicar as semelhanças das práticas educativas utilizadas para filhos únicos e primogênitos. / The aim of this study was to examine eventual differences in parental child-rearing practices related to only child and first born of two children families. Twenty two families participated in this study, 12 only-child families and 10 two-children families. Families were matched according to socioeconomic level, age and sex of only child and first born. Only children’s age ranged from 4,6 to 6,1 years (M=5,5; sd=0,51) and first borns were aged from 4,3 to 6,3 years (M=5,1; sd=0,78). Mothers and fathers of both groups were interviewed about parental child-rearing practices. Answers were content-analyzed. The hypothesis of the study was not supported. According to chi-square test marginally significant differences were obtained in maternal and paternal child-rearing practices related to only child. Results indicated agreement between mother’s and father’s childrearing practices in both groups. Issues described as determinants of childrearing practices are discussed considering the role of the family in child development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSELY AP PRANDI PERRONI2008.pdf: 566093 bytes, checksum: 70c7e75a870e8253d8a39b755bd7a0f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / This research investigates the influence of ludical interventions on the reduction of maternal anxiety in mothers of hospitalized preterm newborns, in a university hospital of grande são paulo. Thirty mothers who had premature births are studied, aging from 16 to 40 years old and up to secondary-level schooling, through evaluative-interventive-evolutive study. It begins with a semidirected psychological interview, with the objective of drawing the gestational record, followed by the application of the irritability-depression-anxiety scale IDA, aiming to identify the level of maternal anxiety, and the neonatal perception inventory IPN-I, to verify the expectation of the mothers in relation to the crying, eating and vomit behavior of their preterm babies. After this, ludical interventions are made in 16 meetings, once a week, during 60 minutes, according to the piagetian model, that stimulates affective-emotional and cognitive processes. The data related to the gestational record show that 75% are in the second pregnancy and have already had a miscarriage or fetal death; they have an average gestational age of 31 weeks; average baby´s birth weight of 1,640 kg and average time of hospitalization of 39.93 days. In the analysis of the IDA relating to the anxiety, 75% show a score of high intensity (11.25), also high in relation to the depression (10); the average score (3.73) of the exteriorized irritability is the same of the interiorized irritability (3.23). The correlation between depression and anxiety indicates that an emotional reaction follows the other, and there´s no significant important difference between them (p=0.306). The IPN-I proves that the 30 mothers have compatible expectations of their babies with the babies in general, showing average scores of 8.63 and 9.20 respectively, confirmed by the score 10.0 showed in 75% of the sample, what shows a high expectation in the aspects of sleeping, eating and vomit of the babies. The qualitative analysis reveals that the creation of ludical groups is favorable, with a great joint and motivation of the mothers, favoring the reduction of the anxiety, the adaptation to the reality lived, and the interaction between mother and baby in a healthy way during the hospitalization. The study presents the interventive trajectory of three emblematic cases of different levels of anxiety, ilustrating this evolution. These data suggest that this type of intervention is characterized as a measure of prevention, promotion and preservation of the physical and psychical health of the mother and the premature newborn, with repercussions in the family and in the society.