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This report is the final thesis and the conclusion of the final project that was done during the spring semester of 2009, in the city of Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic, West Indies by Caroline Knutsson and Kristina Myrberg. The project is based on the field studies that are done in the investigation together with the information from interviews from the construction sites and the collected information from the research. The focus is concentrated in an investigation about the construction techniques that are used, the building materials and the working conditions on the construction site. A study has been done of a Swedish model of urban planning with environmental objects (SAMS), made by the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket), and successively applied in a project in South Africa. With the purpose of investigate if it is possible to apply the same model in the Dominican Republic, a review of the current environmental- and urban planning in the country has been done.  Through the studies we think that an introduction of planning with environmental objectives and a development towards a sustainable and ecological society is possible in the Dominican Republic. After field studies on the construction sites, it was relevant to discuss the working conditions and the safety for the constructers. The thesis also deal with the waste problem, since it is a problem that is not taken care of neither in the building sector or in the society. The suggestion is to recycle and reuse more of the waste, especially all the concrete that is used in the buildings. Sweden have come a long way ahead in the questions of sustainable housing and ecological building, to spare and reduce the effect the building sector has on the environment. This is questions of more importance than ever today, when we are seeing the effects of the climate change in the world. An investigation is done of the possibility to apply any of the methods that are used in Sweden today to make the housing more sustainable and environmentally friendly, also in The Dominican Republic. The result is some suggestions of methods and technologies that might be applicable in the Dominican Republic.

<p>This report is the final thesis and the conclusion of the final project that was done during the spring semester of 2009, in the city of Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic, West Indies by Caroline Knutsson and Kristina Myrberg.</p><p>The project is based on the field studies that are done in the investigation together with the information from interviews from the construction sites and the collected information from the research. The focus is concentrated in an investigation about the construction techniques that are used, the building materials and the working conditions on the construction site. A study has been done of a Swedish model of urban planning with environmental objects (SAMS), made by the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket), and successively applied in a project in South Africa. With the purpose of investigate if it is possible to apply the same model in the Dominican Republic, a review of the current environmental- and urban planning in the country has been done.  Through the studies we think that an introduction of planning with environmental objectives and a development towards a sustainable and ecological society is possible in the Dominican Republic.</p><p>After field studies on the construction sites, it was relevant to discuss the working conditions and the safety for the constructers.</p><p>The thesis also deal with the waste problem, since it is a problem that is not taken care of neither in the building sector or in the society. The suggestion is to recycle and reuse more of the waste, especially all the concrete that is used in the buildings. Sweden have come a long way ahead in the questions of sustainable housing and ecological building, to spare and reduce the effect the building sector has on the environment. This is questions of more importance than ever today, when we are seeing the effects of the climate change in the world. An investigation is done of the possibility to apply any of the methods that are used in Sweden today to make the housing more sustainable and environmentally friendly, also in The Dominican Republic. The result is some suggestions of methods and technologies that might be applicable in the Dominican Republic.</p>

Byggprocesser och produktionen av byggmaterial orsakar stora delar av världens och Sveriges växthusgasutsläpp. För att uppnå en hållbar utveckling är det av stor vikt att minska klimatpåverkan från byggnadskonstruktioner. Genom att göra klimat- och livscykelanalyser av byggnader i tidiga designskeden ökar möjligheten att påverka design, material- och produktval för att minska klimatpåverkan. I denna studie undersöktes hur byggnadsinformationsmodeller (BIM) och BIM-metodik kan användas för ökade möjligheter att effektivt utföra klimat- och livscykelanalyser av ingående byggnadsmaterial iterativt under projekteringsprocessen. Två 3D-modeller importerades till två verktyg för klimat- och livscykelanalyser, Bidcon och One Click LCA. Mängdavtagningen från objekten i modellen till båda LCA-verktygen fungerade automatiskt medan kopplingen mellan objekten och databaser med miljöpåverkansdata för byggobjekt och material innebar mycket handpåläggningsarbete. Processerna förutsätter att modellerna innehåller någon information om de ingående materialen i modellens objekt, vilket därför bör kravställas under projekteringen. För att kopplingen mellan materialbeskrivningar och databaser i LCA-programmen ska ske mer automatiskt bör materialen eller objekten benämnas standardiserat, till exempel med BSAB-koder, ett klassifikationssystem från Svensk Byggtjänst. Benämningarna bör sedan kunna kopplas automatiskt till poster i databaser för effektivare klimat- och livscykelanalyser.  