O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a síntese e funcionalização de 1,2,3- triazóis empregando o uso de reações do tipo \"Click-chemistry\", que é uma abordagem para a síntese de diversos compostos com base em reações de formação de ligação carbono-heteroátomo, onde a reação é estereoespecífica, altamente eficiente e geralmente com elevados rendimentos e em alguns casos ausência de subprodutos. O composto 1,2,3-triazol, sendo o material de partida para a continuidade do projeto foi preparado a partir do álcool propargílico (4) em presença de uma azida orgânica (1) e utilizando cobre(I) como agente promotor. Após a obtenção de uma série de compostos 1,2,3-triazólicos (2), procedeu-se a etapa de tosilação da hidroxila e posterior cicloadição multicomponente de um novo 1,2,3-triazol formando compostos bis-triazólicos. Os bis-triazóis (5) obtidos foram testados frente a cepas fúngicas, responsáveis por dermatites, com resultados satisfatórios. Ainda essas estruturas poderão ser empregados como blocos construtores para a síntese de estruturas mais complexas. / The aim of this work has been exploring the synthesis and functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles employing the use of \"click-chemistry\" concept, which is defined as an approach for synthesis of various compounds based on reactions of carbon-heteroatom bond formation, which the reaction is stereospecific, high-efficiently, commonly gives high yields and in some cases no by-products are formed. The compound 1,2,3-triazole, which is the main starting material for the next steps was prepared from propargyl alcohol (4) in the presence of an organic azide (1) and copper(I) as a reaction promoter. Subsequently with a series of 1,2,3-triazole (2n) prepared we proceeded to the next step which is the substitution of hydroxyl for a tosyl group and after that a multicomponent cycloaddition of a new 1,2,3-triazole compound forming bis-triazoles. Bis-triazoles (5) were tested against fungal strains, responsible for dermatitis, with delighted results, furhtermore this class of strutures can be used as building blocks to improve efficiency in some other more complex structure.

La recherche de nouvelles réactions est un des enjeux fondamentaux de la chimie organique. En dehors de l’approche classique basée sur la conception d’une réaction en s’appuyant sur les propriétés chimiques des substrats, une nouvelle approche utilisant le criblage systématique de combinaisons aléatoires de fonctions réactives a été récemment adoptée par plusieurs groupes. Cette stratégie nécessite un outil analytique permettant de cribler un très grand nombre de réactions par jour et d’identifier les meilleures combinaisons conduisant à la formation de produits intéressants. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce mémoire s’inscrivent dans le contexte de l’utilisation des techniques de dosages immuno-enzymatiques (ELISA) comme outil de criblage pour la recherche de nouvelles réactions de couplage. Dans un premier temps le criblage de 2688 combinaisons de fonctions réactives et de catalyseurs choisies au hasard a été effectué. Ce criblage a permit de mettre en évidence deux nouveaux couplages en présence de sels de cuivre : une réaction entre les thiourées et les phénols conduisant à la formation des isourées et une réaction entre les N-hydroxythiourées et les alcynes conduisant à la formation des thiazole-2-imines. Dans un second temps le criblage de 2816 combinaisons de fonctions sélectionnées, cette fois-ci, de façon rationnelle a été effectué. Ce criblage a visé la découverte de nouvelles cycloadditions [3+2] répondant aux critères de la chimie « click ». Ainsi l’utilisation de dosage immuno-enzymatique a été étendue à l’optimisation des nouvelles réactions découvertes ainsi qu’à l’évaluation de leurs cinétique, chimiosélectivité et biocompatibilité. Près de 3000 tests complémentaires effectuées sur les « hits » issus du criblage primaire ont ainsi permit de mettre en évidence 4 nouvelles réactions de couplage dont une nouvelle réaction « click » : la cycloaddition sydnone-alcyne catalysée au cuivre (CuSAC). Dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit les études plus détaillées sur la réaction CuSAC ont été effectuées, notamment l’identification de la structure du produit de couplage et l’étendue du champ d’application de cette réaction. Enfin, l’aspect « click » de la réaction CuSAC a été illustré par l’application de cette réaction au marquage d’une