As células mesangiais (CM) apresentam papel essencial na fisiologia glomerular normal, e alterações em seu fenótipo levam ao desenvolvimento de glomerulopatias. A fase tardia da glomerulopatia diabética é caracterizada por fibrose e morte por apoptose das CM. Portanto, a identificação de novos elementos envolvidos nas modificações patológicas das CM facilitaria a compreensão da fisiopatologia das doenças glomerulares. A família de genes ID está implicada em processos celulares distintos, como proliferação, diferenciação e apoptose. O presente estudo tem por finalidade investigar as interações do gene ID1, com o DNA e/ou proteínas, em CM humanas. Aqui demonstramos que Id1 interage com o fator de transcrição USF2, inibindo sua atividade transcricional. Adicionalmente, demonstramos que BMP-7 e Id1 antagonizam a morte celular induzida por TGF<font face=\"Symbol\">b-1 por inibir a atividade de USF2. Nossos dados apontam para uma nova via molecular portencialmente relevante para o melhor entendimento da patogênese das doenças renais crônicas. / Mesangial cells (MC) play an essential role in normal function of the glomerulus. Phenotypic changes in MC lead to the development of glomerophaties. The late phase of diabetic glomerulopathy is characterized by fibrosis and death of MC. Thus, the identification of novel elements involved in these alterations would facilitate the comprehension of the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. The ID (Inhibitors of DNA binding) family of genes has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis control. This study aims to investigate the interactions of ID1, with DNA or proteins, in human mesangial cells. We demonstrated that Id1 binds specifically to the transcription factor USF2. In addition, we show that BMP-7 and Id1 antagonize TGF<font face=\"Symbol\">b-1 induced death by inhibiting USF2 activity in human MC. In conclusion, our results point to a novel molecular path involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T12:22:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-27T13:44:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T13:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-09 / O hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) é a solução irrigadora mais comumente utilizada durante a terapia endodôntica. A atividade antimicrobiana e a capacidade de dissolver a matéria orgânica são características bem conhecidas desta solução. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos do NaOCl nas células-tronco mesenquimais humanas. As células-tronco de dentes decíduos humanos esfoliados (SHED) foram cultivadas e expostas a 0,04% de NaOCl durante 30, 60 e 300 segundos. A proliferação e viabilidade celular foram investigadas pelos ensaios de brometo de 3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il) -2,5-difeniltetrazólio (MTT) e Trypan blue, respectivamente. O potencial de diferenciação foi investigado através da diferenciação osteogênica. A expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco foi avaliada por reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR). Todos os ensaios foram realizados no 1º dia após o tratamento. Todos os testes mostraram uma redução no número de células viáveis com aumento do tempo de exposição ao NaOCl. Entretanto, não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a mineralização. Quanto à RT-PCR, a expressão dos genes testados, β-actina, Nestin e CD105 foi significativamente menor. Os resultados mostraram que o longo período de exposição ao NaOCl tem efeitos prejudiciais na sobrevivência de SHEDs. / Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most common irrigation solution and widely used during root canal procedures. The antimicrobial activity and capacity to dissolve organic matter are well known features of this solution. However, there is little knowledge about the effects of NaOCl on human mesenchymal stem cells. Briefly, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) were cultured and exposed to 0.04% NaOCl for 30, 60 and 300 seconds. We investigated cell proliferation and viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue dye, respectively. Differentiation potential was investigated through osteogenic differentiation. Stem cells markers expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All the assays were performed at 1 day following treatment. All tests showed a reduction in the number of viable cells with increased exposure time to NaOCl. Interestingly, there was no difference between the groups in relation to mineralization. As for RT-PCR, the expression of the genes tested, β-actin, Nestin and CD105 was significantly lower. The data showed that long exposure period to NaOCl has detrimental effects on the survival of SHEDs.