(AU) / Esta pesquisa investiga a influência de intervenções lúdicas na diminuição da ansiedade materna com mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo hospitalizados, em um hospital universitário da Grande São Paulo. São estudadas 30 mães que tiveram parto prematuro, com faixa etária entre 16 e 40 anos e escolaridade até 2º grau, por meio de estudo avaliativo-interventivo-evolutivo. Inicia-se por uma entrevista psicológica semidirigida, com o objetivo de traçar o histórico gestacional, seguida de aplicação da Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Irritabilidade IDA, visando identificar o nível de ansiedade materna e do Inventário de Percepção Neonatal IPN-I para verificar a expectativa das mães em relação ao comportamento de choro, alimento e vômito de seus bebês pré-termo. A seguir são efetuadas intervenções grupais lúdicas em 16 encontros, um a cada semana, de 60 minutos, segundo modelo piagetiano, que estimula processos afetivosemocionais e cognitivos. Os dados relativos ao histórico gestacional revelam que 75% das mães encontram-se na segunda gestação e já sofreram aborto ou óbito fetal; têm ida de gestacional média de 31 semanas; peso médio do bebê ao nascer de 1.640g. e tempo de internação médio de 39,93 dias. Na análise do IDA em relação à ansiedade, 75% delas apresentam escore de alta intensidade (11,25), também alto quanto à depressão (10); o escore médio (3,73) da irritabilidade exteriorizada acompanha o da irritabilidade interiorizada (3,23). A correlação entre depressão e ansiedade indica que uma reação emocional segue a outra, não havendo diferença significativa importante entre ambas (p=0,306). O IPN-I comprova que as 30 mães têm expectativas em relação ao próprio filho similares aos bebês em geral, mostrando escores médios de 8,63 e 9,20, respectivamente, confirmados pelo escore 10,0 apontado em 75% da amostra, o que configura uma alta expectativa quanto aos aspectos de sono, alimentação e vômito dos bebês. A análise qualitativa revela que a criação de grupos lúdicos mostra-se favorável, com alta adesão e motivação das mães, favorecendo a diminuição da ansiedade, a adaptação à realidade vivida e a interação mãe-bebê de forma saudável durante a internação. O estudo apresenta a trajetória interventiva de três casos emblemáticos de diferentes níveis de ansiedade, ilustrando esta evolução. Estes dados sugerem que esta modalidade de intervenção caracterize-se como uma medida de prevenção, promoção e preservação da saúde física e psíquica da mãe e do recémnascido prematuro, com repercussões na família e na sociedade.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar eventuais diferenças das práticas educativas parentais com relação a filhos únicos e primogênitos de famílias com dois filhos. Participaram do estudo 22 famílias, das quais 12 com filhos únicos e 10 com dois filhos. As famílias foram emparelhadas conforme o nível sócio-econômico e pela idade e sexo dos filhos únicos e primogênitos. A idade dos filhos únicos variou entre 4,6 e 6,1 anos (M=5,5; dp=0,51) e a dos primogênitos entre 4,3 e 6,3 anos (M=5,1; dp=0,78). As mães e pais dos dois grupos responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Contrariando a hipótese inicial do estudo, o teste do qui-quadrado somente revelou diferença marginalmente significativa nas práticas de mães e pais com relação ao filho único. De maneira geral, verificou-se semelhança nas práticas educativas entre mães e pais em ambos os grupos de famílias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura, com vistas a entender os fatores que podem estar contribuindo para explicar as semelhanças das práticas educativas utilizadas para filhos únicos e primogênitos. / The aim of this study was to examine eventual differences in parental child-rearing practices related to only child and first born of two children families. Twenty two families participated in this study, 12 only-child families and 10 two-children families. Families were matched according to socioeconomic level, age and sex of only child and first born. Only children’s age ranged from 4,6 to 6,1 years (M=5,5; sd=0,51) and first borns were aged from 4,3 to 6,3 years (M=5,1; sd=0,78). Mothers and fathers of both groups were interviewed about parental child-rearing practices. Answers were content-analyzed. The hypothesis of the study was not supported. According to chi-square test marginally significant differences were obtained in maternal and paternal child-rearing practices related to only child. Results indicated agreement between mother’s and father’s childrearing practices in both groups. Issues described as determinants of childrearing practices are discussed considering the role of the family in child development.