protéine. / Discovery of new reactions is one of the fundamental goals in organic chemistry. In addition to the traditional approach to reaction discovery, consisting in designing a reaction on the basis of known chemical properties of reagents, new approaches based on the screening of random combinations of reactive functions and catalysts have been recently developed. The main prerequisite of this strategy is an analytical tool allowing screening of a big number of reactions per day and identifying combinations leading to the formation of unanticipated products. In the work presented herein a high-throughput immunoassay screening has been used for the discovery of new coupling reactions. In the first part of this work a screening of 2688 combinations of randomly chosen reactive functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening led to the discovery of two copper-promoted coupling reactions: a reaction between thioureas and phenols leading to the formation of isoureas through desulfurization; and a reaction between N-hydroxythioureas and alkynes leading to the formation of thiazole-2-imines. In the second part of the work a screening of 2816 combinations of rationally designed chemical functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening was focused on the discovery of catalytic [3+2] cycloadditions that comply with the standards of “click” chemistry. In this study, the use of immunoassay screening was extended to optimize new reactions and to evaluate their kinetics, chemoselectivity and biocompatibility. Therefore, around 3000 complementary tests were carried out on the hits, identified in the primary screening. This allowed the discovery of 3 new coupling reactions and one new “click” reaction: a copper-catalyzed sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition (CuSAC). The last part of the work was focused on detailed studies of the CuSAC reaction. Identification of the structure of the coupling product and substrate scope of this reaction was carried out. Finally, the applicability of the CuSAC reaction for bioconjugation was demonstrated by an example of protein labeling.

A doença de Chagas é considerada a terceira doença parasitária tropical de maior incidência no mundo, só superada pela malária e esquistossomose, e seu agente causador é o protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi. O parasita expressa uma enzima de superfície denominada trans-sialidase de Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), responsável pela transferência do ácidos siálicos de células do hospedeiro para moléculas de ?-galactose terminais presentes em glicoproteínas de sua superfície. As moléculas de glicoproteína sialiladas estão envolvidas na adesão e subsequente penetração do parasita em células hospedeiras. O papel fundamental da TcTS no reconhecimento e na invasão de células hospedeiras, bem como sua ausência em seres humanos, torna esta enzima um alvo potencial a ser estudado. A TcTS é específica em catalisar, preferencialmente, a transferência de ácido siálico para moléculas de mucina, originando ligações ?-2,3 com unidades de ?-galactose aceptoras na superfície do parasita. Considerando a importância da unidade de galactose e da função carboxila do ácido siálico para interações no sítio ativo de TcTS, priorizamos na síntese de derivados galactosil-triazolo-benzenossulfonamidas com diferentes substituintes, visto que o grupo sulfonamida é bioisóstero do ácido carboxílico, na busca de potenciais inibidores de TcTS. Os derivados galactosiltriazolo- benzenossulfonamidas 45-51 foram preparados via estratégia de click chemistry, por reação de ciclo-adição azido-alcino catalisada por Cu(I) (CuAAC), a partir do intermediário de galactose contento função amino terminal 30 e os derivados aril azidas 38-44. Após etapa de desacetilação, os produtos obtidos 52-58 foram testado em TcTS por ensaio fluorimétrico in vitro para avaliação de sua atividade inibitória. Os resultados obtidos são interessantes e bastante promissores, principalmente com os obtidos com o produto 58 (contendo o grupo galactosiltriazólico ligado a sulfapiridina), que apresentou atividade inibitória promissora (81%) na concentração de 1,0 mM, abrindo perspectivas para a síntese de um maior número de derivados galactosil-triazolo-benzenossulfonamidas com diferentes substituintes em R, para o estabelecimento de estudos de relação estruturaatividade. Adicionalmente, os compostos 53-55 foram testados em ensaios in vitro para