Orientador: Fernanda Miori Pascon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joaquim_NataliaMartins_M.pdf: 1245977 bytes, checksum: c5a3811c7ba1d723505963537d831210 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Endodontia em dentes decíduos é um procedimento de suma importância para manter a integridade e saúde dos dentes e tecidos de suporte. Sendo assim, o uso de materiais obturadores de canais radiculares que apresente o máximo de propriedades desejáveis é indispensável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a citotoxicidade de diferentes materiais obturadores em fibroblastos do ligamento periodontal humano (PDL) e em células osteoblásticas de osteossarcoma humano (Saos-2). Os fibroblastos foram cultivados em meio de cultura (meio Eagle modificado por Dulbeco - DMEM) suplementado com 1% soro fetal bovino (FBS) e antibióticos. Os osteoblastos foram cultivados em meio de cultura McCoy¿s suplementado com 15% FBS e antibióticos. Próximos de atingir a confluência, as células foram plaqueadas na concentração de 7x103 células por poço e foram expostas aos seguintes materiais, conforme os grupos: G1- Meio de cultura sem material obturador (controle negativo), G2- Dimetiilsulfóxido (DMSO) (controle positivo), G3- Calen®, G4- Calen® associada ao Óxido de Zinco, G5- Calen® associada ao Iodofórmio, G6- Óxido de zinco e eugenol (OZE), G7- Vitapex® e G8- UltraCal®XS. A manipulação dos materiais foi realizada em condições assépticas. A citotoxicidade dos materiais obturadores foi analisada em intervalos de tempos (8, 24 e 48 horas) pelo método de redução MTS e classificado como não citotóxico, citotoxicidade leve, moderada e grave. O grupo controle negativo foi composto apenas por células, sem o uso de material obturador. A análise morfológica das células foi realizada por meio da microscopia de fluorescência. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância dois fatores e ao teste Tukey para comparação entre os grupos, com nível de significância 5%. As imagens obtidas por meio da microscopia de fluorescência foram analisadas de forma descritiva. Os resultados mostraram que para os fibroblastos, Calen®(85,91±10,01), Calen® associada ao Óxido de Zinco (85,91±8,16) e Calen® associada ao Iodofórmio (83,96±13,95) diferiram do controle negativo (100±0) e positivo (19.72±5,70) após 8 horas de exposição. Para os osteoblastos, Calen® associada ao Óxido de Zinco (75,87±19,16), Calen® associada ao Iodofórmio (75,5±12,40) e o OZE (68,71±22,19) foram os únicos grupos que em 8 horas diferiram do controle negativo (100±0) e positivo (22,18±6,77). Pode-se concluir que todos os materiais avaliados, para fibroblastos do ligamento periodontal humano, não foram citotóxicos ao longo do tempo. No entanto, Calen® associada ao Iodofórmio apresentou toxicidade leve em 48 horas para os osteoblastos. Vitapex® foi o material que apresentou menor toxicidade celular nos osteoblastos em 8 e 48 horas, comparando-se os outros materiais avaliados. Calen® associado ao Óxido de zinco, Calen® associado ao Iodofórmio e OZE foram capazes de modificar a morfologia dos fibroblastos, mas para os osteoblastos não foram observadas alterações morfológicas / Abstract: Endodontics in primary teeth is an important procedure to maintain the integrity and health of the teeth and supporting tissues. Using a root canal filling material that shows desirable properties is indispensable. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the root filling materials cytotoxicity on periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) and osteoblastic human osteosarcoma cells (Saos-2). Fibroblasts were cultured in culture medium (Dulbeco modified Eagle medium - DMEM) supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics. The osteoblasts were cultured in McCoy's culture medium supplemented with 15% FBS and antibiotics. Next to reach confluence, the cells were plated at a concentration of 7x103 cells per well and were exposed to materials, according to the groups: G1 - culture medium without filling material (negative control); G2- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (positive control); G3 ¿ Calen®; G4 - Calen® associated with Zinc Oxide; G5 - Calen® associated with Iodoform; G6 ¿ Zinc Oxide and eugenol (ZOE); G7 - Vitapex®; G8 - UltraCal® XS. The materials were prepared under aseptic conditions. