Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451398.pdf: 671181 bytes, checksum: 9b2ce376bc2dfdff2a7a720c916e7210 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Introduction: In children, hearing loss can be a complication of Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy (ATH) due to upper airway obstruction with a corresponding middle ear effusion. Nonetheles, it is not clear if ATH can also lead to impairment of the inner ear. Objective: to detect and characterize hearing impairment in children with Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy.Methods: A case-control study in children with and without Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy. All subjects underwent tonal audiometry, impedance, transient otoacoustic emissions and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Results: The study involved 32 children with ATH and 37 controls, from 5 to 13 years of age. There were no significant differences between groups regarding gender (p=0.763), age (p=0.349), weight (p=0,653) and race (0.285). Tonal audiometry was normal for both groups in both ears, although the ATH showed slight falls at high frequencies. Transient otoacoustic emissions (TOE) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOE) were present in both ears of the control group. In the ATH group, TOE were present in the right ear of all children but only in 30% in the left ear; DPOE were present in only 12%, but in 68% of the right ear. Conclusion: There is an association between Adeno-tonsillar Hypertrophy and hearing neurosensory impairment, identified in otoacoustic emissions but not in tonal audiometry / Introdu??o: Em crian?as, a perda auditiva pode ser uma das complica??es da Hipertrofia Adenotonsilar (HAT) devido ? obstru??o de vias a?reas superiores com consequente ac?mulo de secre??o na orelha m?dia (efus?o). Contudo, desconhecemos se a HAT tamb?m compromete a orelha interna. Objetivos: Identificar e caracterizar poss?veis altera??es auditivas em crian?as portadoras de Hipertrofia Adenotonsilar. M?todos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle no qual foram recrutadas crian?as com hipertrofia adenotonsilar e seus respectivos controles. Todos os sujeitos realizaram exames de audiometria tonal, impedanciometria, emiss?es otoac?sticas transientes e emiss?es otoac?sticas por produto de distor??o. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 32 crian?as com HAT e 37 controles com idades entre cinco e 13 anos, de ambos os sexos. N?o houveram diferen?as significativas entre os grupos em rela??o a g?nero (p=0,763), idade (p=0,349), peso (p=0,653) e ra?a (p=0,285). Em rela??o ? audiometria tonal, o grupo HAT n?o apresentou diferen?a entre o grupo controle em ambas as orelhas, por?m, o grupo com HAT apresentava discretas quedas nas altas frequ?ncias. As emiss?es otoac?sticas transientes (EOAT) e por produto de distor??o (EOAPD) estavam presentes no grupo controle e em estudo em ambas orelhas. No grupo HAT, as EOAT estavam presentes na orelha direita 100% das crian?as, mas apenas em 30% na orelha esquerda; as EOAPD estavam presentes na orelha direita de apenas 12% das crian?as, mas em 68% delas na orelha esquerda. Conclus?es: H? uma associa??o entre hipertrofia adenotonsilar e altera??es sens?rio-neurais da audi??o, identificadas nas emiss?es otoac?sticas, mas n?o na audiometria tonal

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451397.pdf: 387615 bytes, checksum: 9ab7f900fdf963b0dd282f824f916d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-20 / Introduction: pain is a fairly recent topic in the field of neonatology, because until recently it was believed that the newborn was not able to feel pain. With the research progress we could not only to know that neonates feel pain, but also the important consequences arising from that. The aim of this study was to investigate how pain is assessed and treated in neonatal intensive care units in the city of Porto Alegre (RS). Methods: it is a descriptive study, done in the neonatal intensive care units of Porto Alegre (RS), from September/2012 to December/2012. The study was conducted in two phases: in the first, a structured interview was answered by the nurse coordinator of the neonatal intensive care unit to know if the neonatal pain is evaluated/treated and, if so, how the pain is managed; in a second moment observations were performed in loco to evaluate pain management to complement the data obtained through the interview. The observed procedures were venipuncture, gastric tube insertion, endotracheal tube aspiration, oral and nasal aspiration, heel stick and administration of medication subcutaneous/intramuscular. Results: were included in the study 9 of 10 neonatal intensive care units situated in the city of Porto Alegre (RS). Regarding the assessment of pain, 7 of 9 hospitals included in the study have established pain as the 5th vital sign, but only three have written protocol for evaluation of pain. The pain scale used by majority was the NIPS and the professionals who routinely perform pain assessment are the technical of nursing and/or nurse. Regarding pain management, of 269 procedures observed, only 31% was done with some form of analgesia. Conclusion: pain is undertreated during the procedures routinely performed by nursing staff of neonatal intensive care units of Porto Alegre. / Introdu??o: a dor ? um tema bastante recente na ?rea de neonatologia, pois at? bem pouco tempo acreditava-se que o rec?m-nascido n?o era capaz de sentir dor. Com o avan?o das pesquisas conseguiu-se n?o apenas saber que o neonato sente dor, como tamb?m, conhecer consequ?ncias importantes decorrentes desta. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar como a dor ? avaliada e tratada nas unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais da cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). M?todos: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado nas unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais localizadas em Porto Alegre (RS), no per?odo de Setembro/2012 a Dezembro/2012. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira, foi realizada uma entrevista estruturada junto ? enfermeira coordenadora da unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal para saber se a dor neonatal ? avaliada/tratada e, em caso positivo, como a dor ? manejada; em um segundo momento foram realizadas observa??es in loco do manejo da dor para complementa??o dos dados obtidos atrav?s da entrevista. Os procedimentos observados foram pun??o venosa, passagem de sonda g?strica, aspira??o de tubo endotraqueal, aspira??o de vias a?reas, pun??o de calc?neo e administra??o de medica??o subcut?nea/intramuscular. Resultados: foram inclu?das no estudo 9 das 10 unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais localizadas na cidade de Porto Alegre. Em rela??o a avalia??o da dor, 7 dos 9 hospitais inclu?dos no estudo tem institu?do a dor como o 5? sinal vital, por?m apenas 3 possuem protocolo escrito para avalia??o da dor. A escala de dor utilizada pela maioria foi a escala NIPS e os profissionais que realizam rotineiramente a avalia??o da dor s?o os t?cnicos de enfermagem e/ou enfermeira. Em rela??o ao manejo da dor, no total dos 269 procedimentos observados, apenas 31% foi realizado com algum tipo de medida analg?sica. Conclus?o: os procedimentos realizados rotineiramente pela equipe de enfermagem s?o subtratados em rela??o ? dor nas unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais de Porto Alegre.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451920.pdf: 503995 bytes, checksum: 18877f49594a02c1abdbc2ab1583ecfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Objective : to evaluate the effects of positive fluid balance in infants under one year with bronchiolitis undergoing mechanical ventilation. Methodos : retrospective cohort study based on analysis of medical records of infants under one year admitted from April 2008 to September 2011 with bronchiolitis requiring mechanical ventilation in a tertiary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in southern of Brazil. We excluded patients with chronic lung disease, tracheostomy and previous use of mechanical ventilation due to acute pulmonary disease. We calculated the cumulative fluid balance within the first 3 days of the onset of mechanical ventilation. The outcomes assessed were ventilator-free days, length of stay in PICU, ventilator parameters used on the third day. Results : eighty-one patients were included in the study, 49 males (60.5%). The mean cumulative fluid balance on the third day of mechanical ventilation was 139 ? 68 ml/kg, the ventilator-free days was 19.7 ? 5.7 and the length of stay in PICU was 10.4 ? 5 6 days. In multivariate analysis, increasing cumulative fluid balance on the third day of mechanical ventilation was associated with a lower number of ventilatorfree days (&#946; -.03; 95% CI -.05, -.01; p <.001). The increasing cumulative fluid balance on the third day was also associated with higher PEEP and higher FiO2 used on the same day (&#946; .01; 95% CI.006, .019; p <.001 and &#946; .09; 95% CI .053, .136; p <.001 respectively). There was no relationship between cumulative fluid balance and length of stay in PICU (p = .950). Conclusion : cumulative fluid balance on the third day of mechanical ventilation is an independent risk factor for a lower number of ventilator-free days in infants under one year with bronchiolitis. There is also an association between higher cumulative fluid balance on the third day of mechanical ventilation and higher PEEP and higher FiO2 on the same day. / Objetivo : avaliar os efeitos do balan?o h?drico positivo em lactentes menores de um ano com bronquiolite viral aguda submetidos ? ventila??o mec?nica. Material e m?todo : estudo de coorte retrospectivo baseado na an?lise de prontu?rios de lactentes menores de um ano admitidos no per?odo de abril de 2008 a setembro de 2011 por bronquiolite viral aguda e submetidos ? ventila??o mec?nica em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pedi?trica (UTIP) terci?ria no sul do Brasil. Foram exclu?dos os pacientes com doen?a pulmonar cr?nica, traqueostomizados e com uso pr?vio de ventila??o mec?nica devido ? doen?a pulmonar aguda. Foi calculado o balan?o h?drico cumulativo nos primeiros 3 dias do in?cio da ventila??o mec?nica. Os desfechos avaliados foram: dias livres de ventila??o mec?nica, tempo de interna??o na UTIP e par?metros de ventila??o mec?nica utilizados no terceiro dia. Resultados : oitenta e um pacientes foram inclu?dos no estudo, sendo 49 meninos (60,5%). A m?dia do balan?o h?drico cumulativo no terceiro dia de ventila??o mec?nica foi de 139 ? 68 ml/kg, de dias livres de ventila??o mec?nica foi 19,7 ? 5,7 e do tempo de interna??o na UTIP foi 10,4 ? 5,6 dias. Na an?lise multivari?vel, um maior balan?o h?drico cumulativo no terceiro dia de ventila??o mec?nica apresentou associa??o com um menor n?mero de dias livres de ventila??o mec?nica (&#946; -0,03; IC 95% -0,05 a -0,01; p <0,001). O balan?o h?drico cumulativo no terceiro dia tamb?m apresentou associa??o com a utiliza??o de maior PEEP e FiO2 neste mesmo dia (&#946; 0,01; IC 95% 0,006 a 0,019; p <0,001 e &#946; 0,09; IC 95% 0,053 a 0,136; p <0,001 respectivamente). N?o houve rela??o entre balan?o h?drico cumulativo e tempo de interna??o na UTIP (p=0,950). Conclus?o : o balan?o h?drico cumulativo no terceiro dia de ventila??o mec?nica constitui fator de risco independente para um menor n?mero de dias livres de ventila??o mec?nica em lactentes menores do um ano com bronquiolite viral aguda. Existe, tamb?m, associa??o entre um maior balan?o h?drico cumulativo no terceiro dia de ventila??o mec?nica e a utiliza??o de maior PEEP e maior FiO2 neste mesmo dia.