avaliação de sua atividade tripanocida e citotóxica, e apresentaram atividade tripanocida máxima de 50%, normalmente nas concentrações de 500 a 250 ?M, com destaque para o derivado 55, contendo o grupo galactosil-triazólico ligado a sulfamerazina, que apresentou atividade moderada, mas superior ao benznidazol nas concentrações mais baixas (15,0 - 1,9 ?mol.L-1). Por outro lado, de acordo com os resultados do ensaio de citotoxicidade, a atividade citotóxica foi observada apenas nas concentrações mais elevadas, similar ao benznidazol. / Chagas disease is considered the third most common tropical parasitic disease worldwide, after malaria and schistosomiasis, and its causer is the flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite expresses a surface enzyme known as Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS), responsible for the transference of sialic acid from host cell to ?-galactose terminal molecules present in surface glycoproteins. Sialylated glycoproteins molecules are involved in adhesion and further penetration of parasite in host cell. Due to TcTS primordial role in recognizing and invasion of host cells, as well as its absence in humans, this enzyme becomes a potential target to be investigated. TcTS is specific on catalyzing, specially, transference of sialic acid to mucin molecule giving ?-2,3 bond with ?-galactose moiety in parasite surface. Considering the importance of the galactose moiety and the function of carboxylic in sialic acid for interactions in TcTS enzyme, we prioritized the synthesis of galactosyl-triazol-benzenesulfonamides derivatives with different substituents since sulfonamide group is bioisoster of carboxylic acid, in attempt to produce potential inhibitors of TcTS. The galactosyl-triazol-benzenesulfonamides derivatives 45-51 were prepared via click chemistry reaction (Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)) from galactose intermediate with terminal amino group 30 and aril azides derivatives 38-44. After removing acetyl group, the inhibiting activity of products 52-58 were evaluated in TcTS fluorimetric in vitro assay. We found very promising results, specially with 58 (containing galactosyl-triazolic group bonded to sulfapyridine), wich showed 81% of inhibitory activity in 1,0mM solution, bringing expectations for synthesis of greater number of galactosyl-triazolbenzenesulfonamides derivatives with different substituents in R, to establish studies of structure relationship activity. Additionally, trypanocidal and cytotoxic activity of compounds 53-55 were tested and showed maximum activity of 50%, commonly in concentrations of 500 to 250 ?M, specially compound 55, containing galactosyltriazolic group bonded to sulfamerazine, with showed moderate activity, but higher then benznidazol in lower concentrations (15,0 - 1,9 ?mol.L-1). On the other hand, according to cytotoxicity results, activity were observed only in higher concentrations, as for benznidazol.

Peptídeos são biomoléculas que apresentam extensa variedade estrutural e funcional, atuando em diversos processos biológicos relevantes. Estas moléculas são amplamente utilizadas na terapêutica, constituindo, atualmente, um campo investigativo bastante promissor para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, especialmente no desenvolvimento de vacinas sintéticas. Os avanços científicos relacionados às técnicas de identificação, análise e purificação tem estimulado diversas pesquisas na busca por fármacos baseados em peptídeos, os quais podem ser obtidos a partir de fontes naturais ou por métodos químicos (em solução ou em fase sólida), enzimático ou combinação de ambos (semi-síntese) e via tecnologia do DNA recombinante. Entretanto, devido às limitações próprias dos peptídeos naturais, tais como, suscetibilidade proteolítica, toxicidade e baixa biodisponibilidade, torna-se necessária a síntese de peptídeos modificados. Como a função biológica de um peptídeo é definida por sua conformação estrutural, a inserção de modificação em uma estrutura peptídica deve ser capaz de manter ou estabilizar esta conformação estrutural. O desenvolvimento de novas e eficientes rotas de síntese de peptídeos modificados torna-se necessário para superar as limitações relacionadas à suscetibilidade proteolítica, toxicidade e baixa biodisponibilidade, afim de contribuir para novas estratégias terapêuticas, em especial no desenvolvimento de vacinas. Desta forma, a inserção de grupo 1,2,3-triazol tem fornecido propriedades físicoquímicas