Cette recherche explore les rapports entre les amateurs et les professionnels scientifiques dans Foldit, une expérience de science participative sur Internet. Foldit est un jeu vidéo en ligne qui permet aux participants de trouver la façon dont les protéines se plient. Amateurs et professionnels de la science ont traversé une longue route colorée de partenariats et de démarcations. À l'heure actuelle, cette démarche se voit complexifiée par un environnement numérique qui relève le phénomène de la participation et la montée de la figure de l'amateur, notamment dans la production de connaissance. Si cette participation sur la Toile est considérée, par certains courants de pensée, comme le germe d'une nouvelle économie voire d'une nouvelle société (Benkler, 2006 ; Bauwens, 2012b), elle est aussi dénoncée par l'approche critique du capitalisme informationnel, comme une sorte de travail immatériel non rémunéré soumis à des relations d'exploitation (Moulier Boutang, 2007 ; Pasquinelli, 2010). Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire propose une exploration des sciences participatives, afin d'examiner les rapports qui s'établissent entre les acteurs de ces expériences productrices de connaissance et de données immatérielles. Ces rapports s'expriment à travers les échanges qui se déroulent sur le site web Foldit. La méthodologie qualitative mise en oeuvre a été complétée par l'observation de terrain et les entretiens semi-structurés avec des participants-joueurs et des membres de l'équipe scientifique du jeu. Les rapports trouvés dans Foldit se révèlent contextualisés, performatifs et sont façonnés par les compétences mises en jeu par les acteurs. Des rapports d'asymétrie, de coopération et de négociation sont repérés dans Foldit. Cette recherche veut contribuer ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des collectifs présents sur Internet ainsi que des rapports établis entre eux. / This project explores the relationships between amateur and professional scientists within Foldit, a participatory science project on the Internet. Foldit is an online game in which participants fold proteins in novel ways. The long history of cooperation and differentiation between amateurs and professionals in science is becoming increasingly complex in digital environments as « amateur » participation gains in importance and is channelled by Web-based platforms, notably in the production of knowledge. While participation on the Web is considered by some as providing the seeds of a new economy or even a new society (Benkler, 2006; Bauwens, 2012b), others associated with a critical approach to informational capitalism, decry this type of participation as unpaid immaterial labour, carried out in a relation of exploitation (Moulier Boutang, 2007; Pasquinelli, 2010). In this context, my thesis proposes an exploration of participatory science, with a view to examining the relationships that develop between the different actors involved in these knowledge - and data - production exercises. We identify these relationships between the members through analysis of the exchanges that they produce on the site. This qualitative research also draws on observation, and semi-structured interviews with both amateur players and members of the Foldit team. We conclude by proposing a performative view of the development of relationships in Foldit, which prove to be highly dependent upon contextual factors and shaped to a large extent by the skills of the various actors. In the particular context of the New Chapter, negotiations are marked by both asymmetry and cooperation. This research helps develop a better understanding of the development and maintenance of relationships in online collectives.

Cette recherche explore comment l’infrastructure et les utilisations d’eBird, l’un des plus grands projets de science citoyenne dans le monde, se développent et évoluent dans le temps et l’espace. Nous nous concentrerons sur le travail d’eBird avec deux de ses partenaires latino-américains, le Mexique et le Pérou, chacun avec un portail Web géré par des organisations locales. eBird, qui est maintenant un grand réseau mondial de partenariats, donne occasion aux citoyens du monde entier la possibilité de contribuer à la science et à la conservation d’oiseaux à partir de ses observations téléchargées en ligne. Ces observations sont gérées et gardées dans une base de données qui est unifiée, globale et accessible pour tous ceux qui s’intéressent au sujet des oiseaux et sa conservation. De même, les utilisateurs profitent des fonctionnalités de la plateforme pour organiser et visualiser leurs données et celles d’autres. L’étude est basée sur une méthodologie qualitative à partir de l’observation des plateformes Web et des entrevues semi-structurées avec les membres du Laboratoire d’ornithologie de Cornell, l’équipe eBird et les membres des organisations partenaires locales responsables d’eBird Pérou et eBird Mexique. Nous analysons eBird comme une infrastructure qui prend en considération les aspects sociaux et techniques dans son ensemble, comme un tout. Nous explorons aussi à la variété de différents types d’utilisation de la plateforme et de ses données par ses divers utilisateurs. Trois grandes thématiques ressortent : l’importance de la collaboration comme une philosophie qui sous-tend