Submitted by Rubens Bonon Filho (rubensbonon@globo.com) on 2016-03-30T15:24:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rubens Bonon Filho.pdf: 338169 bytes, checksum: 1785df26ce138c196ec6243a8ebe94f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T16:08:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rubens Bonon Filho.pdf: 338169 bytes, checksum: 1785df26ce138c196ec6243a8ebe94f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T16:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rubens Bonon Filho.pdf: 338169 bytes, checksum: 1785df26ce138c196ec6243a8ebe94f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / The early adoption of internationalization used by companies to achieve the international markets is a growing phenomenon that has been challenging the Multinational Enterprise Theory. Many studies have been developed with high technology companies in Brazil taking into consideration the Born Global phenomenon including entrepreneur and firmlevel effects like the presence of technological advantages, innovation and networks among others. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and influence of the venture capital investor (VC Investor) in this process using the Resource-Based View theory. Using case studies, the intention is to contribute to better understanding of the VC Investor influence in the internalization process of Brazilian high echnology companies, to investigate the contributionsr regarding the origin of these investors and finally the role of the Top Management Team in this process. This study found strong evidence dentifying the VC Investor as a rare and valuable resource for the development of the companies, aligned with the Resource-Based View theory, and as a contributor in the Internationalization process in one of the cases. The VC Investor was recognized as a source of financial and human resources, bringing legitimacy in new markets, and also as a source of knowledge and expertise in the consolidation and expansion processes faced by the companies / O processo de internacionalização acelerada pelo qual algumas empresas buscam o mercado internacional é um fenômeno crescente que vem desafiando as teorias sobre a empresa multinacional. No Brasil diversos estudos foram realizados, principalmente com empresas de base tecnológica, sobre o chamado fenômeno Born Global que considera fatores do empreendedor e da própria empresa tais como a presença de vantagens tecnológicas, inovação e o uso de parcerias, entre outros. O objetivo geral desse estudo é avaliar o papel e a influência do investidor de risco no processo de internacionalização acelerada de empresas de base tecnológica no Brasil usando como lente teórica a Visão Baseada em Recursos. Através de um estudo comparativo de casos espera-se contribuir para um melhor entendimento da influência desse stakeholder no processo de internacionalização, investigando as possíveis diferenças de contribuições decorrentes da sua origem e analisando o papel do Top Management Team nesse processo. Foram encontradas fortes evidências identificando o investidor de risco como um recurso valioso e raro para o desenvolvimento das empresas estudadas, em linha com a Teoria da Visão Baseada em Recursos, bem como contribuidor do processo de internacionalização ocorrido em uma das empresas. O investidor de risco foi identificado como fonte agregadora de recursos financeiros e humanos, capaz de trazer legitimidade às empresas investidas em novos mercados, além de conhecimento e experiência necessários para consolidação e expansão dos negócios.

Submitted by Philip Pilwarsch (philip.pilwarsch@gmail.com) on 2017-05-06T11:03:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PilwarschPhilip_Dissertation.docx: 2038442 bytes, checksum: 5f6dc18f2f0d6ad8f3aee9f8725b5816 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Leiliane Silva (leiliane.silva@fgv.br) on 2017-05-25T12:39:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PilwarschPhilip_Dissertation.docx: 2038442 bytes, checksum: 5f6dc18f2f0d6ad8f3aee9f8725b5816 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T18:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PilwarschPhilip_Dissertation.docx: 2038442 bytes, checksum: 5f6dc18f2f0d6ad8f3aee9f8725b5816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / This paper tries to understand the factors that influence Brazilian software firms to pursue an accelerated internationalization strategy. A literature review gives an overview of existing theories trying to explain the born global phenomenon. Based on these theories a framework was developed, which lists the factors that have an impact on early internationalization. The factors are grouped in three different categories: internal, external, and entrepreneur factors. During interviews with three Brazilian software international ventures the relevant factors were identified. The results show that the flexibility and client-followership are important internal factors. Niche markets and foreign competition are influencing the internationalization from the external side. International experience and informal networks are important entrepreneur factors. Moreover, a difference between business-to-business and business-to-consumer firms could be found. / O presente trabalho tenta entender os fatores que influenciam empresas brasileiras de software a seguir uma estratégia de internacionalização acelerada. O estudo da literatura a respeito do tema expõe uma visão geral das teorias existentes que buscam explicar o surgimento deste fenômeno born global. Com base nessas teorias desenvolveu-se uma estrutura contendo uma relação de fatores que influenciam a internacionalização precoce. Os fatores foram classificados em três categorias: internos, externos e fatores empreendedores. Ao longo de entrevistas com três start-ups de software brasileiras que se internacionalizaram foram identificados esses fatores relevantes. Nichos de mercado e competição estrangeira estão influenciando a internacionalização do lado externo. Experiência internacional e redes de contatos informais consistem em fatores empreendedores importantes. Ademais, foi possível detectar uma diferença entre empresas que atuam no segmento business-to-business e business-to-consumer.