desejáveis no desenvolvimento de fármacos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método de síntese de peptídeos contendo grupo 1,2,3-triazol 1,4- dissubstituído, como o peptídeo 1, o qual é constituído por dezesseis resíduos de treonina e um grupo 1,2,3-triazol 1-4-dissubstituído entre os resíduos Thr8 e Thr9 (NH2-(Thr)7-Thr-(ciclo 1,2,3-triazol 1,4-dissubstituído)-Thr-(Thr)7-OH). Adicionalmente, devido à semelhança com mucinas de T. cruzi, as quais apresentam rica composição em resíduos de treonina, 1 poderá ser empregado na preparação de peptideomiméticos destas mucinas e no desenvolvimento de vacinas relacionadas à processos infecciosos causados por T. cruzi. A preparação de 1 envolveu uma associação entre síntese de peptídeo em fase sólida e reações de ciclo-adição azido-alcino 1,3 dipolar catalisada por cobre (I) (CuAAC). Inicialmente, o método utilizado foi padronizado a partir da síntese do modelo dipeptídeo de treonina (8), cuja ligação peptídica foi substituída pelo grupo 1,2,3-triazol 1,4- dissubstituído (NHFmoc-Thr-(ciclo 1,2,3-triazol 1,4 dissubstituído)-Thr-OH). A estratégia via CuAAC conduziu à obtenção do dipeptídeo modificado em excelente rendimento (98%) e permitiu estabelecer as condições a serem empregadas na obtenção do peptídeo mais complexo de cadeia longa 1. A reação de CuAAC gerou o peptídeo 1 com rendimento bruto satisfatório (70%). A obtenção de 1 foi confirmada pela análise de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de próton (RMN 1H), a qual permitiu identificar a presença do grupo 1,2,3-triazol 1,4-dissubstituído. Adicionalmente, análises posteriores por espectrometria de massas (ESI-MS) sugerem a obtenção do peptídeo 1. / Peptides are biomolecules which present great structural and functional variety, acting in several biological processes. These molecules are widely used in therapeutics, and recently represent a very promising field for development of novel drugs, specially on synthetic vaccines. Scientific advances related to identification techniques, analysis and purification stimulate researches in attempt to produce peptides-based drugs, which can be extracted from natural sources or chemically synthesized (in liquid or solid phase), enzymatic process or both (semi-synthesis) and recombinant DNA technology. However, due to limitations concerning natural peptides, such as, proteolytic liability, toxicity and low bioavailability, becomes necessary the synthesis of modified peptides. Being biological function of a peptide defined by its structural conformation, adding a modification in a peptide structure must be able to maintain or stabilize it. The development of novel and efficient synthetic route of modified peptides is necessary to overcome the limitations related to proteolytic liability, toxicity and low bioavailability, to contribute with novel therapeutic strategies, mostly development of vaccines. So, adding a 1,2,3-triazole group can afford desirable chemical-physical properties in drug discovery. The objective was develop a method to synthesize peptides containing 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group, such as peptide 1, which is constituted by sixteen threonine residues and one 1,4 disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group (NH2-(Thr)7-Thr-(1,4- disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole cycle)-Thr-(Thr)7-OH). Moreover, due to the similarity with T. cruzi mucins that present great composition of threonine, 1 can be employed in development of vaccines related to infectious processes caused by T. cruzi. The preparation of 1 envolved an association between the solid-phase synthesis of peptide and reactions of copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Initially, the method was standardized from synthesis of threonine dipeptide (8), whose peptide bond was replaced by 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group (NHFmoc-Thr-(1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole cycle)-Thr-OH). The strategy via CuAAC gave the modified dipeptide in good yield (98%) and allowed to establish the conditions to prepare the more complex peptide with long chain 1. The CuAAC reaction gave the peptide 1 with good yield (70%). Compound 1 was confirmed by NMR proton analysis which showed the presence of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group. Additionally, further analysis of mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) suggest the achievement of peptide 1.

