Resumo: Foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos e imunológicos de matrizes de corte vacinadas ou não contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (VBIG), submetidas a diferentes períodos de jejum após a eclosão, seguido de alimentação até a terceira semana de vida. No Capítulo 2, encontram-se os resultados do desempenho zootécnico e o desenvolvimento de órgãos gastrintestinais. No Capítulo 3, estão descritos os resultados de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. O Capítulo 4 apresenta as cinéticas de decaimento dos anticorpos maternos e os perfis cinéticos da reposta imune humoral nos compartimentos local e sistêmico. A vacina contra a BIG influenciou parâmetros de desempenho, de morfometria intestinal, o hematócrito, parâmetros bioquímicos, percentuais de heterófilos e linfócitos e induziu a resposta imune humoral na secreção lacrimal. O jejum pós-eclosão prolongado seguido de alimentação influenciou negativamente o desempenho, o desenvolvimento das vísceras gastrintestinais, as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e a maioria das variáveis hematológicas. Os dados indicam que períodos de jejum pós-eclosão superiores a 48 h devem ser evitados, pois ao afetar negativamente parâmetros hematológicos, intestinais e imunológicos, podem comprometer o crescimento das matrizes e inferir negativamente sobre sua resposta imune. No entanto, o jejum moderado pode favorecer a resposta imune vacinal / Abstract: Immunological and physiological parameters were evaluated in broiler breeder vaccinated or not against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), submitted to different periods of fasting post-hatching, followed by feed until the third week of life. In Chapter 2, are the results of zootechnical performance and development of gastrointestinal organs. The Chapter 3 describes the results of hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. Chapter 4 presents the kinetics of decay of maternal antibodies and the kinetic profiles of humoral immune response in local and systemic compartments. The IBV vaccine influenced parameters of performance, intestinal morphology, hematocrit, biochemical parameters, percentage of heterophils and lymphocytes, and induced humoral immune response in tear secretion. Prolonged fasting post-hatching, followed by feeding, negatively affected the performance, the development of gastrointestinal organs, biochemical variables, immunological and the most of hematological variables. The data indicate that periods of fasting post-hatching over 48 h should be avoided as they adversely affect the hematological, gastrointestinal and immunologic, may compromise the growth of broiler breeder and infer a negative effect on their immune response. However, moderate fasting can promote the immune response vaccine / Orientador: Renato Luís Furlan / Coorientador: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque / Banca: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes / Mestre

The development of new feed additives has improved poultry performance. Potassium Diformate (KD) is one of the most recent product used in the animal production, especially in pork industry, however for poultry few data are available up to now. Two trials were done, with the objective to evaluate KD effect on broiler breeder productive and reproductive performance. The experiments were carried out at the Poultry Science Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. For Trial 1, was used Cobb Breeder from 46th to 54th weeks old were used. Second Trial, Ross Breeder was with 41th to 49th weeks old were used. Birds were submitted to diets with increasing levels of KD. The parameters measured with brioler were: body weight, body weight gain, egg production, egg weight and specific gravity, relative weight of egg shell, yolk and albumen. At hatchery, measured parameters were percentage of alive hatched chick, hatchability, day-old chick weight, percentage of first and second grade chick, and embriodiagnosis. With the progeny, body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were recorded. A complete randomized design was used. For Trial 1, three treatments were used (0; 0.15 and 0.30% of KD), with four replicates with 45 female and 5 males per floor pen. For Trial 2, four treatments were used (0; 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3% of KD) with five replicates. Each replicate was composed by 23 females and two males by floor pen. Data were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis. When statistically different (P< 0.5), Tukey test was used for mean comparison. Based on the current experiments, it can be concluded that KD fed to broiler breeder, resulted in negative effect on hatchery parameters, however positive effect on progeny performance were observed. Doing to the exploratory character of the trials, more research should be done, elucidating KD applicability and mode of action on broiler breeder. / O desenvolvimento de novos aditivos para rações tem contribuído na melhoria da produtividade das aves, como o Diformiato de Potássio (DK), que têm demonstrado eficiência no desempenho de suínos, entretanto, existem poucos estudos na área avícola. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do DK sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de matrizes de corte. