La société Autobiz édite et diffuse de l’information sur le secteur automobile. Cette thèse contribue à l’enrichissement de cette information et à une meilleure compréhension du marché de l’occasion par l’élaboration des modèles de prédiction du prix des véhicules et du délai de vente qui leur est associé. Nous avons eu à notre disposition une base de données réelles constituée d’annonces de sources diverses induisant un nombre considérable d’outliers. Ainsi, la première partie de travail s’est consacrée à la construction de méthodes de détection d’outliers incluant aussi bien de simples règles empiriques qu’un test statistique dont les propriétés asymptotiques ont été étudiées. Partant d’un état de l’art sur la prédiction des prix des véhicules d’occasion, il est apparu que les études existantes soulèvent le besoin de fonder une méthodologie d’analyse plus rigoureuse. Cette méthodologie a été développée dans un objectif de proposer des solutions automatisables et adaptées aux contraintes imposées par les experts. Nous faisons alors l’hypothèse que les prix des véhicules d’une même version se déprécient en fonction de l’âge et du kilométrage selon une forme qui lui est propre. La dernière partie du travail est dédiée à l’analyse des délais de vente. Dans un premier temps, nous caractérisons la variable associée aux délais de vente. Ensuite nous proposons une modélisation de cette variable par une régression à l’échelle d’un segment correspondant à l’arborescence marque-modèle-carrosserie-énergie en fonction des variables liées au kilométrage, au prix et à l’âge. Enfin, nous discutons de la possibilité de modéliser le nombre de véhicules vendus dans une période donnée selon une loi binomiale négative. / Autobiz publishes information on the automotive sector. The subject of this the-sis is to give more tools for best understanding the used cars market by proposing modeling the price and the sale duration of vehicles. In our disposal we have a dataset consisted of used car advertisements automatically collected from the most popular website in France. Such data records often include outlying values. So, we need to start our analysis by considering outliers problem and we propose an outliers detector for univariate case for which we study asymptotic properties. Next, we develop a predicting model for used cars price. Although enumerable amount of works are stored in the literature we see that each of them lacks rigorous statistical foundations. We investigate the relationships between the price, the mileage, the age and others vehicle characteristics. More precisely we discuss how incorporate these variables in a model and compare different modeling approaches with the object to find the one best fitting the dataset and easy to implement. Expert’s opinions are minded at different stages of the model-building process. Next, we identify variables and how they affect the probability of a used vehicle’s sale from a list of explanatory variables related to price, mileage and age. In the sequel, we build a model allowing predicting the sale duration. Finally, we discuss about modeling sales of used cars by using the negative binomial distribution.

How do firms tend to their current viability while remaining competitive in the long-term? This question lays out the basis for this thesis by highlighting their conflicting logics through the concept of organizational ambidexterity. Literature makes a distinction between competing in mature markets and existing technologies (exploitation) versus new markets and new technologies (exploration). The preponderance of studies shows that, as firms grow larger, they tend to form core rigidities in their culture, structure and processes that hamper their efforts to adapt to the changing environment. By overemphasizing exploitative activities, future challenges or opportunities remain unexplored which can have a devastating effect in the event of radical, external changes. The cases of Nokia and Kodak should serve as cautionary tales in this regard. The automotive industry is currently undergoing a transition to electric cars. We conduct a case study at Volvo Cars from a senior leadership perspective, to illustrate the importance of exploration and how it can be legitimized during an industry transformation. Our work points to three major findings. First, communicating the importance of the transformation with the rest of the organization is imperative to creating goal alignment. Secondly, interorganizational collaboration in R&D helps Volvo to tap into knowledge that resides outside the organization and thereby increasing the chances of a successful transition to electric cars. Thirdly, agile management contributes to knowledge diffusion and is a powerful tool to counter organizational inertia by adding to firms’ speed and responsiveness, making them act more similarly to smaller, entrepreneurial firms.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung der CARS -Mikroskopie (CARS, (Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering)) zur Lokalisierung von Wirkstoffen in Zellen. Aufgrund einer C-Deuterierung dieser Wirkstoffe werden diese intrinsisch markiert und lassen sich nicht-invasiv mit Hilfe Raman-basierter Mikrospektroskopietechniken von Zellbestandteilen unterscheiden. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der für biomedizinische Anwendungen zu geringen Sensitivität und zu hohen Komplexität des experimentellen Aufbaus für CARS-Mikroskopie. Auf der Anwendungsseite wurdenzunächst mittels quantitativer Raman- und CARS- Mikroskopie die Detektionsgrenzen C-deuterierter Stoffe bestimmt. Anhand von mit deuterierter Fettsäure inkubierter Makrophagen wurde chemischer Kontrast in Zellen qualitativ gezeigt. Die Weiterentwicklung des experimentellen Aufbaus erfolgte durch den Einsatz von Impulsformern. Diese können das Anregungslicht in Amplitude und Phase formen und somit den Schwingungskontrast optimieren und den experimentellen Aufbau vereinfachen. Verwendet wurden dabei sowohl ein spatial light modulator (SLM) als auch ein akustooptischer Modulator (AOM), die in dieser Arbeit miteinander verglichen werden. Mit Hilfe einer photonischen Kristallfaser als spektral breite Lichtquelle und des AOM als spektraler Filter konnte der Aufbau vereinfacht und ein Schema zur Implementierung von Quasi-Multiplex CARS-Mikroskopie aufgebaut werden, welches ein schnelles Schalten zwischen verschiedenen bildgebenden Raman-Banden erlaubt. Die automatisierte Optimierung des Schwingungskontrasts erfolgte schließlich durch den Einsatz des SLM, der mit Hilfe eines selbstlernenden Algorithmus den Schwingungskontrast von CARS-Bildern um bis zu 160 % verbessern konnte.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur svenska industriföretag kan arbeta på en utländsk marknad för att ta sig runt det psykiska avståndet. Detta har gjorts genom att titta på hur ABB, Sandvik, Scania och Volvo Cars arbetar i Malaysia med nätverk och olika åtgärder för att hantera skillnader mellan länderna. Den reviderade Uppsalamodellens definition av nätverk och CAGE-ramverkets definition av psykiska avstånd används för att studera företagensoch medias narrativ. En kvalitativ metod används där en innehållsanalys av sekundärkällor har kodats för att ta ut information som varit relevant för denna studie. De fyra företagen har använt sig av nätverk för att kunna bedriva en fungerande verksamhet och två av företagen har vidtagit åtgärder för att minska det psykiska avståndet. Erkännanden: Vi skulle vilja tacka vår handledare Lena Zander och seminariegruppen för diskussionerna och den konstruktiva feedback de bidragit med under uppsatsskrivandet. / The purpose of this study is to create a better understanding of how Swedish industrial companies can work in a foreign market to overcome the psychic distance. This has been done by looking at how ABB, Sandvik, Scania and Volvo Cars work in Malaysia with networks and different measures to manage differences between the countries. The definition of networks used in the revised Uppsala model and the definition used in the CAGE-distance framework of psychic distance are applied to study corporate and media narratives. A qualitative method is used where a content analysis of secondary sources has been coded to extract information relevant to this study. The four companies have used networks to operate and two of the companies have taken steps to reduce psychic distance. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank our supervisor Lena Zander and the seminar group for the discussions and constructive feedback they have provided during the essay process.