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451963.pdf: 1054634 bytes, checksum: 22a1a79881824872b314b26c9cf9ec20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Introduction: Asthma is a disease with predominant presence of CD4 Th2 cells that affects children. The disease main characteristics is inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Asthma has two main phenotypes depending on the presence of atopy. It was not yet fully described in asthmatic children of school age the presence of different profiles of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood, which may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease. Aims: To analyze the phenotypic of CD4 T cells in asthmatics children in Porto Alegre/RS. Methods: This was a croos-sectional study when it was recruited children between 9 to 15 years old, asthmatics and controls. The PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll and the cells were cultured with anti-CD3/CD28antibodies, Derp1 or left unstimulated. After 24hs the cells were stained with antibodies specifics for transcription factors in order to analyze Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17 cells by flow cytometry and the supernatant was collected for cytokine analysis by CBA assay. Plasma was used to perform analysis of specific IgE. Results: It was analyzed 104 patients, 12 controls and 92 asthmatics. Atopic asthmatic patients presented higher frequency of Th2 cells compared with non-atopic and atopic controls. When we analyzed cells expressing more than one transcription factor it was observed that atopic asthmatics patients have a higher frequency of CD4+GATA3+FOXP3+, CD4+ROR&#947;T+GATA3+ and CD4+GATA3+Tbet+ compared with non-atopic patients and controls atopic. Analyzing the asthma severity it was seen a higher frequency of CD4+ROR&#947;T+GATA3+ in patients with moderate asthma compared with patients with mild asthma. Stimulating the cells from atopic asthma patients with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 induced more Th1 profile while stimulating with DerP1 protein changed the profile of the cells mainly to Th17 and Treg cells. Conclusion: This is the first study in children that analyzes Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17 cells using the tag transcription factor by flow cytometry in asthmatic or atopic and non-atopic controls. We found a Th2 profile in atopic asthmatic children according to the literature. Interestingly non-atopic children showed no predominant profile. Children with moderate asthma have a profile that expresses both the transcription factor GATA3 and ROR&#947;T. Depending on the stimulus used it was induced different phenotypes in the cells of this group of patients with asthma. / Introdu??o: A asma ? uma doen?a com predomin?ncia da presen?a das c?lulas T CD4 do tipo Th2, que afeta das crian?as e tem como principais caracter?sticas a inflama??o e hiperreatividade das vias a?reas. A asma apresenta dois fen?tipos principais dependendo da presen?a de atopia. Ainda n?o foi totalmente descrito em crian?as asm?ticas com idade escolar a presen?a dos diferentes perfis de c?lulas Th1, Th2, Th17 e Treg no sangue perif?rico, que podem estar relacionados com a patog?nese da doen?a. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil fenot?pico de c?lulas T CD4 em pacientes asm?ticos escolares do munic?pio de Porto Alegre/RS. M?todos: Este foi um estudo transversal realizado com o recrutamento de crian?as com 09 a 15 anos de idade, asm?ticas e controles. O sangue perif?rico foi coletado e as c?lulas mononucleares foram separadas utilizando Ficoll e colocadas em cultura com anticorpos anti-CD3/CD28. Ap?s 24hs as c?lulas foram marcadas com anticorpos espec?ficos para fatores de transcri??o para an?lise do perfil Th1, Th2, Th17 e Treg por citometria de fluxo e o sobrenadante foi recolhido para analise de citocinas por CBA. No plasma foi realizada a an?lise de IgE espec?ficas. Resultados: Foram analisados 104 pacientes, sendo 12 controles e 92 asm?ticos. Os pacientes asm?ticos at?picos apresentaram um perfil Th2 mais acentuado, comparado com os n?o-at?picos e controles at?picos. Quando analisamos as c?lulas que expressam mais de um fator de transcri??o foi observado que os pacientes asm?ticos at?picos apresentam maior frequ?ncia de c?lulas T CD4 positivas GATA3+FOXP3+, ROR&#947;T+GATA3+, GATA3+Tbet+ comparada com pacientes n?o-at?picos e controles at?picos. Analisando a severidade foi observado uma frequencia maior de c?lulas T CD4+ ROR&#947;T+ GATA3+ em pacientes com asma moderada comparado com pacientes com asma leve. O est?mulo com anti-CD3 e anti-CD28 nas c?lulas dos pacientes asm?ticos at?picos induziu mais um perfil Th1 enquanto que est?mulo com DerP1 mudou o perfil de algumas c?lulas principalmente de c?lulas Tregs e Th17. Conclus?o: Este ? o primeiro estudo em crian?as que analisa o perfil Th1, Th2, Th17 e Treg utilizando a marca??o de fatores de transcri??o por citometria de fluxo em crian?as asm?ticas at?picas ou n?o-at?picas e controles. Encontramos um perfil mais Th2 em crian?as asm?ticas at?picas de acordo com a literatura. Interessantemente as crian?as n?o-at?picas n?o apresentaram nenhum perfil predominante. As crian?as com asma moderadas apresentam um perfil que expressa ao mesmo tempo o fator de transcri??o RORgT e GATA3. Dependendo do estimulo s?o induzidas diferentes fen?tipos nas c?lulas deste grupo de pacientes com asma.