A constante emissão de CO2 na atmosfera devido a fontes antropogênica despertou uma preocupação crescente em função da sua atuação no efeito estufa. Um número crescente de metodologias para redução da concentração deste gás na atmosfera vem sendo proposta e uma alternativa atrativa é a da inserção do CO2 em anéis epóxidos para formação de carbonatos cíclicos. Apesar de já existirem inúmeros trabalhos a respeito destas reações, o mecanismo pelo qual elas ocorrem não está completamente esclarecido. Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo mecanístico da cicloadição de CO2 em diferentes epóxidos catalisada por líquidos iônicos haletos de alquil-imidazólios, CnMIm X (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 e X = Cl, Br, I), através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade empregando-se o funcional !B97X-D e o conjunto de base 6-31G(d,p) e LanL2DZ (somente para o I). Propuseram-se duas rotas distintas para o mecanismo, uma composta por três etapas e outra composta por somente duas etapas. Ambas as rotas tiveram a primeira etapa como sendo a mais energética e correspondendo à abertura do anel epóxido e mostraram ser competitivas entre si energeticamente. Esta etapa mostrou depender de ambos cátion e ânion do catalisador para ocorrer, onde uma ligação de hidrogênio não clássica com o H2 do imidazólio aparece no estado de transição. Verificou-se que no geral a energia de ativação da reação diminui com o aumento da cadeia alquílica do cátion imidazólio assim como diminui com o aumento do caráter nucleofílico do haleto (Cl > Br > I). O substituinte do anel epóxido também exerce influência sobre a energia de ativação da reação, porém não há uma tendência bem definida. Constatou-se que o sítio mais favorável para ataque nucleofílico é o carbono não substituído do anel epóxido tanto pela diferença de energia quanto por análise de índices de reatividade de Fukui e de interações não covalentes. Uma análise de 14 funcionais da densidade e do método perturbativo de segunda ordem MP2 em comparação ao método composto G4MP2 revelaram a forte dependência das energias de ativação com o método empregado. Através de cálculos de dinâmica molecular clássica foi possível estudar dinamicamente o sistema brometo de 1-butil-3-metil imidazólio, o óxido de estireno e o CO2 e notou-se a formação de duas fases com a presença de uma interface. Adicionalmente, observou-se que a probabilidade da reação ocorrer no bulk do líquido iônico é maior, pois a proporção catalisador/substrato é maior nesta região. Por meio da dinâmica molecular de Born-Oppenheimer constatou-se que o anel epóxido também pode ser ativado através de interações com os hidrogênios H4 e H5 do anel imidazólio. / The constant emission of CO2 into the atmosphere due to anthropogenic sources has generated a growing concern regarding the greenhouse effect. Many methodologies to reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration have been proposed and an alternative is the insertion of CO2 into epoxides to form cyclic carbonates. Although there are a lot of studies in this area, the reaction mechanism by which they occur is still unclear. In this work the cycloaddition mechanism of CO2 into different epoxides catalyzed by alkyl-imidazolium halide ionic liquids, CnMIm X (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 e X = Cl, Br, I), is presented. Density Functional Theory in conjunction with the functional !B97X-D and 6-31G(d,p) and LanL2DZ (for I atoms) basis sets were employed. Two distinct routes were proposed for the mechanism: one composed of three steps and another composed by only two steps. Both routes showed that the first step regarding the epoxide ring opening is the determined one and they are energetically competitive with each other. This step depends on both cation and anion from the catalyst to proceed through a non-classical hydrogen bond in the transition state. It was found that the activation energy decreases with the chain length of the alkyl group from the imidazolium ring as well as with the nucleophilic character of the halide (Cl > Br > I). The epoxide ring substituent also exerts influence on the activation energy of this reaction, but there is no well defined behaviour. The most favourable site for nucleophilic attack is the non-substituted epoxide ring carbon as was shown by the reaction energy difference and through reactive Fukui index and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis. 14 exchange-correlation density functionals were investigated and compared to the well established second order perturbation theory (MP2) method and G4MP2 composite method. One found out that the activation energies strongly depends on the chosen method. Through classical molecular dynamics it was possible to study the system 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide together with styrene oxide and CO2 e the formation of two phases with the presence of an interface was observed. Additionally, it was shown that the probability of the reaction to occur in the ionic liquid bulk is bigger because the catalyst/substrate proportion is bigger in this region. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics was used to prove that the H4 and H5 hydrogen atoms from the imidazolium ring may interact with the oxygen atom from the epoxide and activate the C–O bond for the reaction to proceed.