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability at time intervals (8, 24 and 48 h) by MTS assay and rated as non-cytotoxic, mild, moderate and severe cytotoxicity. The negative control group was composed only of cells without the use of filling material. Cells morphological were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance with post-hoc comparisons base on Tukey's multiple comparisons, with the significance level fixed at 5%. The images obtained at fluorescence microscopy were evaluated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that for fibroblasts, Calen®(85.91±10.01), Calen® associated with Zinc Oxide (85.91±8.16) e Calen® associated with Iodoform (83.96±13.95) was differ from the negative control (100±0) and positive (19.72±5.70), at 8 h. For osteoblasts, Calen® associated with Zinc Oxide (75.87±19.16), Calen® associated with Iodoform (75.5±12.40) and ZOE (68.71±22.19) differed from negative control (100±0) and positive (22.18±6.77) in 8 h. It can be concluded that all materials were non- cytotoxic to human fibroblasts cells over time. However, Calen® + Iodoform showed higher cytotoxicity to osteoblasts at 48 h. Vitapex® was the material that showed the less cell cytotoxicity in osteoblasts at 8 and 48 h, compared to the other materials tested. Calen® associated with Zinc Oxide, Calen® associated with Iodoform and ZOE was able to modify the morphology of fibroblasts, but osteoblasts but no morphologic alterations were observed / Mestrado / Odontopediatria / Mestra em Odontologia

La survie des cellules T naïves est essentielle au bon fonctionnement du système immunitaire à long terme. Les rats BBDP (Bio-breeding Diabetes prone) sont caractérisés par une haute prédisposition au développement du diabète ainsi que par une diminution significative du nombre de cellules T naïves. Ces rats comportent une mutation de type décalage de lecture dans le gène codant pour «GTPase Immunity-Associated Protein 5» (Gimap5) ce qui entraine l’apoptose des lymphocytes T. Le mécanisme par lequel la déficience de la protéine GIMAP5 conduit les cellules T à la mort est actuellement méconnu. GIMAP5 a également été associée à différentes maladies auto-immunes, ce qui suggère son influence dans l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T. Des résultats antérieurs de notre groupe de recherche ont montré que l'absence de GIMAP5 entraîne une diminution du flux de Ca2+ ainsi qu’une réduction de la capacité mitochondriale à emmagasiner du Ca2+ suite à la stimulation du TCR. Cependant, GIMAP5 n'est pas une protéine mitochondriale. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de GIMAP5 dans la biologie des cellules T, au cours de mes études doctorales, je me suis concentré sur la localisation cellulaire de la protéine ainsi que sur son rôle dans l'homéostasie du Ca2+. Comme modèle d’étude, j'ai établi des lignées cellulaires HEK293T stables pour l’expression de GIMAP5, ainsi que pour différents mutants et variantes de la protéine. Ceci m’a permis d’élucider l'importance du domaine transmembranaire (TM) pour la localisation et le rôle physiologique de GIMAP5 ainsi que la différence entre les deux variantes de cette protéine. Mes résultats ont permis de montrer que l'expression de Gimap5 ne semble pas être nécessaire après l’activation des lymphocytes T. En parallèle, j'ai confirmé nos observations antérieures qui démontrent l’influence de GIMAP5 dans l'homéostasie du Ca2+ et sa colocalization avec les microtubules. En outre, j'ai montré que GIMAP5 se trouve dans des structures de type vésiculaire, particulièrement dans la membrane lysosomale où son domaine TM est essentiel à son bon fonctionnement et localisation. Mes résultats suggèrent que les mitochondries exhibent un défaut dans leur capacité à emmagasiner du Ca2+ au niveau basal, ainsi que suite à l’activation du TCR. Enfin, j'ai démontré pour la première fois, que l'influence de GIMAP5 sur le stockage de Ca2+ lysosomal peut avoir un impact sur la survie des lymphocytes T. D’après ces observations, une des fonctions probables de GIMAP5 serait d’empêcher la fermeture prématurée des canaux de relâche calcique. Finalement, GIMAP5 pourrait être engagé dans des mécanismes visant à prolonger et raffiner la signalisation du Ca2+ dans les cellules T. Bref, la régulation du Ca2+ lysosomal médié par GIMAP5 est essentielle à la survie de cellules T naïves. / Abstract: Healthy and long-term survival of naïve T cells is essential for proper functioning of the immune system. In bio-breeding diabetes prone (BBDP) rats, there is a critical decrease in the number of naïve T cells. In these rats, a recessive frameshift mutation in the GTPase of Immune-Associated Protein 5 (Gimap5) gene induces lymphocytes to undergo spontaneous apoptosis. The death of T cells driven by a deficiency of the GIMAP5 is currently not fully understood. Interestingly, different