Även intervjuer utfördes, i syfte att undersöka hur metodiken för integrering av BIM och LCA kan tillämpas i byggprojekt. Möjligheten att tillämpa detta i konsultföretag beror på beställarens krav samt i vilka skeden och discipliner konsulterna arbetar. Integreringsprocesser av BIM- och LCA-verktyg borde kombineras med interdisciplinära möten för bättre resultat. Detta tillsammans med ökad efterfrågan på klimat- och livscykelanalyser, exempelvis för att uppnå miljöcertifieringar, kan öka motivationen att använda metodiken. På så sätt kan byggnadsinformationsmodellering användas för effektivare klimat- och livscykelanalyser vilket bidrar till minskad klimatpåverkan från byggnadskonstruktioner. / Construction processes and the production of building material cause a large part of the emissions of greenhouse gases around the world. To achieve a sustainable development it is of great importance to reduce emissions from construction projects. Doing climate analyses and life cycle assessments of building materials during early design phases could enable more sustainable design and material choices. This thesis focuses on Swedish conditions. During this study it was investigated how Building Information Modeling/Management (BIM) can be used to improve possibilities of doing efficient life cycle assessments (LCA) of buildings and included materials, during the whole design phase. Two 3D building models were transferred to two software tools, Bidcon and One Click LCA, for climate analysis and life cycle assessment of the building components. Quantity take-off from the model objects to the tools worked automatically while the connection between the material descriptions and databases inside the tools had to be done manually. The process requires information about the materials in the model to work. To make the connections more automatic, material descriptions need to be more standardized and connect to entries in the databases. Moreover interviews were held to investigate how the methods of integrating BIM with LCA can be used in construction projects. For consulting firms this depends on the demands from the client and which stages of the project the consultants work in. LCA-methods based on BIM should be combined with interdisciplinary meetings for better results. This together with an expanding demand for LCA could increase the motivation to use these methods, which enables reduction of climate impact from buildings.

Today Portland cement based concrete is used in great extent in building construction, which is an environmental problem as cement production stands for 5-8 % of total global greenhouse gases.  A need for a more environmentally friendly concrete is growing. In a literature study it’s established that there is extensive research in the field of more environmentally friendly concrete, where the results proves that the environmentally friendly concrete shows as good, or better, properties than the concrete with Portland cement. Concrete is one of the most important construction materials and there are high demands on its correct performance. Construction companies in Sweden have a rumor of being indisposed to change and inert to embrace new material and means of construction. This survey intended to map what properties the environmentally friendly concrete should meet to encourage Swedish construction companies to use it. The survey was designed with a statement and criteria derived from the literature study. The literature study consists of peer reviewed articles found via the databases Libris and Scopus through the search words  “concrete”, “green concrete”, “fly ash”, “sustainable” och “challenges”. The respondents were asked to rate the criteria from one to four on how well the statement agrees with the respondents values. The collected data is presented with a bar graph. The result shows that the highest rated criterion is its Long term properties and the lowest rated criterion is a Possible introduction of a company specific emission ceiling.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka klimat- och kostnadseffektiva lösningar för att minska kontorsbyggnaders påverkan på miljön. Byggnader står för en betydande del av Sveriges klimatpåverkan och kostnader, det finns därav behov av att hitta sätt att reducera den påverkan. Teorin som låg till grund för studien var livscykelanalys och livscykelkostnad, som tar hänsyn till klimatpåverkan och kostnader genom hela byggnadens livscykel. Metoden som användes var litteraturstudie, där tidigare forskning och studier analyserades. Diskussion fördes även med sakkunniga personer inom ämnet för att identifiera lösningar för att minska klimatpåverkan och kostnader i byggnader. En hypotetisk fallstudiebyggnad skapades där klimat- och kostnadseffektiva åtgärder implementerades. Genom att titta på byggnadsdelarna stomme, klimatskal, isolering och dess inverkan på energianvändning i en kontorsbyggnad identifierades olika åtgärder som kunde minska klimatpåverkan och kostnader. Dessa inkluderar användning av återvunnet material och minskad energiförbrukning genom förbättrade isoleringsegenskaper. Ytterligare undersöktes val av material och teknik vilket anses hållbara och energieffektiva. Resultatet visar att byggnadsmaterialen har störst påverkan på klimat och kostnaden under Produkt- och Byggproduktionsskedet, medan energiförbrukningen har störst påverkan under skedet Driftenergi i Användningsskedet. De klimatåtgärder som framstår som mest framstående och optimala lösningar för vår fallstudiebyggnad inkluderar användningen av kostnadseffektiva solceller på taket (Åtgärd 7), isolering av ytterväggarna med PIR-isolering (Åtgärd 5), tilläggsisolering av ytterväggarna med EPS-isolering (Åtgärd 3) samt minskat materialspill på byggarbetsplatsen med 25%. Dessa lösningar visar sig inte bara ha en betydligt lägre klimatpåverkan, utan även en mer fördelaktig kostnadseffektivitet över hela livscykeln för fallstudiebyggnaden. / The purpose of this study was to investigate climate and cost-effective solutions to reduce the environmental impact of office buildings. Buildings account for a significant portion of Sweden's climate impact and costs, and there is a need to find ways to reduce this impact. The theoretical framework underlying the report was life cycle analysis and life cycle cost, which consider the climate impact and costs throughout the building's life cycle. The method used was a document study, where previous research and studies were analyzed. A hypothetical case study building was created, where climate- and cost-effective measures were implemented. By examining the building components such as the structure, envelope, insulation, and their impact on energy consumption in an office building, various measures were identified to reduce climate impact and costs. Additionally, the selection of sustainable and energy-efficient materials and technologies was investigated. The results show that building materials have the greatest impact on the environment and cost during the Production and Installation stages, while energy consumption has the greatest impact during the Operational energy use module in the Use stage. The climate measures that stand out as optimal solutions include the use of cost-effective solar panels on the roof (Measure 7), insulating the outer walls with PIR insulation (Measure 5), additional insulation of the outer walls with EPS insulation (Measure 3), and reducing material waste at the construction site by 25%. These solutions not only demonstrate significantly lower climate impact but also exhibit a more advantageous cost-effectiveness over the entire lifecycle.