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 457124.pdf: 593064 bytes, checksum: 3d608aeef8635bc4754492396d116824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Objectives : To assess if lung function could be used to predict risk of viral lower respiratory tract infections in prematurely born infants. In addition, we want to assess the impact of number and severity of LRTI episodes on lung growth. Methods : Longitudinal measurements of lung function by raised volume rapid thoracic compression technique were obtained in the first 6 months of life and after one year of follow-up in preterm infants. Number and severity of LRTI were recorded prospectively. The main outcome is an association between lung function measurements and number and severity of LRTI episodes. Results : Lung function tests were obtained in 71 preterm infants. There was a negative association between lung function and LRTI. Compared with infants with one or no LRTI episode (n=41), those with two or more episodes of LRTI (n=30) had significantly lower expiratory flows at first test (p<0.05 for zVEF0.5 zFEF50, zFEF75, zFEF25-75 and zFEFV0.5/FVC). No significant differences in gender distribution, gestational age, birth weight, school age siblings and smoke exposure were detected in relation to number or severity of LRTI. In the multivariate analysis, lung function and respiratory support in the neonatal intensive care unit was associated with higher number of LRTI. Severe LRTI was predicted by passive smoking and reduced zFEV0.5. In the longitudinal analysis, the change in lung function, adjusted for length, sex and smoke exposure during pregnancy was not affected by the number and severity of LRTI. Lung growth in this preterm birth cohort was not significantly different from a reference control group composed of full term babies. Conclusion : Our data suggest that lung function is a direct factor that mediates respiratory morbidity in premature infants. Lung function was a better predictor of number of LRTI than gestational age, sex and social demographics factors. The findings suggest that prenatal factors, particularly those that promote premature birth, determine lung development early in life. Postnatal events, like viral LRTI, do not have a detectable effect on lung growth. / Objetivos : Avaliar se a fun??o pulmonar (FP) pode ser usada para predizer o risco de infec??o viral da via a?rea inferior (IVAI) em lactentes prematuros. Avaliar o impacto do n?mero e da gravidade das IVAI no crescimento pulmonar. M?todos : Medidas longitudinais da FP pela t?cnica de compress?o tor?cica r?pida a partir de volumes pulmonares elevados foram obtidas nos primeiros seis meses de vida e ap?s um ano de seguimento. N?mero e gravidade das infec??es das IVAI foram registrados prospectivamente. O desfecho principal foi a associa??o entre as medidas de FP e o n?mero e a gravidade das IVAI. Resultados : Testes de FP foram obtidos em 71 lactentes. Houve uma associa??o negativa entre FP e IVAI. Comparados com lactentes que tiveram um ou nenhum epis?dio de infec??o (n=41), aqueles com dois ou mais epis?dios (n=30) tiveram fluxos expirat?rios mais baixos (p < 0.05 para zVEF0.5, zFEF50, zFEF75, zFEF25-75 and zFEFV0.5/FVC) no primeiro teste (n=71). N?o houve diferen?as significativas quanto a sexo, idade gestacional, peso ao nascimento, irm?os na idade escolar e exposi??o ao tabaco em rela??o ao n?mero e gravidade da IVAI. Na an?lise multivariada, recebimento de suporte respirat?rio na unidade neonatal e FP estiveram associadas a maior frequ?ncia de infec??es. Hospitaliza??o por IVAI pode ser predita por tabagismo passivo e zFEV0.5 reduzido. Na an?lise longitudinal, a mudan?a na FP ajustada para comprimento, sexo e tabagismo gestacional n?o foi afetada pelo n?mero e pela gravidade de IVAI. O crescimento pulmonar dessa coorte de prematuros n?o foi significativamente diferente do crescimento do grupo controle de refer?ncia composto de beb?s a termo. Conclus?o : Nossos resultados sugerem que a fun??o pulmonar ? um fator que medeia diretamente a morbidade respirat?ria em lactentes. A FP foi um melhor preditor do n?mero de IVAI do que fatores perinatais e s?cio-demogr?ficos. Esses achados sugerem que fatores pr?-natais, principalmente aqueles que promovem o parto prematuro, determinam o desenvolvimento pulmonar no in?cio da vida. Eventos p?s-natais, como IVAI virais, n?o apresentam um efeito detect?vel no crescimento pulmonar.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 457790.pdf: 3390024 bytes, checksum: 41c896c778956a74d409b1c1d99f687a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-05 / Introduction: The present work included two originals articles about asthma, which is an airway chronic disease characterized by bronchial hiperresponssivenes and variable airway limitation. House dust mites are a major aeroallergen, responsible to trigger chronic inflammation in humans. In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases around the world, with regional differences, which has raised many questions about the environmental factors that are involved in the development of allergic response, and especially protective factors in this response, particularly in relation to the effect of infections. Some authors suggest that helminth infections act as a protective factor to allergic diseases. Murine models are widely used, but there is still a need for approaches with protocols more similar to the disease in humans. Objectives: The aim of the first article was develop a experimental model of pulmonary allergic disease using a house dust mite extract produced in a research laboratory with a more simple and economic way and to evaluate their capacity to induce an inflammatory response similar to the ones of established protocols. Methods: In the first article, female adult BALB/C mice were used, exposed acutely and chronically to house dust mite extract (HDM), with group controls. In the second article, C57BL/6 e C57BL/6 TRL4-/- female mice were exposed in early life to Angiostrongylus cantonensis extract, with control groups. At the adult age, animals were submitted to asthma ovalbumin protocol. Results: In the first article, animals exposed to HDM (acute and chronic) had a significant increase in the absolute counts of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when compared to the negative control (p<0.001 and p=0.002), and showed histological changes consistent with the disease, with increased peribronchovascular infiltrate and mucus secretion, and collagen deposition around the airway. In the second article, animals that