No description available.

The automotive industry has given over the last seven decades to the industrial world a sustained demand for vehicles. It is classed as one of the largest industries in the world and an industry that most use and develop new technologies with the goal to reduce their costs and increase their productivity.The Japanese philosophy that calls from the west-world for Lean Management is based on, among other things, the elimination of the "muda" which translates as waste through continuous efforts aimed at achieving a robust manufacturing. To achieve this, uses several methods and tools and among others is the Just-In-Time approach the most abundant. JIT means the right material will be in the right place at a specific time. This study will most be focused on a strategy that is considered the most extreme application of the concept, namely the Just-In-Sequence strategy in which the components are delivered in the right time and in the right sequence in a pull system manufacturing there the goal is to see if the lead times and resource need can be minimized.To test the appropriate theory takes the study place at Volvo Cars in Torslanda, Sweden. Volvo Cars manufactures some of the most popular cars in the world, with production in Europe, Asia, and from 2018 also in the United States. The company implements the Lean methods and especially JIT but also JIS in some parts of the assembly.This study was done on the engine department there the engines arrive from the supplier in a rack that runs further to the different buffers and from there to the production line for final assembly.The purpose was to investigate and report on how the company could through using of the JIS strategy affect the material flow as well as which economic benefits had this implementation resulted.The study took into account both sequencing at the supplier and sequencing in the plant after the arrival. Both methods resulted a more efficient flow of materials in which a reduction in the need of resources was noted. The sequencing at the supplier proved to be even more advantageous, as in most of the cases, production costs less at suppliers but also the reduction in capital was radically.IITo achieve a perfect sequence requires close cooperation with the suppliers and a quite big investment to create robust processes that eliminates the error probability.The main recommendation to Volvo Cars is to mostly focus on the big picture than on each plant individually. To achieve a more efficient flow and a better result for the entire organization is something that should be given priority even if a facility would then get a worse result. Finally, it is recommended to Volvo Cars to invest in a Just-In-Sequence strategy which bring benefits such as freeing up operative area in the factory, but most important of all, it reduces the lead times and the resource-costs. / Fordonsindustrin har under de senaste sju decennierna gett till industriella världen en oförminskad efterfrågan på fordon. Den klassas som en utav de största industrierna i världen samt en industri som mest använder och utvecklar ny teknik med mål att sänka sina kostnader och öka sin produktivitet.Den japanska filosofin som västervärlden kallar för Lean management grundar på bland annat eliminering av ”muda” som översätts som slöseri genom ett kontinuerligt arbete som siktar till att uppnå ett robust tillverkningssystem. För att uppnå detta används flera metoder och verktyg och bland andra är Just-In-Time metoden den mest förekommande. JIT innebär att rätt material ska vara på rätt plats på en specifik tid. I denna studie kommer mest läggas fokus på en strategi som anses av de flesta företag vara den mest extrema tillämpningen av konceptet, nämligen Just-In-Sequence strategin där komponenterna levereras helt enkelt i rätt tid och i rätt sekvens i ett dragande system och målet är att se om ledtiderna och resursbehovet kan minimeras.För att prova den lämpliga teorin äger studien rum på Volvo Cars i Torslanda. Volvo Cars tillverkar några utav de mest efterfrågade bilarna i världen med produktion i Europa, Asien och från och med 2018 i USA. Företaget använder sig av de ovannämnda Lean metoderna som JIT men även JIS på vissa delar av monteringen.Denna studie skedde specifikt på motoravdelningen där motorer ankommer ifrån leverantören i rack som vidare körs till olika buffertar och därifrån till produktionsbandet för slutmonteringen.Syftet var att undersöka och redogöra för hur företaget kan med hjälp av JIS-strategin påverka företagets materialflöde samt vilka ekonomiska fördelar hade denna implementering medfört.Studien tog hänsyn till både försekvensering hos leverantören och sekvensering efter ankomsten till fabriken. Båda två metoderna resulterade i ett effektivare materialflöde där en minskning av behövande resurser märktes. Sekvenseringen hos leverantören visade sig vara ännu fördelaktig då i de flesta av fallen är tillverkningskostnaderna mindre hos leverantörer men även minskning av bundet kapital var radikalt. Att nå en perfekt sekvens kräver nära samarbete med leverantören och en ganska stor investering för att skapa robusta processer som eliminerar felsannolikheten.Den huvudsakliga rekommendationen till Volvo Cars är att fokusera mest på helheten än på varje fabrik individuellt. Att nå ett effektivare flöde och ett bättre resultat för hela koncernen är något som borde prioriteras även om en anläggning skulle i så fall få ett mindre bra resultat. Slutligen rekommenderas till Volvo Cars att investera i en Just-In-Sequence strategi något som medför fördelar genom att frigöra viktig yta i fabriken men viktigaste av allt, genom att minska sina ledtider och sina resurskostnader.