La première partie de ce travail est réalisé dans le but de préparer des produits pouvant jouer un rôle très important de l’imagerie cellulaire des lipopolysaccharides sur la surface des cellules bactériennes, tout en utilisant des méthodes fiables telle que la ‘’chimie click’’. Dans un premier temps, nous avons synthétisé une première génération d’outils fluorescents à base de rhodamine B et fluorescéine modifiée par une fonction oxyde de nitrile. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons cherché les meilleures conditions d’applications de la chimie click 3+2 sans cuivre, entre la fonction oxyde de nitrile et le motif saccharidique complémentaire portant une fonction vinylique. Finalement, nous avons appliquée, avec succès, la méthode click avec cuivre sur plusieurs types de bactéries portant sur leur membrane cellulaire des lipopolysaccharides ayant un motif ‘’Kdo’’ fonctionnalisé par un groupement azoture déjà synthétiser au sein de notre équipe, et une sonde fluorescente porteuse d’une fonction alcyne. Une nouvelle génération d’outils de marquage saccharidique est en cours de finalisation dans le but d’optimiser les conditions finales, tel que le dérivé de ‘’Kdo’’ fonctionnalisé cette fois-ci par des dérivées cycliques, bicycliques et aromatiques porteurs d’une fonction alcyne ou alcène, pour réaliser les derniers essais de marquage in vitro. Le stress oxydant est lié au vieillissement des cellules et à de nombreuses maladies: cardiovasculaire, cancer, diabète, Alzheimer… Il est dû à un déséquilibre entre le système oxydant / antioxydant au niveau des cellules, et se caractérise par la présence principalement de substance radicalaires réactives oxygénées. Dans le but d'identifier le taux de substances réactives oxygénées dans les cellules, le travail dans la deuxième partie de la thèse reposait sur la synthèse multi étape d'une molécule fluorescente dérivée de la coumarine. Le composé ciblé est le peroxyde d'oxygène, connu sous le nom d'eau oxygénée. Possédant un ester vinyl-boronique, notre molécule sera oxydée et réarrangée en aldéhyde conduisant à la condensation intramoléculaire avec le groupement aminé adjacent pour former un cycle indolique, libérant ainsi de la fluorescence. La recherche des conditions optimales de la dernière étape de la voie synthétique sont toujours en cours d’optimisation. Dans le futur, on cherchera les conditions optimales de la dernière étape de la synthèse de la sonde spécifique au peroxyde d’oxygène. Cette molécule est d'une importance remarquable comme sonde du stress oxydant. En réussissant cette étape, on pourra avoir en main une bibliothèque de ‘’KDO’’ fonctionnalisé afin d’avoir des résultats satisfaisants in vivo. / The first part of this work is done in order to prepare products that play a very important role in cellular imaging lipopolisaccharides on the surface of bacterial cells, while using reliable methods such as '' click chemistry ''. Initially, we synthesized the first generation of tools based fluorescent rhodamine B and fluorescein -modified nitrile oxide function. In a second step we sought the best possible applications of click chemistry 3+2 copper free, between the nitrile oxide function and the additional saccharide unit with a vinyl function. Finally, we applied successfully, the click method with copper on several types of bacteria on their cell membrane lipopolysaccharides having a pattern Kdo functionalized azide group already synthesized within our team, and a probe carrying a fluorescent alkyne. A new generation of tools saccharide marking is being finalized in order to optimize the final terms, such as derivative functionalized Kdo this time by cyclic, bicyclic and aromatic derivatives holders of an alkene or alkyne function to perform final testing of in vitro labeling. Oxidative stress is linked to cell aging and many diseases: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's ... It is due to an imbalance between oxidant system/antioxidant in cells, and is characterized mainly by the presence of radical substance reactive oxygen. In order to identify the rate of reactive oxygen substances in cells, work in the second part of the thesis based on multi- step synthesis of a fluorescent molecule derived from coumarin. The target compound is oxygen peroxide, known as the name of hydrogen peroxide. Having a vinyl boronic ester, this molecule will be oxidized and rearranged aldehyde leading to intramolecular condensation with the adjacent amino group to form an indolique ring , thereby releasing fluorescence. The search for optimal conditions for the last step of the synthetic pathway is still being optimized. In the future, the optimal conditions for the last step of the synthesis of specific probe oxygen peroxide are sought. This molecule is remarkable importance as a probe of oxidative stress. By passing this step, we will have on hand a library of KDO functionalized to have satisfactory results in vivo.