received worm extract had a significant increase in total and eosinophil cell counts in both strains, presenting histological changes compatible with these findings, with increased cellular infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia and increased collagen deposition in the airway. Conclusion: The non-commercial mite extract in the article 1 has shown to be effective to induce an acute and chronic allergic inflammatory response in a murine model. In the second article, the Angiostrongylus cantonensis extract when administered subcutaneously did not inhibit ovalbumin-induced pulmonary allergic disease. / Esta disserta??o de Mestrado contemplou dois artigos originais sobre asma, que ? uma doen?a cr?nica das vias a?reas, caracterizada por hiperresponsividade br?nquica e limita??o vari?vel do fluxo a?reo. Os ?caros da poeira dom?stica s?o um dos principais aeroalergenos respons?veis por desencadear esta doen?a em humanos. Nos ?ltimos anos observou-se um crescimento substancial da preval?ncia de doen?as al?rgicas ao redor do mundo, com diferen?as regionais, que tem levantado diversos questionamentos a respeito dos fatores ambientais que est?o envolvidos no desenvolvimento da resposta al?rgica, e principalmente nos fatores protetores dessa resposta, particularmente em rela??o ao efeito de infec??es. Alguns autores sugerem que as infec??es helm?nticas funcionam como um fator de prote??o a doen?as al?rgicas. Modelos murinos s?o amplamente utilizados, por?m ainda existe a necessidade de aproxim?-los ainda mais da realidade em humanos. O objetivo do primeiro artigo foi desenvolver um modelo experimental de doen?a pulmonar al?rgica utilizando um extrato de ?caro da poeira dom?stica produzido em laborat?rio de pesquisa de maneira mais simples e econ?mica e avaliar a sua capacidade de induzir uma resposta inflamat?ria semelhante ? encontrada em protocolos j? estabelecidos. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito protetor do extrato de Angiostrongylus cantonensis administrado por via subcut?nea em animais rec?m desmamados num modelo de doen?a pulmonar al?rgica induzida por ovalbumina. No primeiro artigo foram utilizadas f?meas adultas da linhagem BALB/C, com grupos expostos agudamente e cronicamente a extrato de ?caro (HDM) e grupos controles. No segundo artigo, foram utilizados camundongos f?meas das linhagens C57BL/6 e C57BL/6 TLR4-/-, expostos precocemente a extrato de Angiostrongylus cantonensis, com grupos controles. Na idade adulta, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de indu??o de asma pela ovalbumina. No artigo 1, os animais expostos ao extrato de ?caro (agudo e cr?nico) apresentaram aumento significativo na contagem de eosin?filos no lavado broncoalveolar em rela??o ao controle negativo (p<0,001 e p=0,002), bem como apresentaram histologia compat?vel ? doen?a, com aumento de infiltrado peribroncovascular, na secre??o de muco e no dep?sito de col?geno ao redor da via a?rea. No artigo 2, os animais que receberam o extrato de verme tiveram um aumento significativo nas contagens total e de eosin?filos em ambas as linhagens, al?m de apresentar histologia compat?vel com esses achados, com aumento de infiltrado celular, hiperplasia de c?lulas caliciformes e aumento na deposi??o de col?geno na via a?rea. O extrato de ?caro n?o comercial produzido no artigo 1 demonstrou ser eficaz em induzir uma resposta inflamat?ria al?rgica aguda e cr?nica em modelo murino. No artigo 2, o extrato de Angiostrongylus cantonensis, quando administrado por via subcut?nea, n?o inibiu o desenvolvimento de doen?a pulmonar al?rgica induzida por ovalbumina.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 459023.pdf: 766453 bytes, checksum: df09225ab12d18f640f368a0a5436a50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Introduction : Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease of autosomal recessive character, chronic and progressive, with involvement in various organs and systems. Respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders are more prevalent, which usually results in nutritional deficit. However, when there is a worsening of the clinical condition, requiring hospitalization, the risk of nutritional inbalance increases. The aim of this study was to evaluate variation in weight and body composition during hospitalization of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis who received hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet during hospitalization. Methods : This is a longitudinal study involving children and adolescents with CF hospitalized at S?o Lucas's Hospital/ PUCRS. Bioimpedance analysis was used to assess body composition. The evaluation took place within 48 hours after admission and 24 hours prior to hospital discharge. The energy and nutrient intake was investigated through a food record during three consecutive days. Comparisons between weight and body composition during hospitalization were performed through the corresponding statistical tests (t test and the Mann - Whitney test). Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results : The sample consisted of 13 patients, 8 (62 %) male. The mean age was 10.8 ? 3.61 years. The mean hospital stay was 14.5 ? 3.75 days. At the beginning of hospitalization, most patients were eutrophic (n = 9). Regarding categorization by pulmonary function, patients had moderate pulmonary disease according to FEV1 (52.08 ? 22.2). Patients received hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet during hospitalization , and the findings showed significant changes in the variables, weight and fat mass (weight = 1.47 kg and fat mass 1.06 kg , p < 0.0001). Conclusion : The hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet recommended during hospitalization was associated with significant weight gain and fat mass, with improvement of the nutritional status of most patients. / Introdu??o : A Fibrose C?stica (FC) ? uma doen?a gen?tica de car?ter autoss?mico recessivo, cr?nica e progressiva, com acometimento em diversos ?rg?os e sistemas. As altera??es respirat?rias e gastrointestinais s?o mais prevalentes, o que resulta geralmente em um comprometimento nutricional. Todavia, quando existe uma piora do estado cl?nico com necessidade de interna??o hospitalar, o risco ou fal?ncia nutricional aumenta. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a varia??o de peso e da composi??o corporal durante a interna??o hospitalar de crian?as e adolescentes portadores de Fibrose C?stica que receberam dieta hipercal?rica e hiperlip?dica durante a interna??o hospitalar. M?todos : Estudo longitudinal, envolvendo crian?as e adolescentes com Fibrose C?stica internados no Hospital S?o Lucas/PUCRS. A an?lise de bioimped?ncia foi utilizada para avalia??o da composi??o corporal. A avalia??o ocorreu em at? 48 horas ap?s a interna??o e 24 horas antes da alta hospitalar. A ingest?o energ?tica e de nutrientes foi investigada por meio do registro alimentar de tr?s dias consecutivos. As compara??es entre o peso e a composi??o corporal durante a interna??o foram realizadas mediante os testes estat?sticos correspondentes (teste t e teste de Mann-Whitney). As diferen?as foram consideradas significativas com p < 0,05. Resultados : A amostra estudada constituiu-se de 13 pacientes, sendo 8 (62%) do sexo masculino. A m?dia de idade foi de 10,8? 3,61 anos. O tempo m?dio de interna??o foi 14,5?3,75 dias. No in?cio da interna??o, a maioria dos pacientes encontravam-se eutr?ficos (n=9). Quanto ? categoriza??o pela fun??o pulmonar, os pacientes apresentaram doen?a pulmonar moderada conforme os valores de VEF1 (52,08?22,2). Os pacientes receberam dieta hipercal?rica e hiperlip?dica durante a interna??o, e os achados demonstraram altera??o significativa nas m?dias das vari?veis, peso e massa gorda (peso= 1,47 kg e massa gorda 1,06 kg; p<0,0001). Conclus?o : A dieta hipercal?rica e hiperlip?dica preconizada durante a interna??o esteve associada a um ganho significativo de peso e de massa gorda, com melhoria do estado nutricional de grande parte dos pacientes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 459167.pdf: 601334 bytes, checksum: 717c74d4f578d29024efee12660fc997 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Background: Term neonates delivered by elective cesarean section who developed Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn have shown a low number of stable microbubbles on gastric fluid. The oral fluid has not been previously used to evaluate the pulmonary maturity after birth. Objective: To evaluate the Stable Microbubble Test in oral and gastric fluids for predicting of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn. Methods: Patients with gestational age &#8805; 37 who were born by elective cesarean section were in the delivery room, oral fluid obtained immediately after birth and gastric fluid up to one hour of life. The samples were frozen to be analyzed blindly by two observers according to the method described by Pattle. Results: In total, 544 neonates were included in the study. Of these, 22 developed respiratory distress requiring hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Twenty four patients had mild transient respiratory symptoms and were not admitted to the NICU. Patients who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, in oral fluid had a median, minimum and maximun of 67.5 (18-150) microbubbles/mm2 and 498 newborns without respiratory distress had a score of 350 (5-10000) microbubbles/mm2 - p < 0.001. In gastric fluid, the neonates had a score of 150 (24-1200) microbubbles/mm2 and neonates without respiratory distress were 600 (6-7000) microbubbles/mm2 - p< 0.05. The 24 patients with mild respiratory symptoms and not admitted to the NICU had a count of oral microbubbles, minimum and maximun of 137.5 (20-3750) microbubbles/mm2 in gastric fluid and 725 (20-4000) microbubbles/mm2. Considering only the 22 patients admitted and a cutoff point of 200 microbubbles/mm2, oral fluid showed a sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 76.9 % for the diagnosis of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn. For the gastric fluid, with a cutoff point of 250 microbubbles/mm2, sensitivity was 68.2 % and specificity of 76.7 %. Conclusion: The results suggest that Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn is associated with alterations of the surfactant system. The oral fluid is an alternative method to the use of the amniotic fluid and gastric fluid for assessing fetal lung maturity after birth / Introdu??o: Os rec?m-nascidos submetidos ? cesariana eletiva que desenvolvem Taquipn?ia Transit?ria do Rec?m-nascido tem apresentado uma baixa contagem de microbolhas est?veis no fluido g?strico. O fluido oral n?o foi usado anteriormente para avaliar a maturidade pulmonar ap?s o nascimento. Objetivo: Avaliar o Teste das Microbolhas Est?veis nos fluidos oral e g?strico ao nascimento para a predi??o da Taquipn?ia Transit?ria do Rec?m-nascido. M?todos: Pacientes com idade gestacional &#8805;37 semanas, nascidos por cesariana eletiva, tiveram na sala de parto o fluido oral obtido imediatamente ap?s o nascimento e o fluido g?strico com at? uma hora de vida. As amostras foram congeladas para serem analisadas, cegamente, por dois observadores, conforme o m?todo descrito por Pattle. Resultados: No total, 544 neonatos foram inclu?dos no estudo. Destes, 22 desenvolveram dificuldade respirat?ria, necessitando de interna??o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Vinte e quatro pacientes apresentaram sintomas respirat?rios transit?rios leves e n?o foram admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Os pacientes que foram admitidos na unidade neonatal tiveram no fluido oral uma contagem mediana, m?nimo e m?ximo de 67,5 (18-150) microbolhas/mm2 e os 498 neonatos sem dificuldade respirat?ria tiveram uma contagem de 350 (5-10000) microbolhas/mm2 p<0,001. No fluido