autoimmune diseases have shown an association with perturbations in the Gimap5 gene, which further suggests its influence in basal lymphocyte homeostasis. Previous findings by our group have shown that the absence of GIMAP5 results in a decrease calcium flux following TCR stimulation and an impaired capacity of the mitochondria to buffer calcium entry. However, GIMAP5 is not a mitochondrial protein. During my Ph.D. studies, I focused on clarifying the cellular localization of GIMAP5 as well as its function in Ca2+ homeostasis in order to further understand its role in T cell biology. As a model, I established HEK293T cells stable for the expression of the different mutants and variants of the GIMAP5 protein. Where I uncovered the importance of the transmembrane domain (TM) for GIMAP5 localization and physiological role, as well as the differences between the two variants of GIMAP5. The results obtained show that the expression of Gimap5 is no longer needed after T cells activation. Moreover, our previous observations were confirmed and expanded upon regarding GIMAP5’s influence on Ca2+ homeostasis and colocalization with the cytoskeleton. It was also shown that GIMAP5 localizes to vesicular-like structures, particularly to the lysosomal membrane, where its TM domain is critical for proper functioning and localization. My results suggest that the mitochondria might be impaired to uptake as well as retain Ca2+ at their full capacity in the absence of GIMAP5. Finally, I observed for the first time that GIMAP5’s influence on lysosomal Ca2+ storage could impact lymphocyte survival. These results suggest that GIMAP5 may work as a backup mechanism to prevent premature closure of Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ influx or as a mechanism to prolong and refine Ca2+ signaling in T cells.

Le cerveau des mammifères abrite deux régions spécifiques où la neurogenèse adulte ne cesse pas après l'embryogenèse, mais persiste dans le cerveau postnatal et adulte. Ces deux régions sont la zone sous-granulaire du gyrus denté de l’hippocampe et la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) des ventricules latéraux.Dans la SVZ, des cellules souches neurales génèrent des neuroblastes qui migrent jusqu’au bulbe olfactif (OB) pour coloniser les couches granulaires et glomérulaires et se différencier en différent types d’interneurones dont une petite fraction sont des interneurones dopaminergiques. La découverte de la neurogenèse postnatale et adultes a changé le point de vue de la plasticité du cerveau remarquable et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la thérapie des maladies neurodégénératives. Etant donné que dans la maladie de Parkinson les symptômes moteurs principaux sont causés par la dénervation dopaminergique du striatum, la compréhension de la génération et de la différenciation des neurones dopaminergiques bulbaires a reçu une attention particulière au vu de leur intérêt potentiel pour la thérapie cellulaire. Dans ce contexte, le neuromédiateur dopamine lui-même a été suggéré d'influencer la neurogenèse olfactive et la spécification des interneurones dopaminergique.Dans ma thèse, j'ai analysé l’influence de l’innervation dopaminergique issue du mésencéphale sur la neurogenèse et le destin cellulaire des précurseurs de la SVZ. J'ai combiné un modèle 6-OHDA de dénervation dopaminergique chez la souris postnatale avec l’électroporation in vivo du ventricule latéral pour marquer spécifiquement les progéniteurs latéraux et dorsaux et suivre leur destin dans le OB. / In the postnatal and adult mammalian brain neurogenesis persists in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ slowly dividing stem cells give rise to neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) where they reach the granule and glomerular cell layer of the OB and differentiate into different interneuron subtypes including a small fraction of dopaminergic interneurons. The discovery of postnatal and adult neurogenesis has changed the view of the plasticity of the brain remarkably and raised the hope for new therapeutical approaches in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Since in Parkinson’s disease the main motor symptoms are caused by the dopaminergic denervation of the striatum adjacent to SVZ, the understanding of the generation and differentiation of OB dopaminergic neurons has received special attention. Interestingly, the neurotransmitter dopamine itself has been suggested to influence olfactory bulb neurogenesis via direct innervation of SVZ by midbrain dopaminergic neurons. However, data on this topic have been contradictory. In this study, I investigated how dopaminergic innervation influences SVZ neurogenesis and the fate of SVZ progenitors. I combined a 6-OHDA model of dopaminergic denervation in postnatal mice with in vivo forebrain electroporation to specifically label lateral and dorsal SVZ progenitors and to follow their fate in the olfactory bulb.