le développement d’eBird, l’élargissement des relations et connexions d’eBird à travers ses partenariats, ainsi que l’augmentation de la participation et le volume des données. Finalement, au fil du temps on a vu une évolution des données et de ses différentes utilisations, et ce qu’eBird représente comme infrastructure. / This research explores the evolution of the infrastructure and uses of eBird, one of the world’s largest citizen science projects. It concentrates on the work of eBird with two of its local partners in Latin America who manage regional portals in Mexico and Peru. eBird allows users throughout the world to contribute their observations of birds online and so to advance the case of science and conservation. These observations are stored and managed in a unified, global database that is freely accessible to all who are interested in birds and their conservation. Participants can use the platform’s various functionalities to organize and visualize their data as well as that of others. The research follows a qualitative methodology based on observation of the eBird platform and on interviews with members of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the eBird team and members of local organizations responsible for eBird in Peru and Mexico. We analyze eBird as an infrastructure whose technical and social sides are interrelated and need to be examined simultaneously. We also explore how the eBird team conceives the uses of the eBird platform and the data it contains. Three major themes emerge: the philosophy of collaboration underlying the development of eBird, the extension and diversification of eBird through its network of partnerships and a corresponding increase in both participation and volume of data. Finally, we also observe an evolution in the type and variety of uses for eBird observations and the eBird infrastructure itself.

An increasing amount of both physical and mental layers keep distancing urban dwellers from the biophysical envi- ronment that we often call nature. Environmental psycholo- gists have coined the term ‘extinction of experience’ to de- scribe the decreasing amount of encounters urban dwellers have with the natural environment. With the depletion of these experiences we have less relation to the natural world. And what we cannot relate to, we find hard to value. The intent has been to explore new ways urban dwelling adults could interact with the natural environment in order to help them relate to the abstract notion of biodiversity. The final concept is inspired by expert and user insights gathered through ethnographic research methods. The resulting design concept is a service and product eco- system that is based in the field of soundscape ecology.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / Apesar da importância do monitoramento das unidades de conservação (UCs) marinhas, problemas logísticos e orçamentários dificultam sua realização e, consequentemente, a gestão efetiva dessas áreas. Por isso, é necessária a busca por alternativas de baixo custo que possam auxiliar nessas questões. A abordagem por biótopos associada à ciência cidadã mostra-se adequada para o monitoramento de comunidades marinhas bentônicas por possibilitar extensa amostragem em curto período de tempo e com baixo custo, além de integrar cidadãos ativamente em produções de conhecimento. Essa pode ser uma ferramenta interessante para o monitoramento de UCs marinhas; porém, é importante que a elaboração do protocolo de monitoramento e sua validação sejam realizadas considerando-se as recomendações da literatura. Nesse sentido, este trabalho se propôs a (1) avaliar o status dos protocolos de ciência cidadã para bentos marinho e costeiro no mundo e (2) a propor, aplicar e validar o uso da ciência cidadã associada à abordagem por biótopos como uma ferramenta para o monitoramento de comunidades bentônicas em UCs marinhas. Para isso, realizamos o levantamento e comparação da estrutura de protocolos de ciência cidadã para bentos costeiro e marinho, incluindo o protocolo proposto no presente estudo. Apesar da maioria dos projetos encontrados apresentarem várias das características recomendadas pela literatura, seus principais interesses são a coleta de dados e os resultados oriundos destes, ficando a educação dos CCs, sua inclusão no processo de desenvolvimento do protocolo e sua avaliação em segundo plano. Sugerimos que os protocolos considerem a educação científica e ambiental dos CCs como um objetivo a ser atingido, e nosso protocolo leva tais ideias em consideração. Para embasar a elaboração do nosso protocolo, realizamos um levantamento prévio dos biótopos de um trecho do infralitoral consolidado da Ilha das Palmas (Estação Ecológica Tupinambás, Ubatuba/SP). Nesse levantamento, foram identificados 20 biótopos e três animais vágeis associados em apenas um mergulho. Também foram detectados organismos invasores e a dominância de tapetes na área de estudo. Isso é um demonstrativo de que a caracterização de comunidades marinhas bentônicas utilizando o método visual por biótopos pode agilizar a identificação de possíveis impactos negativos e a realização de planos de prevenção ou mitigação dos mesmos. Cientistas cidadãos (CCs) voluntários foram capacitados no uso do protocolo, que foi dividido em duas etapas: (1) a coleta de dados, que