g?strico, os neonatos internados tiveram uma contagem de 150 (24-1200) microbolhas/mm2 e os neonatos sem dificuldade respirat?ria tiveram 600 (6-7000) microbolhas/mm2 p<0,05. Os 24 pacientes com sintomas respirat?rios leves e n?o internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal tiveram uma contagem de microbolhas oral, m?nimo e m?ximo de 137,5 (20-3750) microbolhas/mm2 e no fluido g?strico 725 (20-4000) microbolhas/mm2. Considerando somente os 22 pacientes admitidos e com um ponto de corte de 200 microbolhas/mm2, o fluido oral mostrou uma sensibilidade de 81,8% e especificidade de 76,9% para o diagn?stico de Taquipn?ia Transit?ria do Rec?m-nascido. Para o fluido g?strico, com um ponto de corte de 250 microbolhas/mm2, a sensibilidade foi de 68,2% e a especificidade de 76,7%. Conclus?o: Os resultados sugerem que a Taquipn?ia Transit?ria do Rec?m-nascido est? associada a altera??es do sistema surfactante. O fluido oral ? uma alternativa ? utiliza??o do fluido g?strico para avaliar a maturidade pulmonar ap?s o nascimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 461948.pdf: 880021 bytes, checksum: ce672d6d727438aab02fda6bd05d22c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / Introduction: acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) is a respiratory infection of high incidence in infants. The mechanisms associated with the severity of the disease are poorly understood. Its severity may be associated with genetic and immunological factors. Some mediators of the immune response appear to influence the response to the virus, especially interleukins (IL). IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine present in the tracheal aspirates from patients with AVB. This interleukin induces the expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and migration of neutrophils. The objective of the study was to determine if IL-17 gene variations are associated with the severity of AVB. Methods: in the present study we recruited infants admitted in the pediatric emergency in the Hospital S?o Lucas (HSL) PUCRS diagnosed with AVB and younger than 12 months of age, from September 2009 to September 2011; and infants without hospitalization selected at the primary health care center (CSBJ) in Porto Alegre. Capillary blood samples were collected and DNA was extracted for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs2275913 of the IL -17 gene). Results: participated in the final analysis of this genetic association study 121 cases and 71 controls. The rare allele of SNP rs2275913 of IL -17 showed a protective effect for severe AVB, with higher frequency of homozygous AA (14.1% vs 5.8%; p = 0.047) in the control group (without hospitalization). The risk of G carriers for severe bronchiolitis was 2.7 times greater. Conclusion: the study suggests that the polymorphism rs2275913 of IL -17 is associated with protection of AVB and can directly influence the severity of AVB these children. This variation may be a marker to identify high risk patients. / Introdu??o: a bronquiolite viral aguda (BVA) ? uma infec??o respirat?ria de elevada incid?ncia em lactentes. Os mecanismos associados ? severidade da doen?a s?o ainda pouco conhecidos. Sua gravidade pode estar associada a fatores gen?ticos e imunol?gicos. Alguns mediadores da reposta imune parecem influenciar a resposta aos v?rus, especialmente as interleucinas (ILs). A IL-17 ? uma citocina pr?-inflamat?ria presente no aspirado traqueal de pacientes com BVA. Esta interleucina induz a express?o de outras citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias e a migra??o de neutr?filos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se varia??es de IL-17 est?o associadas ? severidade da BVA. M?todos: no estudo foram inclu?dos lactentes internados na emerg?ncia pedi?trica do SUS do Hospital S?o Lucas (HSL) da PUCRS com diagn?stico de BVA, com idade inferior a 12 meses, entre setembro de 2009 a setembro de 2011, e lactentes que n?o apresentaram BVA, recrutados junto ao Centro de Sa?de Bom Jesus (CSBJ). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue capilar e deste material foi extra?do o DNA utilizado para genotipagem do polimorfismo de nucleot?deo ?nico, SNP rs2275913 do gene IL-17. Resultados: participaram da an?lise final deste estudo de associa??o gen?tica 121 casos e 71 controles. O alelo raro do SNP rs2275913 de IL-17 mostrou um efeito de prote??o para BVA grave, apresentando frequ?ncia maior de homozigotos AA (14,1% vs 5,8%, p = 0,047) em pacientes do grupo controle (sem hospitaliza??o por BVA). O risco dos pacientes portadores do alelo G apresentarem bronquiolite com hospitaliza??o foi 2,7 vezes maior. Conclus?o: o estudo sugere que o alelo A do polimorfismo rs2275913, no gene IL-17, est? associado ? prote??o da BVA e pode influenciar diretamente a gravidade da BVA em lactentes. Este polimorfismo pode ser um importante marcador para identifica??o de pacientes de alto risco para bronquiolite grave.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462948.pdf: 3573892 bytes, checksum: a0cdf6bf58f8ea4366b46e3326db4515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-30 / Objective: Assess the offer and the energy restriction of patients hospitalized in a PICU. Methods: This is a prospective observational cohort descriptive, conducted from 01/09/2009 to 31/08/2010 in patients admitted to the PICU of a university hospital. Some additional data were collected from medical records of patients in Service Medical Records. The study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee. The energy offer was received compared to Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) and restrictions were also evaluated in the energy offer of patients, by analyzing the period No Initial Offer Energy and Pauses in Energy Offer, as well as the reason for the same. Data were collected during admission and hospitalization. Outcomes such as mortality, malnutrition, severity, organ dysfunction, length of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs and adequacy of energy offer were evaluated. Results: The sample consisted of 475 admissions. Interned No Initial Offer Energy 97.5% patients. 