L'augmentation du nombre des entreprises qui s'internationalisent très tôt après leur création au travers d’un processus accéléré a attiré l'attention des chercheurs au cours des deux dernières décennies. Plusieurs explications souvent partielles ont été avancées par les chercheurs sur les raisons de l'internationalisation précoce des entreprises « nées globales ». Différents auteurs suggèrent que l'approche réseau serait plus appropriée pour décrire ce phénomène précoce de ces petites entreprises. L'objectif de notre recherche est d'étudier l'origine, la structure et le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans l'internationalisation précoce des entreprises nées globales.Nous étudierons la structure des réseaux, considérée comme un prérequis pour aborder les autres dimensions du réseau, bien que de nombreux chercheurs soient passés directement à l'étude du jeu de rôle des réseaux sans prêter attention à l’origine de ces liens. En outre, une grande partie de la littérature a relié les entreprises nées globales au secteur de la haute technologie, alors qu’il existe de nombreux exemples de sociétés mondiales issues de secteurs traditionnels. De la même façon, l’influence des divers contextes nationaux sur le processus d'internationalisation des entreprises est peu connue. Par conséquent, nous nous intéresserons également aux liens du réseau dans le cadre de plusieurs secteurs industriels d’une part, et aux différents niveaux de développement institutionnel du pays en comparant des firmes nées globales françaises et pakistanaises d’autre part.Nos résultats révèlent que es petites entreprises nées globales utilisent leurs réseaux pour surmonter les obstacles liés à l'internationalisation rapide, ce que les précédents résultats empiriques avaient pris en compte. Ils soutiennent également que l'origine des réseaux se trouve dans deux paramètres relatifs aux relations affaires et sociales ou hors activités affaires. Des liens, à la fois faibles et forts, ont un impact positif sur l'internationalisation précoce, mais leur composition diffère dans les entreprises de faible technicité et dans celles de haute technologie. Nous soutenons également que la composition des liens est animée par le secteur industriel dans lequel l’entreprise opère plus que par le niveau de développement institutionnel du pays. / Network approach is more appropriate measure to describe the early internationalization of born global firms. The focus of our research is to investigate the origin, structure and role of social networks in the early internationalization of born global firms. We intend to investigate the structure of networks which is considered pre-requisite to study the other dimensions of network ties. Many researchers directly jump to study the role networks play without paying any attention from where these ties originate. Furthermore, much of the literature has connected the born global firms with high technology sector however, there are many examples of born global firms in traditional sectors. Similarly, very little is known about how various national context influence the internationalization process of firms. Therefore, we also intend to investigate network ties in the context of different industrial sectors and different level of country’s institutional development by comparing born global firms from France and Pakistan.Our results reveal that these small born global firms use their networks to overcome the constraints to rapid internationalization which has been supported by previous empirical findings. The results also reveal that origin of ties is in both business-social or non-business social settings. Both weak and strong ties are found to have positive impact on the early internationalization; however composition of ties is different in low-tech and high-tech firms. We also argue that instead of country‘s level of institutional development, composition of ties is moderated by the industrial sector in which firm is operating.