La préparation de briques élémentaires de pillar[5]arènes « clickables » nous ont permis de construire des édifices moléculaires complexes, en greffant différents groupements fonctionnels autour du coeur macrocyclique. Dans ce contexte, des nouveaux dérivés du pillar[5]arène présentant des propriétés cristaux-liquides ont été synthétisés en greffant du p-dodecyloxybenzoate ou encore des dendrons de type percec. D’autres part, des dérivés pillarèniques portant des unités de porphyrines ont été préparés à partir du squelette « clickable » pillar[5]arène et de porphyrines de Zinc portant des fonctions alcynes vrai. Les études de ce système par RMN du proton à des températures variables ont permis de mettre en évidence un équilibre conformationnel dynamique conduisant au repliement des molécules. Ceci a été expliqué par une complexation intramoléculaire des porphyrines de Zinc par les groupements 1,2,3-triazole. Finalement un support « clickable » detype [2]rotaxane comportant une porphyrine base libre comme bouchon, a été préparé et ensuite fonctionnalisé par dix porphyrines de Zinc permettant l’obtention d’un dispositif supramoléculaire photoactif. / Clickable pillar[5]arene building blocks have been used for the efficient grafting of peripheral subunits onto the macrocyclic core. New liquid-crystalline pillar[5]arene derivatives have been prepared by grafting either p-dodecyloxybenzoate groups or percec-type dendrons on the macrocyclic scaffold. On the other hand, pillar[5]arene derivatives bearing peripheral porphyrin subunits have been efficiently prepared from the clickable pillar[5]arene building block and Zn(II)-porphyrin derivatives bearing a terminal alkyne function. Owing to an intramolecular complexation of the peripheral Zn(II)-porphyrin moieties by 1,2,3-triazole subunits, an original dynamic conformational equilibrium leading to a folding of the molecules has been evidenced by variable temperature 1H NMR studies. Finally, a clickable [2]rotaxane scaffold incorporating a free-base porphyrin stopper has been prepared and functionalized with ten peripheral Zn(II)-porphyrin moieties to afford a sophisticated photoactive supramolecular device.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T15:25:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valentina Nascimento e Melo.pdf: 1846879 bytes, checksum: 0f435fbf6eac1935724bc84cb61e7e68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:25:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valentina Nascimento e Melo.pdf: 1846879 bytes, checksum: 0f435fbf6eac1935724bc84cb61e7e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Two strategies were considered for the synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated O-glucosyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction between tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and triazole alcohols gave no stereoselectivity. In fact, β-isomer formation was increased. A second strategy furnished 2,3-unsaturated O-glucosides from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and alkynols via Ferrier rearrangement; this methodology employing montmorillonite K-10 doped with FeCl3∙6H2O affords new glycosides in good to excellent yields, short time and high α-stereoselectivity in dichloromethane. Subsequently, the glucosides were coupled with 2-azido-1,4-naphthoquinone to give a new series of 1,2,3-1H-triazolyl O-glucoside derivatives based on click reaction. / Duas estratégias foram consideradas para a síntese de 1,2,3-triazóis O-glicosídeos2,3-insaturados. A reação entre o tri-O-acetil-D-glucal e os alcoóis triazólicos não mostrou seletividade. De fato, a formação do isômero β foi aumentada. Uma segunda estratégia forneceu O-glicosídeos 2,3-insaturados a partir do tri-O-acetil-D-glucal e alquinóis via rearranjo de Ferrier; esta metodologia formou novos glicosídeos, empregando montmorilonite K-10 dopado com FeCl3∙6H2O em diclorometano, em rendimentos de bons à excelentes, baixo tempo reacional e alta α-estereosseletividade. Subsequentemente, os glicosídeos foram acoplados com 2-azido-1,4-naftoquinona formando uma nova série de derivados 1,2,3-1H-triazolil O-glicosídeos através da reação Click.