55.2% of these initiated within the first 24 hours. The surgery (35%), critical clinical condition (30%) and examination (21%) on admission were not primarily responsible for introducing the initial energy offer. The PIM2> 6, acute illness, infection, hematologic, gastrointestinal, and renal dysfunction, MODS on admission, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs and patients who had prolonged hospitalization are associated with an increased time to onset of nutrition (p <0.05 ). There were a total of 379 Pauses in Energy Offer during hospitalization in 175 patients. Of these, 91% reached the BEE to discharge, taking 24-502 hours. The gastrointestinal dysfunction (89%), intubation/extubation (71%) and fluid restriction (31%) during hospitalization, were primarily responsible for Pauses in the Energy Offer. The patients under one year, malnourished, PIM2> 6, clinical patients with infection with respiratory and liver dysfunction with MODS, who used mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs and those who had prolonged hospitalization are associated with a greater number of pauses (p <0.05). Prolonged hospitalization and mechanical ventilation are independently associated with delay to the beginning of the energy offer (greater than 38 hours) and the presence of pauses in the diet. BEE reached 79% of patients, 4% achieved only after the 5th day, being 75% of the total considered adequate energy offer and 25% in inadequate energy offer. PIM2 patients with>6, respiratory, hepatic and hematologic dysfunction, with MODS, who used vasoactive drugs and who died reached less adequate energy offer during hospitalization (p <0.05). Conclusions: The Majority of patients hospitalized No Initial Offer Energy . Of these, only 55.2% started their nutrition in the first 24 hours. The surgery, critical clinical condition and the need to perform tests on admission were not primarily responsible for introducing the initial energy supply for patients. The gastrointestinal dysfunction, intubation/extubation and fluid restriction during hospitalization, were primarily responsible for pauses in the energy offer. Prolonged hospitalization and the use of mechanical ventilation are independently associated with delay to the start of the energy offer and with the presence of food pauses. / Objetivo: Avaliar a oferta e a restri??o energ?tica dos pacientes internados em uma UTIP. M?todos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo descritivo observacional, realizado entre 01/09/2009 a 31/08/2010 nos pacientes admitidos na UTIP de um hospital universit?rio. Alguns dados complementares foram coletados nos prontu?rios dos pacientes no Servi?o de Arquivo M?dico. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa da institui??o. A oferta energ?tica recebida foi comparada ao Gasto Energ?tico Basal (GEB) e tamb?m foram avaliadas as restri??es na oferta energ?tica dos pacientes, atrav?s da an?lise do per?odo Sem Oferta Energ?tica Inicial e das Pausas na Oferta Energ?tica, assim como o motivo das mesmas. Foram coletados dados durante a admiss?o e a interna??o. Desfechos como a mortalidade, desnutri??o, gravidade, disfun??es org?nicas, tempo de interna??o, de uso de ventila??o mec?nica, drogas vasoativas e adequa??o da oferta energ?tica foram avaliados. Resultados: A amostra foi constitu?da de 475 interna??es. Internaram Sem Oferta Energ?tica Inicial 97,5% pacientes. Destes 55,2% iniciaram nas primeiras 24 horas. A cirurgia (35%), quadro cl?nico cr?tico (30%) e exames (21%) na admiss?o foram os principais respons?veis pela n?o introdu??o da oferta energ?tica inicial. O PIM2>6, doen?a aguda, infec??o, disfun??o hematol?gica, gastrointestinal e renal, SDMO na admiss?o, ventila??o mec?nica, drogas vasoativas e os pacientes que tiveram interna??o prolongada est?o associados a um tempo maior para o in?cio da nutri??o (p<0,05). Houveram um total de 379 Pausas na Oferta Energ?tica durante a interna??o em 175 pacientes. Destes, 91% atingiram o GEB at? a alta, demorando de 24 a 502 horas. A disfun??o gastrointestinal (89%), intuba??o/extuba??o (71%) e restri??o h?drica (31%) durante a interna??o, foram os principais respons?veis pelas Pausas na Oferta Energ?tica. Os pacientes menores de um ano, desnutridos, PIM2>6, pacientes cl?nicos, com infec??o, com disfun??o respirat?ria e hep?tica, com SDMO, que utilizaram ventila??o mec?nica, drogas vasoativas e os que tiveram interna??o prolongada est?o associados a um n?mero maior de pausas (p<0,05). A interna??o prolongada e a ventila??o mec?nica est?o associadas de forma independente com a demora para o in?cio da oferta energ?tica (maior que 38 horas) e com a presen?a de pausas na dieta. Atingiram o GEB 79% dos pacientes, 4% atingiram apenas depois do 5? dia, sendo do total 75% considerados em oferta energ?tica adequada e 25% em oferta energ?tica inadequada. Pacientes com PIM2>6, com disfun??o respirat?ria, hep?tica e hematol?gica, com SDMO, que utilizaram drogas vasoativas e que foram a ?bito atingiram menos a oferta energ?tica adequada durante a interna??o (p<0,05). Conclus?es: A maioria dos pacientes internou Sem Oferta Energ?tica Inicial. Destes, apenas 55,2% iniciaram sua nutri??o nas primeiras 24 horas. A cirurgia, o quadro cl?nico cr?tico e a necessidade de realizar exames na admiss?o foram os principais respons?veis pela n?o introdu??o da oferta energ?tica inicial nos pacientes. A disfun??o gastrointestinal, a intuba??o/extuba??o e a restri??o h?drica durante a interna??o, foram os principais respons?veis pelas pausas na oferta energ?tica. A interna??o prolongada e o uso da ventila??o mec?nica est?o associados de forma independente com a demora para o in?cio da oferta energ?tica e com a presen?a de pausa alimentar.