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Foram utilizadas matrizes de corte da linhagem comercial Cobb da 41a a 49a semanas de idade, para o Experimento 1 e, linhagem Ross da 46a a 54a semanas de idade para o Experimento 2. As matrizes foram submetidas aos tratamentos com adição de DK às dietas. Foi avaliado peso corporal, ganho de peso corporal, taxa de postura, gravidade específica, peso médio de ovos, e, peso percentual de clara, gema e casca. No incubatório foram avaliados percentagem de nascimento, eclodibilidade, peso de pintos, percentagem de pintos de primeira e segunda, e embriodiagnóstico. Nas progênies foram avaliados, peso corporal, ganho de peso corporal, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Para o Experimento 1, utilizouse três tratamentos (0,00%, 0,15% e 0,30% de DK) com quatro repetições de 45 fêmeas e 5 machos por unidade experimental. Para o experimento 2, utilizou-se quatro tratamentos (0,0%, 0,1%, 0,2% e 0,3% de DK) com cinco repetições de 23 fêmeas e 2 machos por unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão. Onde ocorreram diferenças ao nível de 5% de significância, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey para comparação de médias. Nas condições em que foram realizados os experimentos, conclui-se que a adição de DK na alimentação de matrizes de corte implicou em efeitos negativos a nível de incubatório, entretanto, promoveu efeitos positivos no desempenho zootécnico de progênie. Contudo, em virtude do trabalho realizado ser inédito, se faz necessário mais estudos para elucidar a aplicabilidade e os mecanismos de ação do DK que possam beneficiar ou prejudicar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de matrizes de corte.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the consumption of aflatoxins and adsorbents (esterifid glucomannan) for broiler breeders on productive and reproductive aspects addition to verify the residual effects on the progeny. Four experiments were conducted, with the first consisting of 240 broiler breeders feed with increasing levels of aflatoxins, according to the treatment: T1 free aflatoxins diet and treatments T2, T3 and T4, dies containing 0.250, 0.500 and 0.750mg the aflatoxins/kg of diet. The second experiment was composed of 300 broiler breeders submitted to diets containing aflatoxins, in the presence or not of adsorbent as treatments: T1 breeders feed free aflatoxins diets, T2 breeders feed diets containing 0.500mg of aflatoxins / kg of diet, T3 breeders submitted to the same level of aflatoxins in T2, but with 0.10% of adsorbent, T4 consists of breeders feed diets containing 0.750mg of aflatoxins/kg of diet and treatment T5 breeders submitted to the same level of aflatoxins of T4, but with 0.10% of adsorbent. The third and fourth experiments were composed of chicks from broiler breeder belonging to the first and second experiment, respectively. The parameters evaluated in the broiler breeders were: body weight, egg production, mass of eggs, egg weight, specific gravity, hatchability and chicks quality, and the study involving progeny were evaluated body weight, weight gain, feed conversion by weight gain, blood protein and albumin and liver and bursa weights in the first day of age. The performance of breoiler breeders subjected to diets containing increasing levels of aflatoxins, as well, broiler breeders subjected to diets containing levels of aflatoxins and adsorbent in the throws was not influenced. The progeny performance, in the same way, does not show the effect of the treatments applied on the broiler breeder hens. / Este estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito do consumo de aflatoxinas e adsorventes (glucomananos esterificados) por matrizes de corte sobre aspectos produtivos e reprodutivos, além de verificar os efeitos residuais sobre a progênie. Foram realizados quatro experimentos, sendo o primeiro composto por 240 matrizes submetidas a níveis crescentes de aflatoxinas, segundo os tratamentos: T1 - dieta isenta de aflatoxinas, T2, T3 e T4, matrizes submetidas à dietas contendo 0,250, 0,500 e 0,750mg de aflatoxinas/kg de dieta. O segundo experimento foi composto por 300 matrizes submetidas à dietas contendo aflatoxinas, com presença ou não de adsorvente, conforme os tratamentos: T1 - matrizes submetidas à dietas isentas de aflatoxinas; T2 - aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,500mg de aflatoxinas/kg de dieta; T3 - aves submetidas ao mesmo nível de aflatoxinas do T2, porém com 0,10% de adsorvente, T4 - constituído por aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,750mg de aflatoxinas/kg de dieta e o tratamento e T5 - aves submetidas ao mesmo nível de aflatoxinas do T4, porém, com 0,10% de adsorvente. O terceiro e o quarto experimentos foram compostos por pintos oriundos de matrizes pertencentes ao primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente. Os parâmetros avaliados nas matrizes de corte foram: peso corporal, taxa de postura, massa de ovos, peso de ovos, gravidade específica, eclodibilidade e qualidade de pintos, e no estudo envolvendo a progênie foram avaliados peso corporal, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, proteína e albumina sanguíneos e pesos de fígado e bursa ao primeiro dia de idade. O desempenho de matrizes de corte submetidas à dietas contendo níveis crescentes de aflatoxinas, bem como, de matrizes submetidas a dietas contendo níveis de aflatoxinas e adsorvente na deita não foi influenciado. Os índices zootécnicos da progênie, da mesma forma, não evidenciaram efeito dos tratamentos aplicado às matrizes de corte.