Världens fokus på hållbar utveckling är större än någonsin tidigare, och konstruktionssektorn ansvarar för upp emot 25 till 40 procent av de globala koldioxid emissionerna. Ett av nyckelmaterialen för att öka en byggnads energieffektivitet är isoleringsmaterialen. Syftet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att utvärdera GWP:n av hampafiberisolering jämfört med de två marknadsledande isoleringsmaterialen, mineralull och cellplast.  GWP:n av de tre isoleringsmaterialen beräknas efter att vardera isoleringsmaterial har blivit placerat i ett envåningshus med storleken 30 m2. Livscykelanalysen för byggnader används sedan som bakgrund för att beräkna GWP:n av de tre byggnaderna. De beräknade kategorierna för GWP:n av byggnaderna är: råmaterial, transport, produktion, konstruktion samt energianvändningen. Byggnaderna antas ha en inomhustemperatur på 20°C och har blivit konstruerade i Stockholm, Sverige.  Utan överraskning var hampafibern det isoleringsmaterial som hade lägst GWP i kategorierna; råmaterial, produktion och konstruktion. Däremot på grund av hampafiberns mindre optimala termiska konduktivitet jämfört med de andra isoleringsmaterialen var byggnaden med hampafiberisolering den minst energieffektiva.  Trots den lägre energieffektiviteten visade sig byggnaden med hampafiberisolering vara den med lägst GWP under en 30 årsperiod, förutsatt att förnyelsebara energikällor användes. Överraskande nog, var däremot källan från vart elektriciteten kom mycket viktig för att avgöra byggnadernas GWP. När den svenska elmixen från Boverkets klimatdatabas användes var skillnaden i GWP mellan de olika byggnaderna marginell. Användes istället förnyelsebara energikällor i form av vindkraft, var hampafiberisoleringen det mest fördelaktiga isoleringsmaterialet ur ett miljöperspektiv. / The world's focus on global warming has grown larger than ever before, and the construction sectorisresponsibleforupwardsof 25to40percentoftheglobalcarbonemissions.Oneof the key materials to increase the energy efficiency of buildings are insulation materials. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the global warming potential of insulation made out of hemp compared with the two leading insulation materials on the global market, Mineral wool insulation &amp; EPS.  The global warming potential of the three insulation materials are calculated whilst each is placed in a 30 m2 one-story house. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings is used as background to calculate the global warming potential of each of the three buildings. The calculated categories for the global warming potential are: raw materials, transportation, production, the construction phase, and energy usage in the building. The buildings are assumed to have an inside temperature of 20°C and have been constructed in Stockholm, Sweden.  To no surprise the hemp fibre insulation material had the lowest global warming potential out of the three materials during the raw material, production and construction phase. However due to the less optimal value of thermal conductivity for the hemp fiber insulation compared to the other materials, the energy efficiency in the building using hemp fibre insulation was comparatively the worst.  However, the building using hemp fibre insulation could be concluded as the one with the least global warming potential during a 30 year usage if the correct energy sources were used. Surprisingly enough it turned out that the source of electricity was vital for the global warming potential. When using the Swedish electricity mix found in Boverkets Climate database the difference between the buildings was marginal. If renewable sources in the form of wind power were used instead of the national mix for electricity the differences were more noticable and the building using hemp fiber as insulation was less impactful the lower the global warming potential of the energy source was per kWh.