FACTS - Founded in July 2008 - Meanwhile about to 250 employees. The team structure is characterized by a big number of very experienced engineers - AVL Software and Functions GmbH creates prototyping and serial solutions (software and hardware) for different applications in the fields of for example passenger cars, racing, two wheelers, light and heavy duty vehicles - AVL Software and Functions is the globally responsible competence center for software development inside theAVL group. - 100% integrated into the worldwide AVL network

Self-driving cars are here. Once an advanced technology that seemed futuristic, they are now closer than most believe. Many of the largest automobile manufacturers are working on autonomous vehicle technology of their own. Perhaps most well-known, though, are the cars being developed by Tesla and Google. Both companies have well-developed prototypes of fully autonomous vehicles, meaning they require no human input or supervision, and Tesla has promised widespread, consumer availability of this technology in the next one to two years. Along with the availability of this technology to the public and transportation companies like Uber and Lyft, comes a need to establish a regulatory environment. Regulators need to contemplate a new, yet complex, technology with far-reaching implications and determine how best to regulate necessary components. In this paper, I plan to explicate and analyze the ethical impact of the proliferation of self-driving cars that regulators should consider when determining how they ought to regulate. I will do this by first clarifying any technical terms one might need to be familiar with as well as discussing some of the requisite considerations. Then, I plan to explore a some of the pitfalls regulators might be subject to as they navigate the associated complex issues. Finally, I will explain and analyze the likely benefits and potential risks resulting from roadways filled with autonomous vehicles.

A quarter of CO2 emissions in the European Union currently comes from transport, which causes a significant deterioration of air quality. Therefore, it contributes to the deterioration of the health of people living in these areas. The number of cars on the roads continues to increase globally, and with them the increase in CO2 emissions. Alternative fuel in various forms began appearing on the market. Electric cars, with their emission-free operation, are trying to find their place here. Their wider use, especially in densely populated cities, could help people to a cleaner environment. Currently, there are some technical and economic problems with a wider introduction of electric vehicles. Technology and an associated high cost of storage of the necessary power are the main challenges. Nonetheless, experts believe that electric cars have future. Each country approaches the development of electromobility in a different manner.

The theme of the thesis is scrapping scheme, which was in the Czech Republic during years 2009 and 2010 very discussed and that was despite government meetings stretching over a year finally unloaded. The work collect a large amount of information about scrapping schemes, a state contribution on the disposal of car wrecks, mainly about its implementation in several countries, the subsequent tract and analysis of resulting impacts. Based on experience from other countries with an already undertaken scrapping programs are identified potential impacts that could have a scrapping scheme in the case of implementation in the Czech Republic in the future. The work is also examining the effectiveness of Czech government finance earmarked for scrapping scheme. The main goal of the thesis is to answer the question whether the implementation of scrapping scheme in the Czech Republic would be an appropriate anti-crisis tool.