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Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-01-23T12:49:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Guilherme Xavier da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1348232 bytes, checksum: ef81fbadddc57191d926e83047838007 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-28T11:39:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Guilherme Xavier da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1348232 bytes, checksum: ef81fbadddc57191d926e83047838007 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-28T11:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Guilherme Xavier da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1348232 bytes, checksum: ef81fbadddc57191d926e83047838007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the supplementation of digestible valine in the diet for the pre-starter and starter phases of rearing chickens. The variables evaluated were performance, metabolization of nutrients, development of digestive organs and lymphoid organs, and lymphocyte count of lymphoid organs of broilers from breeders of two ages. In Experiment I and II the supplemental digestible valine for broilers were evaluated in the pre -start and early stage at each stage using 400 day-old chicks old commercial Cobb, were obtained from arrays of 37 and 52 weeks of age, respectively, housed in experimental batteries until 21 days of age, fed different levels of digestible valine 0.92%, 1.02%, 1.12%, 1.22% and 0.83%, 0.93 %, 1.03% and 1.13% in the pre-starter and starter ration, respectively. The experimental design in both experiments was a completely randomized factorial 2 x 4 (ages matrices x levels of valine) totaling eight treatments with 5 replicates (10 birds per replicate). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and levels of digestible valine polynomial regression was applied. In the pre-starter phase, birds from arrays of 52 weeks showed greater weight of arrival compared the birds from arrays of 37 weeks. In the initial phase, effect of dietary valine for feed intake, which decreased the amount of feed consumed with inclusion of 1.03% digestible valine was observed. For the data of metabolism of nutrients, four to seven days of age of the bird, negative quadratic effect was seen when evaluating the levels of amino acid in the pre-starter diet as the nitrogen balance, coefficient of metabolism of nitrogen and retained nitrogen with point maximum of 1,156; 1.114 and 1.172% digestible valine in the diet, respectively. Breeder age significantly influenced the coefficient of nitrogen metabolism with higher values for chicks from arrays of 37 weeks. In the analysis of the morphology of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the effect of age in isolation matrix was observed for villus height and villus: crypt in the duodenum with higher values for birds from arrays of 52 weeks to seven days old. By analyzing the different levels of digestible valine positive linear effect was observed in villus height and villus: crypt ratio and negative linear effect on crypt depth in the duodenum to seven days old. The age of the matrix effect on weight of total gut of chickens after seven and 21 days old, with higher values for arrays chicks from 52 week-old. Likewise, the higher age of the matrix positively influenced in the production of lymphocytes in the thymus at seven days old and the bursa at 21 days of age. There was interaction between breeder age and levels of digestible valine analyzed for spleen at seven days of age. When using the recommendations of the Brazilian Tables, which is 1.02% digestible valine to the pre-starter phase, the spleen showed lower lymphocyte production for younger mothers. But was verified by regression analysis of data, which when increased levels of digestible valine inclusion in the pre -starter diet, there is a positive linear improvement in the production of lymphocytes. / Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a suplementação de valina digestível na ração para as fases pré-inicial e inicial de criação de frangos. As variáveis avaliadas foram desempenho, metabolização de nutrientes, desenvolvimento de órgãos digestórios e órgãos linfoides, e contagem de linfócitos de órgãos linfóides de frangos de corte oriundos de matrizes de duas idades. No Experimento I e II foram avaliadas as suplementações de valina digestível para pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial e inicial utilizando em cada fase 400 pintos de um dia de idade da linhagem comercial Cobb, machos, provenientes de matrizes de 37 e 52 semanas de idade, respectivamente, alojados em baterias experimentais até 21 dias de idade, alimentados com diferentes níveis de valina digestível: 0,92%, 1,02%, 1,12%, 1,22% e 0,83%, 0,93%, 1,03% e 1,13% na ração pré-inicial e inicial, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental em ambos os experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (idades das matrizes x níveis de valina) totalizando 8 tratamentos com 5 repetições (10 aves por repetição). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e para os níveis de valina digestível foi aplicada a regressão polinomial. Na fase pré-inicial, aves provenientes de matrizes de 52 semanas apresentaram peso de chegada superior quando comparadas as aves provenientes de matrizes de 37 semanas. Na fase inicial, foi observado efeito da suplementação de valina para consumo de ração, que apresentou redução na quantidade de ração consumida com inclusão de 1,03% de valina digestível. Para os dados de metabolização dos nutrientes, de quatro a sete dias de idade da ave, foi verificado efeito quadrático negativo ao avaliar os níveis de aminoácido na ração pré-inicial quanto ao balanço do nitrogênio, coeficiente de metabolização do nitrogênio e nitrogênio retido com ponto de máxima de 1,156; 1,114 e 1,172 % de valina digestível na ração, respectivamente. A idade da matriz influenciou significativamente o coeficiente de metabolização do nitrogênio com maiores valores para pintos provenientes de matrizes de 37 semanas. Na análise da histomorfometria do duodeno, jejuno e íleo, foi observado efeito da idade da matriz de forma isolada, para altura de vilo e relação vilo: cripta no duodeno com maiores valores para aves provenientes de matrizes de 52 semanas aos sete dias de idade. Ao analisar os diferentes níveis de valina digestível foi observado efeito linear positivo na altura de vilo e relação vilo:cripta e efeito linear negativo para profundidade de cripta no duodeno aos sete dias de idade. A idade da matriz influenciou o peso do intestino total de pintos aos sete e aos 21 dias de idade, com maiores valores para pintos oriundos de matrizes de 52 semanas de idade. Da mesma forma, a maior idade da matriz influenciou positivamente na produção de linfócitos no timo aos sete dias de idade e na bursa aos 21 dias de idade. Houve interação entre a idade da matriz e os níveis de valina digestível analisado para o baço aos sete dias de idade. Quando se utiliza as recomendações das Tabelas Brasileiras, que é de 1,02% de valina digestível para a fase pré-inicial, o baço apresentou menor produção de linfócitos para matrizes mais novas. Porém foi verificado através da análise de regressão dos dados, que quando aumentados os níveis de inclusão de valina digestível na ração pré-inicial, há uma melhora linear positiva na p rodução de linfócitos.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Optimierung des REXEBIS-Ladungsbrüters an der ISOLDE präsentiert. Die REXEBIS in der aktuellen Konfiguration erzeugt eine Elektronenstromdichte in der Fallenregion bei 2 T von 200A/cm² und wird bis zu ihren physikalischen Grenzen optimiert. Um diese Begrenzung zu überwinden wurde eine neue Elektronenkanone, die HEC²-Elektronenkanone, in Kooperation mit BNL konstruiert und an der TestEBIS in Betrieb genommen. Diese Elektronenkanone verspricht eine Elektronenstromdichte von mehr als 10 kA/cm² bei 5T, welche die Ladungsbrütungszeit entscheidend verkürzt. In dieser Dissertation werden neuartige Simulationstechniken vorgestellt, welche die Inbetriebnahme durch Untersuchung der Mechaniken von auftretenden Verlustströmen beschreiben. Dazu wird der Elektronenkollektor der TestEBIS nach Kompatibilität bezüglich der HEC²-Elektronenkanone, die nahe derer Designwerte betrieben wird, evaluiert. Die gewonnenen Erfahrungen von der Inbetriebnahme der HEC²-Elektronenkanone und den etablierten, numerischen Techniken führen zur Entwicklung einer kleineren hochkomprimierenden Elektronenkanone für medizinische Anwedungen, die MEDeGUN. Diese Elektronenkanone sollte einen qualitativ hochwertigen Elektronenstrahl generieren, welcher eine Elektronenstromdichte von 7.5 kA/cm² in der Fallenregion bei 5 T axialen Magnetfeld erzeugt. Eine EBIS/T, ausgestattet mit einer MEDeGUN, wird bezüglich Pulsfrequenz und bereitgestellten Ionenstrom zu Hochfrequenz-Therapiezentren der zweiten Generation kompatibel sein. / In this thesis the optimization of the REXEBIS charge breeder at the ISOLDE facility is presented. REXEBIS in its current state provides a current density of 200A/cm² inside the trapping region at 2 T and will be optimized to the physical limit of its design. To overcome this limit a new electron gun, the HEC² gun, was designed in collaboration with the BNL and is in commission at TestEBIS. This electron gun promises a current density of >10 kA/cm², which decreases the charge breeding time significantly. This thesis presents novel simulation techniques supporting the commissioning phase by explaining the sources of occurring loss current and, in addition, evaluate the currently installed collector for compatibility with the HEC² gun operating at its design limit. The experience gained from the commission of the HEC2 gun and the established numerical techniques lead to the development of a smaller high-compression electron gun for medical purposes, the MEDeGUN. This electron gun should provide a high-quality beam, which generates a calculated current density of 7.5 kA/cm² inside the trapping region immersed in a 5 T axial magnetic field. An EBIS/T equipped with a MEDeGUN will be compatible regarding the pulse frequency and deliver the mandatory ion current required for second generation therapy centers.