Le CD154, est une glycoprotéine transmembranaire de type II appartenant à la famille des TNF (tumor necrosis factor). Il est exprimé de façon inductible et transitoire sur plusieurs types cellulaires. Il existe deux formes du CD154, membranaire (mCD154) et soluble (sCD154) qui forment une structure trimérique biologiquement active. Le CD154 a été initialement identifié pour son rôle important dans la réponse humorale thymodépendante suite à sa liaison avec son récepteur, le CD40. Il a été démontré par la suite, que le CD154 joue un rôle dans différentes réponses inflammatoires dont certaines peuvent conduire à des processus pathogènes de maladies inflammatoires chroniques et auto-immunes. Depuis quelques années, des études ont montré que les intégrines αIIbβ3, αMβ2, αvβ3 et α5β1 sont de nouveaux récepteurs pour le CD154. Elles jouent un rôle important dans le contrôle de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération et l’apoptose cellulaire. Cependant, le rôle biologique de l’interaction du CD154 avec ses récepteurs nouvellement identifiés reste peu étudié. Les cellules T sont des cellules clés de la réponse immunitaire, leur survie et leur persistance constituent unesignature caractéristique de nombreuses maladies inflammatoires et auto-immunes. Lors de ces dernières, les cellules T expriment des niveaux élevés d’intégrines β1. Étant donné le rôle attribué aux intégrines et en particulier aux intégrines β1, dans l'inhibition des événements apoptotiques dans les cellules T, nous étions intéressés d’étudier le rôle de l'interaction CD154 / α5β1 dans la promotion de la survie des cellules T. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que le sCD154 est capable de se lier spécifiquement à lʼintégrine α5β1 exprimée par les cellules T, et que cette interaction inhibe l'apoptose cellulaire induite par Fas dans les lignées de cellules T suite à lʼinhibition du clivage de la caspase-8. Nous avons également montré que lʼeffet anti-apoptotique induit par l’axe CD154/α5β1 nʼétait pas restreint au Fas seulement, mais était généralisé aux autres récepteurs de mort de la famille des TNF tel que le TRAIL et le TNF. Plus intéressant encore, nos résultats ont montré que la pré-incubation avec le sCD154 des cellules humaines T CD3+ , protège ces dernières de la mort induite par Fas. Enfin, nous avons montré que comme le sCD154, le mCD154 était capable dʼinhiber la mort induite via les différents récepteurs de mort Fas, TRAIL et TNF, mais seulement par un mécanisme cis-dépendant lorsque le CD154 et lʼintégrine α5β1 sont exprimés à la surface d’une même cellule. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de l'interaction CD154/α5β1 dans la survie des cellules T et de ce fait, dans leurs rôles biologiques. Cette nouvelle observation inculpe davantage le CD154 et ses récepteurs les intégrines dans l’initiation, mais également dans la progression et la persistance des pathologies inflammatoires et auto-immunes en particulier. L'inhibition spécifique de cet axe peut représenter une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement des pathologies. / CD154 is a type II glycoprotein belonging to the tumor necrosis factors (TNF). It’s expressed in a transitory way on different cell types. There are two forms of CD154, membrane (mCD154) and soluble (sCD154). Both form are biologically active trimeric structure. CD154 has been identified on its role in the thymus dependent humoral response following its binding with its CD40 receptor. It has subsequently been shown that CD154 plays a role in various inflammatory responses, some of which may lead to pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, studies have shown that other αIIbβ3, αMβ2, αvβ3 and α5β1 receptors belonging to the integrin family could interact with CD154. They play an important role in the control of many cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the biological role of the interaction of CD154 with its newly identified receptors remains poorly studied. T lymphocytes are key cells in the immune response. Their survival and persistence is a characteristic signature of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In these latter, T cells express high levels of β1 integrins. Given the role attributed to integrins and in