consistiu de registros fotográficos padronizados do costão rochoso; e (2) o processamento das fotografias, que consistiu da identificação (ID) dos biótopos nas fotos em um curso presencial. As fotos obtidas durante a Etapa 1 estão disponíveis na plataforma Zooniverse, através do projeto Monitore Tupinambás (https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/larissakawabe/monitore-tupinambas), no qual qualquer voluntário pode contribuir com as análises, seguindo o tutorial disponível. A avaliação educacional da pesquisa, realizada através de questionários pré e pós-atividade, mostrou principalmente que houve mudanças de percepção dos CCs em relação ao ambiente estudado. Para a validação dos dados da Etapa 2, comparamos as IDs dos biótopos realizadas pelas pesquisadoras (grupo controle) e CCs (grupo experimental), analisando a precisão e acurácia das respostas. Apesar das limitações inerentes do método utilizado (ID por foto) e das necessidades de modificação do protocolo identificadas por CCs e pesquisadoras; os resultados de acurácia e precisão foram comparáveis aos de outros trabalhos similares, demonstrando que esse protocolo, o primeiro a ser desenvolvido com foco em bentos marinho no Brasil, é uma ferramenta promissora para o monitoramento participativo e de longo prazo das UCs marinhas do país, auxiliando na gestão dessas áreas e na educação ambiental e científica dos cidadãos participantes. / Despite the importance of monitoring the marine protected areas (MPAs), logistical and budgetary problems make it difficult to carry out and, consequently, affect the effective management of these areas. Therefore, it is necessary to search for low-cost alternatives that could help with these issues. The biotope approach associated with citizen science could be interesting for the monitoring of marine benthic communities because it allows extensive sampling in a relatively short period of time and at low cost. At the same time, citizens are integrated as active contributors in the knowledge production. This can be an interesting tool for the MPA monitoring; however, it is important that the elaboration of the monitoring protocol and its validation consider the literature recommendations. In this sense, this work aimed to (1) evaluate the status of citizen science protocols for marine and coastal benthos in the world and (2) to propose, apply and validate the use of citizen science associated with the biotope approach as a tool for monitoring benthic communities in MPAs. For this, we conducted a survey and comparison of the structure of citizen science protocols for coastal and marine benthos, including the protocol proposed in the present study. Although most of the projects found present several of the characteristics recommended by the literature, their main interests are the data collection and their results, being the education of citizen scientists, their inclusion in the protocol development process and their evaluation in the background. We suggest that the protocols consider the scientific and environmental education of citizen scientists as a goal to be achieved, and our protocol takes such ideas into account. To support the elaboration of our protocol, we carried out a preliminary biotopes survey of a consolidated subtidal section of the Ilha das Palmas (Tupinambás Ecological Station, Ubatuba/SP). In this survey, 20 biotopes and three associated animals were identified in only one dive. Invasive organisms and carpet dominance were also detected in the study area. This is a demonstration that the benthic marine communities characterization using the biotope visual method can speed up the identification of possible negative impacts and the implementation of prevention or mitigation plans. Volunteer citizen scientists were trained in the use of the protocol, which was divided into two steps: (1) data collection, which consisted of standardized photographic records of the rocky reef; and (2) the processing of the photographs, which consisted of identification (ID) of the biotopes in the photos in a classroom course. The photos obtained during Stage 1 are available on the Zooniverse platform through the Monitore Tupinambás project (https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/larissakawabe/monitore-tupinambas), in which any volunteer can contribute to the analyzes, following the tutorial available. The educational evaluation of the research, performed through pre and post-activity questionnaires, showed mainly that there were changes in perception of citizen scientists in relation to the studied environment. For the data validation of Stage 2, we compared the biotope IDs performed by the researchers (control group) and citizen scientists (experimental group), analyzing their accuracy and precision. Despite the inherent limitations of the method used (ID per photo) and the identification by citizen scientists and researchers of protocol modification needs; the results of accuracy and precision were comparable to those of other similar studies, demonstrating that this protocol, the first developed with a focus on marine benthos in Brazil, is a promising tool for the participatory and long-term monitoring of the country's MPA, assisting in the management of these areas and in the environmental and scientific education of the citizens scientists.