Le but de cette thèse est de produire des oligomères de cellulose de dispersité faible. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes ont été imaginées : la méthode « fishing » où des oligomères de cellulose sont obtenus par hydrolyse acide puis sont séparés par solubilisation sélective dans une phase organique à l’aide d’un polymère synthétique. Le ratio des tailles du polymère synthétique et des oligomères de cellulose sera responsable de la sélectivité. La méthode « masking » où des portions de cellulose de la taille des futurs oligomères sont protégées par un polymère synthétique lors d’une hydrolyse enzymatique.Dans les deux cas, les polymères synthétiques contiennent des acides boroniques qui permettent une interaction réversible avec les sucres.Malgré de nombreuses tentatives, ces deux méthodes n’ont pas été couronnées de succès. Pour la première, le procédé n’était pas sélectif. Pour la seconde, le polymère permettant une interaction tout au long de la chaine de cellulose n’a pas pu être synthétisé. La dispersité des oligomères obtenus par hydrolyse acide (degrés de polymérisation (DP) de 1 à 12) a cependant pu être réduite de façon satisfaisante en solubilisant les DP les plus faibles dans le méthanol.Enfin, la fraction insoluble dans le méthanol, après fonctionnalisation de l’extrémité réductrice par un groupement azide, a été couplée à un acide stéarique fonctionnalisé alcyne par chimie « click ». L’auto-assemblage de ce nouveau composé amphiphile a été étudié dans l’eau, la CMC a été mesurée à 100 mg.L-1. Les objets observés sont sphériques, de taille homogène avec un diamètre moyen de 140 nm ce qui indique une morphologie en vésicule. / The purpose of this study is to produce uniform cellulose oligomers. In this frame, two methods were considered:for the “fishing” method, the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis of cellulose are separated by selective solubilisation in an organic phase thanks to a synthetic polymer. The size ratio between the synthetic polymer and the cellulose oligomer would be responsible for the selectivity.For the “masking” method, parts of cellulose backbone having the size of the future oligomers are protected with a synthetic polymer during an enzymatic hydrolysis.In both cases, the synthetic polymers contain boronic acid groups that interact reversibly with saccharides.Despite various attempts, these two methods were not crowned with success. The first one was eventually not selective. For the second one, the polymer allowing an interaction all along the cellulose backbone could not be synthesised. The dispersity of the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis (polymerisation degree (DP) from 1 to 12) was satisfactorily decreased by solubilising the smaller DP in methanol.To finish, the methanol-insoluble fraction was functionalised at the reducing end with an azide group. It was then coupled to an alkyne-functionalised stearic acid by click chemistry. The self-assembly of this new amphiphilic compound was studied in water, the CMC was measured at 100 mg.L-1. The particles formed were spherical, homogeneous and had an average diameter of 140 nm, which indicate a vesicle morphology.