(I) Background. Conflicts emerge when populations of protected species grow to sizes that cause noticeable economic damage - like in the case of the fish consuming Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis). One possible approach for reconciliation is to regulate the size of the population in question. In doing so, regulation strategies have to meet multiple targets: 1) population size has to be reduced; 2) the viability of the population has to be maintained; 3) strategies have to adhere to the available budget. This thesis focuses on the regulation of populations that are structured into two groups - breeders and mature non-breeders. The pool of non-breeders provides a reserve for the breeders, whereby they may enable the population to resist regulation attempts. (II) Aims. 1) Development of a modeling framework and a conceptual model to provide an understanding of the functioning and effect of the population structure induced by non-breeders on population dynamics in a fluctuating environment. 2) Uncover the relation between non-breeder characteristics and the performance of regulation strategies. 3) Application of the modeling approach to the regulation of the Cormorant in order to evaluate the results from the conceptual model and find statements to support decisions on management strategies. (III) Methods. A conceptual stochastic time-discrete model, based on the logistic map with overlapping generations, is developed. Different types of threshold regulation strategies are applied. Strategies differed in which part of the model was affected by regulation. Resulting rules from the conceptual model are tested by applying them to a second age-structured model of a cormorant population, parametrized with data gained from a cormorant colony in Denmark. Analyzes of this model focus on the ecological-economic performance of regulation strategies and result in rankings of regulation options. Regulation performance is judged from different economic perspectives.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1982 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Paul Douglas Symolon. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

A King Dyed Pink is Doomed to Die is a poetry collection concerned with cruelties waged against queer people—how even the most seemingly innocuous habits of cishet society proliferate a vast catalog of ongoing violence, from microaggressions to murder. Disrupting the accompanying complicity of silence (mine and others') involves not only invoking a propulsive "I" lyric (at once playful and elegiac, confessional and enraged, horny and ashamed) but also creating an unabashed mess of formal modes (theater, journalism, surrealism, visuality, 21st century technology) that, unlike heteronormativity, refuses tidy categorization. Death haunts these poems, whether it be a pigeon fatally dyed pink for a gender reveal party or a queer brutally murdered in a small Virginia town months before I moved there. As I metabolize the grief, rage, and despair resulting from past and current injustices, I turn to tender futurity: in this violent world, how can we—queers and accomplices—still cultivate pleasure and love? / Master of Fine Arts / A King Dyed Pink is Doomed to Die is a poetry collection that reckons with violence waged against queer people. How do even the most seemingly innocuous hetero habits perpetuate cruelty, whether it be big or small? At once horny and rageful, silly and elegiac, these poems draw from theater, journalism, surrealism, visuality, modern technology, and other modes to disrupt a culture of binaries and tidy categorizations. The specter of death haunts this book as much the tragedy of two actual ones: a pigeon fatally dyed pink for a gender reveal party and a queer brutally murdered in Blacksburg, Virginia, months before I moved there. Even as I reckon with nasty realities, I invoke tenderness in my hopes for the future: in this violent world, how can we—queers and accomplices—cultivate pleasure and love?