This thesis proposes a DIY environmental sensing approach that empowers citizens to reinvigorate people's awareness of, and concern for, pollution. Current air pollution measuring techniques are described, and a new concept of participatory sensing is presented. I argue that technological advances in sensing, computation, storage, and communication now have the power to turn the near-ubiquitous mobile phone into a global mobile sensing device, and commence the participatory paradigm employing amateurs in environmental data collection. To test the thesis, PAIR, a prototype with interchangeable sensor, was developed. It aims to enable people to sense environment on-the-go and provide users with immediate feedback. Such data can make people learn about their environment, make them aware of air pollution causes, and eventually even bring behavioral changes. Consequently, a user survey and interviews identify strengths and weaknesses of the mobile sensing device, and based on the usability requirements, we conclude design recommendations for further development. Finally, we identify the main benefits amateur data collection and participatory sensing represent for urban dwellers, and we evaluate issues and challenges they have yet to overcome.

No description available.

Wie können Regionalbibliotheken von einer offenen Bereitstellung ihrer digitalen Bestände profitieren? Unter Bezug auf aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bibliothekswesen versucht der Beitrag zu zeigen, wie sich hier gerade Regionalbibliotheken eine Möglichkeit bietet, ihre Rolle neu zu definieren und eine neue Relevanz zu entwickeln. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Begriffe Digitalität, Kulturdaten und Citizen Science, damit zusammenhängende Konzepte und untereinander bestehende Verbindungen. Am Beispiel von Erfahrungen und Aktivitäten der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) bzw. allgemein der Landschaft von Gedächtnis-, Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen im Freistaat Sachsen wird untersucht, wie sowohl die Arbeit in festen Strukturen als auch in offenen Netzwerken zu dieser Profilbildung beitragen können. Mehrere Thesen zu Regionalbibliotheken und Digitalität schließen den Beitrag ab. Manuskriptfassung des in Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie 2023, 70(2), S. 74-83 erscheinenden Beitrags

No description available.

This dissertation examines the contestations over the politics of knowledge, risk, and environmental justice in three fenceline sites. Mobilizing the fenceline standpoint to study risk strengthens our objective understanding of the social situatedness of risk. To illustrate how a fenceline standpoint contributes to stronger objectivity of risk contestations, I survey public discourse of coal slurry extraction in Black Mesa, Arizona using an environmental justice framework. Discursive justifications for the construction of the slurry pipeline reveal how environmental injustice in the fenceline community emerged through urban controversies over water and power generation that excluded a fenceline standpoint. Insights from Black Mesa frame the next two cases: open burning hazardous waste at Radford Army Ammunition Plant, and M6 Disposal at Camp Minden, Louisiana. At Radford, scholar-activist research examines the contestations of risk at one of the most hazardous waste facilities in the nation. I analyze the construction of risk from open burning of hazardous waste from a fenceline standpoint. I discursively situate the controversy over fenceline community risk from open burning, by showing the inadequacies of official risk assessments. Critical discourse analysis of risk shows the extant contestations over the practice of open burning. In juxtaposition to Radford, the Camp Minden open burn controversy demonstrates how a fenceline movement successfully constructed alternatives to open burning. Fenceline success in Minden is forcing scrutiny over the risks produced by the practice of open burning explosives across the United States. The activation of fenceline knowledge and expertise, through grassroots organizing, is propelling inquiry from scientific and technical experts of the American Chemical Society who are questioning why the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency have approved the use of open burning at other sites despite safer alternative technology. Synthetically, each case illustrates the importance of fenceline knowledge as a crucial site of expertise. I present an argument for how a fenceline standpoint can challenge regulatory and producer constructions of fenceline risk. The creation of a program of research: Critical Risk Analysis, offers a model for scholar-activist intervention on the fenceline. The Camp Minden Dialogue demonstrates a successful example of how fenceline expert-activists can influence the construction of risk. Normatively, I build the argument that environmental justice research within Science and Technology Studies ought to situate the fenceline standpoint as equal to the competing epistemological claims of production and regulatory experts in order to strengthen the objectivity of our research in contested fenceline sites. / Ph. D.