Dans un premier temps, la bis- et tris-fonctionnalisation du C60 a été effectuée par une approche macrocyclique. Différents bis- et tris-adduits du C60 ont été obtenus avec de bonnes régioselectivités. Dans un deuxième temps, la tris-fonctionnalisation du C60 a été effectuée par une approche « tête directrice ». Par cette approche, un accès rapide, simple, régio- et stéréo-sélectif à des tris-adduits e,e,e approprié à la formation d’hexa-adduits d’ordre d’addition octaédrique a été obtenu. La synthèse et la séparation de tris-adduits e,e,e optiquement purs ont également été réalisées. Les dérivés polyols obtenus par déprotection des groupes silylés ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la post-fonctionnalisation de multi-adduits de C60. A partir de nos méthodologies de synthèse de bis- et tris-adduits de C60, des synthons d’hexa-adduits mixtes de C60 ont été préparés. La post-fonctionnalisation de ces synthons a été effectuée par réaction de cycloaddition1,3-dipolaire de type Huisgen mais aussi par réaction d’estérification, afin d’obtenir des hexa-adduitsde C60 multifonctionnels. La méthodologie de synthèse d’hexa-adduits de C60 multifonctionnels aété mise à profit pour l’élaboration d’édifices hyperfonctionnels comportant plusieurs hexa-adduits de C60 autour d’un hexa-adduit de C60 central. La post-fonctionnalisation des synthons hexa-adduits mixtes par chimie « click » donne accès à la préparation contrôlée de nouveaux nanomatériaux globulaires multifonctionnels. / In a first instance, the bis- and tris-functionalization of C60 was performed by a macrocyclic approach. Different bis- and tris-adducts of C60 were obtained with good regioselectivity. In a second instance, the tris-functionalization of C60 was performed by a “tether-directed” approach. By this approach, a fast, simple, regio- and stereoselective access to C60 e,e,e tris-adduct suitable for the formation of C60 hexa-adducts with an octahedral addition pattern was obtained. The synthesis and the separation of optically pure e,e,e tris-adducts was also realized. The polyol derivatives obtained by deprotection of the silyl groups open new perspectives for the post-functionalization of C60 multiadducts. Using our synthesis methodologies of bis- and tris-adducts of C60, mixed hexa-adducts building blocks were prepared. The post-functionalization of these building blocks was carried out by copper catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions but also by esterification reactions to obtain multifunctional C60 hexa-adducts. The methodology for the synthesis of multifunctional C60 hexa-adducts was used for the elaboration of fullerodendrimers containing several C60 hexa-adducts around a central C60 hexa-adduct. The post-functionalization of the mixed hexa-adducts building blocks by “click” chemistry gave access to the controlled preparation of new globular and multifunctional nanomaterials.

La paroi des bactéries à Gram positif se compose du peptidoglycane (PG) et des acides téichoïques (TA). Leur étude a révélé de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation chez le pathogène humain Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nous avons montré que la O-acétylation intervient précocement dans la biosynthèse du PG, participe à sa maturation et à la division cellulaire. Nous avons développé une approche innovante basée sur la chimie click pour le marquage in vivo des TAs, et révélé que leur synthèse est septale et corrélée à celle du PG. Le PG et les TAs contribuent aussi à réguler l'activité enzymatique de l'autolysine majeur du pneumocoque LytA: la O-acétylation du PG protège les cellules en division de l'autolyse par LytA et les TAs, sur lesquels elle se fixe, régulent sa localisation de surface. Pour conclure, ce travail souligne le rôle coopératif du PG et des TAs dans la synthèse de la paroi, la division cellulaire et la régulation de composants de la surface bactérienne. / Gram-positive bacteria cell wall (CW) is composed by peptidoglycan (PG) and teichoic acids (TA). We studied both CW components and revealed new regulation mechanisms in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. We showed that PG O-acetylation occurs in the early steps of PG biosynthesis, promotes the formation of mature PG and plays a role in cell division. We developed an innovative click chemistry-based approach to label TA in live cells, opening the way to explore mechanistic issues of pneumococcal TA biosynthesis. We revealed that TA synthesis occurs at the division site and is correlated with PG synthesis. Finally, we showed that both PG and TA polymers contribute to regulate the major autolysin LytA which binds TA and cleaves the PG: the O-acetylation of PG protects dividing cells from LytA-induced autolysis while TA finely regulates LytA surface localization. In conclusion, our work highlights the cooperative role of PG and TA in CW biosynthesis, cell division and regulation of surface components.