particular to β1 integrins in the inhibition of apoptotic events in T cells, we were very interested in studying the role of the CD154 / α5β1 interaction in promoting T cell survival. In this study we have demonstrated that sCD154 is able to specifically bind to T-cell expressed α5β1 integrin. This interaction inhibits Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat E6.1 and HUT-78 T cell lines following the inhibition of cleavage of caspase-8. We have also shown that the anti-apoptotic effect induced by the CD154 / α5β1 axis was not restricted to Fas, but was generalized to other TNF-like death receptors such as TRAIL and TNF. More interestingly, our results showed that preincubation with sCD154 of previously activated human T CD3+ cells, protects them from Fas-induced death. Finally, we have shown that, like sCD154, mCD154 was able to inhibit death induced by the different death receptors Fas, TRAIL and TNF, but only by a cis-dependent mechanism when CD154 and α5β1 are expressed at the same time surface of the same cells. These results enhance the importance of the CD154 / α5β1 interaction in the survival of T cells and thus in their biological roles. This new observation further induces CD154 and its integrin receptors in initiation, but also in the progression and persistence of inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies, in particular. The specific inhibition of this axis may represent a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of pathologies.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche fondamentale visant à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes d'interaction des rayonnements ionisants avec la matière biologique en s’intéressant à la prédiction par simulations numériques des dommages précoces radio-induits à l’ADN. Dans un premier temps, une étude sur le rôle des différents niveaux de compaction de la chromatine (hétérochromatine et euchromatine) dans l’induction de ces premiers effets, à savoir les cassures de brins de l’ADN, est proposée. De nouveaux modèles géométriques réalistes de noyaux cellulaires intégrant la compaction de la chromatine ont donc été créés et utilisés dans une chaîne de calcul, basée sur le code Monte Carlo ouvert et généraliste Geant4 et son extension Geant4-DNA, permettant de simuler les étapes physique, physico-chimique et chimique menant aux cassures de brin. Les développements effectués dans cette thèse ont également permis d’étudier l’impact de plusieurs types de rayonnement (protons, alphas, photons) sur les dommages radio-induits. Les différents résultats ont été confrontés à des données expérimentales et en particulier à celles obtenues par l’équipe de radiobiologistes de l’IRSN. Enfin, une étude portant sur les effets plus tardifs comme la réparation de l’ADN et la mort cellulaire a été réalisée par l’utilisation conjointe de la chaîne de calcul et de certains modèles paramétriques issus de la littérature. Ainsi, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse ont permis d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances et de développer des outils de calcul qui seront bientôt disponibles en accès libre à la communauté scientifique afin de prédire des effets biologiques de plusieurs types de rayonnement dans la perspective d’améliorer les modèles de risque. / This thesis work is part of a fundamental research aimed at improving the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of ionizing radiation with biological matter by focusing on the prediction of early radiation-induced DNA damage by numerical simulations. As a first step, a study on the role of the different levels of chromatin compaction (heterochromatin and euchromatin) in the induction of these early effects, namely DNA strand breaks, is proposed. New realistic geometric models of cell nuclei integrating chromatin compaction have therefore been created and used in a calculation chain, based on the open source and general purpose Monte Carlo code Geant4 and its extension Geant4-DNA, to simulate the physical, physico-chemical and chemical stages leading to strand breaks. Developments in this thesis have also allowed studying the impact of several types of radiation (protons, alphas, photons) on radiation-induced damage. The various results were compared with experimental data and in particular those obtained by the IRSN team of radiobiologists. Finally, a study on later effects such as DNA repair and cell death was carried out using both the calculation chain and some parametric models from the literature. Thus, the results obtained in this thesis have made it possible to acquire new knowledge and to develop calculation tools that will soon be delivered in free access to the scientific community in order to predict the biological effects of several types of radiation with the aim of improving risk models.

Cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are generated prenatally and generally survive the lifetime of the individual without undergoing proliferation or replacement. Therefore, the mechanisms promoting individual RPE cell survival and longevity in vivo may be distinct from, or a limited subset of, the mechanisms known to promote survival in proliferative cells in culture. To identify specific factors that sustain cell viability independent of effects on cell division, we studied RPE cells in low-density suspension culture, in which cell proliferation is inhibited. Single cells from Xenopus laevis eyes were plated onto a non-adhesive surface in protein-free medium, then assayed for survival using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell viability in these cultures was essentially undiminished over the initial 2 days. However, by approximately 1 week in culture, only an average of 53% of the cells remained alive. Plating cells on a fibronectin-coated substratum significantly enhanced survival, such that the number of cells alive at 1 week was 80-90% of the initial level. Essentially identical results were obtained with laminin- or collagen IV-coated substrata, or with insulin (5μg ml-1) in the medium. The absence of cell division in these cultures was confirmed by cell counting and BrdU incorporation experiments. Interestingly, in suspension cultures derived from monolayers previously established on microporous membrane filters, cells lost viability much faster (average of 80% dead at 3 days), and showed a relatively greater response to extracellular matrix proteins (five-fold increase in cell survival at 3 days). Enhanced RPE survival in response to fibronectin required spreading of the cell on a substratum, rather than mere adherence, as there was a high correlation between the percentage of spread cells and the percentage that were MTT-positive (r = 0·940). Cell spreading apparently enhanced survival by preventing the initiation of programmed cell death: unattached non-viable cells in culture exhibited morphological features expected of apoptosis, as well as positive staining by the TUNEL reaction. These studies demonstrate that, of several factors shown to maintain or increase cell number in proliferating cultures, some have their effect, at least in part, by promoting the survival of individual cells. The increased susceptibility of subcultured RPE to cell death has implications for clinical transplantation applications that may require manipulation of RPE in vitro.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) previously has been shown to stimulate short-term survival in vitro of cells derived from the native amphibian retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the present experiments, we have examined intracellular signaling pathways responsible for mediating these survival-specific growth factor effects, distinct from proliferative effects, using the human epithelial cell line RPE D407. When maintained as single cells in suspension culture in the absence of serum and exogenous survival factors, RPE D407 cell viability gradually declined over a 3-4 day period as a result of apoptotic cell death, a pattern similar to that seen for eye-derived RPE cells. Exposure to EGF (50 ng ml-1) enhanced cell survival by nearly 40% and caused a parallel increase in the tyrosine phosphate content of the EGF receptor (EGFR), as determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Both effects were completely blocked by 1μM AG1478, an EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. EGF also stimulated phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)-dependent effector kinase Akt, as well as that of the MEK-dependent mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Furthermore, EGF-induced protection was substantially reduced by either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (25μM) or the MEK inhibitor U0126 (10μM), under conditions in which phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, respectively, was blocked. Our results indicate that EGF-stimulated survival of RPE D407 cells takes place as a result of signaling through both PI3K and ERK/MAPK pathways. Further, residual anti-apoptotic activity stimulated by EGF in the presence of both blockers suggests that additional as yet unidentified growth factor-dependent survival pathways exist.