Der digitale Wandel prägt neue Formen der Erinnerungskultur, des Geschichtswissens und des Umgangs der Gesellschaft mit der Vergangenheit. In Deutschland liegen Schwerpunkte der Erinnerungskultur in der Aufarbeitung der Diktatur des Nationalsozialismus und der DDR-Diktatur. Zeitzeugen und auch viele Wissensträger der ersten beiden Nachkriegsgenerationen stehen nicht mehr zur Verfügung. Zugleich gibt es ein weiterhin großes Interesse an der Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, wie eine Umfrage der Arolsen Archives unter den zwischen 1997 und 2012 Geborenen („Generation Z“) zeigt. Die Digital Natives wünschen sich jedoch deutlich mehr digitale Angebote zum Lernen und Mitwirken. Interaktive digitale Formen der Vermittlung von Geschichte sollten künftig auch weiteren Themenfeldern wie der Kolonialgeschichte und der Geschichte der Demokratie zugutekommen. In Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie haben Gedenkstätten und Gedächtniseinrichtungen (Archive, Bibliotheken, Museen), zivilgesellschaftliche Initiativen sowie Einrichtungen der historisch-politischen Bildung beeindruckende Fortschritte bei der digitalen Wissensproduktion und Wissensvermittlung erreicht. Der vorliegende Band zur Dresdner Tagung vom Oktober 2022 berichtet über Erfahrungen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven und gibt Impulse in Form von 18 Beiträgen zu diesen 7 Themen: • Erinnerungskultur als gesellschaftlicher Auftrag • Digitale Werkzeuge und Methoden der Erinnerungskultur • Digitalisierung historischer Zeitzeugnisse • Social Media und historisches Lernen • Gaming in der Erinnerungskultur • Partizipative Erinnerungskultur und Citizen Science • Erfahrungen von Citizen Scientists Die Beiträge aus Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft plädieren für mehr (digitale) Kooperationen zwischen den unterschiedlichen Akteuren und Einrichtungen sowie für engere und vor allem nachhaltige Vernetzungen der vielen Einzelprojekte. Digitale Erinnerungsarbeit kann erstarrte Gedenkrituale neu beleben und die Sichtbarkeit des ehrenamtlichen Bürgerengagements verbessern. „Erinnerungskultur digital“ will auch ein Appell sein, mit breiter Geschichtsarbeit und Medienkompetenz gezielter Desinformation zu begegnen. Sie will zur historischen und politischen Bildung beitragen, um die vielfach angegriffene freiheitliche Demokratie aus der Mitte der Gesellschaft heraus zu schützen und zu stärken. / The new digital wave has led to a change in the way we look at memory culture, historical knowledge and society’s dealings with the past. In Germany the main emphasis in memory culture has been on examining the National Socialist and GDR dictatorships. We can no longer draw on people who have lived through these times or on other witnesses from both post-war generations. But there is still a considerable body of interest being shown in the history of National Socialism, as a survey conducted by the Arolsen Archive among people born between 1997 and 2012 (generation Z) shows. Digital Natives are asking for more and more material to provide information and generate interest. Historical study through interactive digital media may in future be used for other areas such as colonial history or the history of democracy. The COVID pandemic has seen memorials and institutions of memory culture (archives, libraries, museums) registering a notable upsurge in the generation of digital knowledge and its dissemination. The present volume from the Dresden conference in 2022 gives an account of experience from different perspectives and its contributions provide pointers in the following seven areas: • Memory culture in the service of society • Digital tools and the methods of memory culture • Digitisation of contemporary historical sources • Social media and historical acquisition • Gaming in memory culture • Participative memory culture and citizen science • Lessons drawn from memory culture The contributions from academics and sociologists call for more (digital) cooperation between the various bodies involved and for closer and more lasting cooperation between the various individual projects. The use of digital methods to promote memory can give new life to old ways of thinking and can draw renewed attention to voluntary involvement in ‚memory culture digital‘; it can confront fake information through intensified historical study and media know-how. Its aim is to strengthen historical and social awareness and to shore up our embattled freedom-loving democracy from the very centre of society itself. (Übersetzung: Roger Paulin)