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) are evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinases that are activated by proinflammatory cytokines, environmental stress, and genotoxic agents. These kinases play key regulatory roles within a cell by coordinating signals from the cell surface to nuclear transcription factors. JNK phosphorylates the amino terminal domain of all three Jun transcription factors (JunB, c-Jun and JunD) all members of the AP-1 family. The activated transcription factors modulate gene expression to generate appropriate biological responses, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and cell death. The role of the JNK signaling pathway in cell death/apoptosis is controversial, both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival roles have been attributed to JNK. The mechanism that enables the JNK signaling pathway to mediate both apoptosis and survival is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the role of TNF-stimulated JNK activation on cell survival. The proinflammatory cytokine TNF, is known to activate JNK and induce apoptosis. To test whether the JNK signaling pathway contributes to TNF-induced apoptosis, the response of wild type and Jnk1-/- Jnk2-/- (JNK deficient fibroblasts) fibroblasts to TNF was examined. JNK deficient fibroblasts are more sensitive to TNF-induced apoptosis than wild-type fibroblasts. The TNF-sensitivity cannot be attributed to altered expression of TNF receptors or defects in the NF-кB or AKT pathways, known anti-apoptotic signal transduction pathways. (In fact, TNF stimulated NF-кB activation provides a major mechanism to account for survival in both wild-type and JNK deficient cells.) However this increased TNF-sensitivity can be attributed to JNK deficiency. Apoptosis is suppressed in JNK deficient cells when transduced with JNK1 retrovirus. These data implicate the JNK signaling pathway in cell survival. The AP-1 family of transcription factors is a target of the JNK signal transduction pathway. In addition JNK is required for the normal expression of the AP-1 family member, JunD. Previous studies have indicated that JunD can mediate survival. Interestingly, JNK deficient and JunD null cells display similar phenotypes: premature senescence and increased sensitivity to TNF induced apoptosis. In fact, the TNF-sensitivity is also suppressed in JNK deficient fibroblasts transduced with JunD retrovirus. Although JunD can replace the survival signaling role of JNK, phosphorylation of JunD is essential to inhibit TNF induced apoptosis. JNK deficient cells transduced with phosphomutant JunD retrovirus maintain TNF-sensitivity. Activated transcription factors modulate gene expression. It is most likely that JunD functions by regulating the expression of key molecules that act to inhibit TNF-stimulated apoptosis. Microarray analysis comparing wild-type with JNK deficient fibroblasts revealed that the expression of the survival gene, cIAP-2, was induced by TNF in only wild-type fibroblasts. Furthermore, protein expression of cIAP-2 was induced by TNF in only wild-type fibroblasts. Analysis of the cIAP-2 promoter revealed two critical NF-кB binding sites and one AP-1 binding site. Luciferase reporter assays indicated key roles for both NF-кB and the AP-1 component, JunD in TNF-induced cIAP-2 gene expression. These experiments establish that the JNK/JunD pathway collaborates with NF-кB pathway to increase the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein cIAP-2 in TNF treated cells. Without this collaboration, the JNK pathway mediates apoptosis. The integration of JNK signaling with other signaling pathways represents a mechanism to account for the dual ability of the JNK pathway to mediate either survival or apoptosis. The dynamic coordination of signals within and between pathways is critical. The future challenge will be to fit the details of individual signaling pathways into the context of signaling networks.