Magister Scientiae - MSc / Respiratory tract infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. This is especially true for infants, young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised. The strain placed on economies and health care systems of all countries by these diseases are phenomenal. Although we are familiar with various agents leading to these kinds of infections (e.g. rhino-, influenza-, parainfluenza, human metapneumo-, respiratory syncytial-, adeno- and coronaviruses), the cause of a substantial portion, (48-70%) of cases remain unidentified (Van der Hoek et al, 2004; Fouchier et al, 2004; File, 2003; Fine et al, 1999; Shay et al, 1999, Henrickson et al 2004; Murray et al 2001). In the past, human coronaviruses have not been known to cause severe disease in humans. For this reason, little research was performed on these viruses, with research focusing on the animal coronaviruses that are of veterinary importance. However, with the outbreak of SARS in 2003, the field of human coronavirus research has received significantly more attention. Also, the subsequent identification of two additional novel human coronaviruses (NL63 and HKU1) has led to an increased awareness of the potential threat of these viruses. With the discovery of these new human coronaviruses, it has become clear that the potential for another outbreak by a yet unknown human coronavirus is a very real possibility. This has made research into the pathogenesis and the role of the various coronavirus genes in the pathogenesis of these viruses of utmost importance. HCoV-NL63 was first discovered in January 2003 in the Netherlands. It causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The disease is also associated with croup and has even been implicated as a possible cause of the childhood vascular ailment Kawasaki Disease. HCoV-NL63 is frequently found in combination with other respiratory viruses leading to superinfections. It is still unclear whether HCoV-NL63 is an opportunistic virus or whether it leads the way for co-infection with other respiratory viruses. This particular virus is also the only coronavirus sharing the same cellular receptor as SARS-CoV. The virus is found all over the world and has been identified in countries like Australia (Arden et al, 2005), Japan (Ebihara et al., 2005; Suzuki et al., 2005), Belgium (Moës et al., 2005), Hong Kong (Chiu et al., 2005), Taiwan (Wu et al.,2007) Korea (Choi et al., 2006), Canada (Bastien et al., 2005), France (Vabret etal., 2005), Switzerland (Kaiser et al., 2005; Garbino et al., 2006), Germany (Vander Hoek et al., 2005), Sweden (Koetz et al., 2006) and South Africa (Smuts andHardie, 2006). In this study, the HCoV-NL63 genome was transcribed from RNA to DNA from which the M gene was amplified with various primers designed for use in specific expression systems. The various genes were cloned into the pGEM vector and confirmed by sequencing. The genes were now expressed in cloning vectors suited for each expression system (pFastBac for baculovirus expression, pFlexi for bacterial expression and pCMV for mammalian expression). Clones were sequenced for a second time. The recombinant clone in pFlexi was expressed in KRX cells and a 36hr time course was performed. The recombinant pFastBac clone was used to infect Sf9 insect cells and P1 and P2 viral stocks were obtained. The recombinant pCMV clone was used to transfect Cos1 mammalian cells. The genome was successfully transcribed and the M gene amplified and cloned into pGEM and confirmed by sequencing. Subsequent cloning of the various M genes into pFastBac for baculovirus expression, pFlexi for bacterial expression and pCMV for mammalian expression was achieved and sequencing confirmed the presence of the inserts in frame. pFlexi clones were successfully expressed in bacterial KRX cells with expression of the M protein in the pellet of the lysed bacterial cells. No M protein was seen in the supernatant of the lysed cells. Sf9 insect cells were infected with the recombinant pFastBac clones and P1 and P2 viral stocks were obtained. Protein expression occurs in KRX bacterial cells with optimal expression at approximately 24 hours. The M protein expresses on the cell membrane as can be concluded from the product obtained in the pellet of the lysed bacterial cells. Very little of the expressed protein is present in the plasma of the cell as evidenced by the absence of protein in the supernatant of the lysate. / South Africa

I och med coronapandemin spreds oro och sjukdom världen över. Samtidigt ökade diskriminering och stigmatisering mot individer av asiatiskt ursprung. Denna studie har haft i syfte att få mer förståelse för den diskriminering och stigmatisering personer med asiatisk och östasiatisk bakgrund har utstått under coronapandemin. Med tanke på att det saknas forskning på covid-19-relaterat stigma och diskriminering i en svensk kontext var drivkraften i denna studie att undersöka fenomenet i Sverige. Det empiriska underlaget för studien är tio kvalitativa intervjuer med informanter av asiatisk respektive östasiatisk bakgrund. För att analysera det insamlade materialet har Goffmans stigmateori samt Halls stereotypiseringteori varit studiens teoretiska ramverk. Det är viktigt att notera att studiens urval inte är representativt för alla asiater boendes i Sverige, dock relaterades slutsatserna till tidigare forskning och gav insikt i hur fenomenet kan te sig i Sverige. Sju av tio informanter upplever sig stigmatiserade under coronapandemin. Stigmatiseringen tar sig i uttryck i allt från blickar till avståndstagande av informanterna. Studien har identifierat diverse orsaker till covid-19-relaterad stigmatisering och diskriminering i Sverige som det upplevs av informanterna. Det handlar dels om rädsla, oro och okunskap om viruset, dels om reducering av personer med asiatisk bakgrund till virusbärare. Stereotypisering av Kina och personer av asiatiskt ursprung upplevs dessutom öka stigmatiseringen. Denna stereotypisering och stigmatisering visar sig ha vissa konsekvenser på några informanters sociala liv och psykiska hälsa. Ytterligare ett inslag i resultaten är att stigmatiseringen ger upphov till identitetsfrågor för några informanter, vilket är en viktig komplettering till studiens frågeställningar. Dessutom anses medier och uttalanden av USA:s president ha bidragit till stigmatisering och diskriminering av personer med asiatisk bakgrund under pandemin.

En la actualidad, una de las formas más prácticas y rápidas de difundir mensajes con contenido humorístico, es a través del teléfono celular que cuenta con la aplicación WhatsApp. Entre los mensajes más comunes que se envían están los memes, una forma de humor sarcástico e irónico de la realidad. Estos mensajes se han hecho virales durante la pandemia del coronavirus, como un modo de enfrentar la adversidad con humor. En tal sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es describir los memes sobre el coronavirus que se difundieron mediante el teléfono celular durante los días de confinamiento social en el Perú del 16 de marzo al 30 de junio del 2020. Se encontró que la capacidad creativa de las personas no tiene límites para expresar sus opiniones ante los problemas que se presentan. Se puede concluir que, ante la adversidad de esta enfermedad, una de las formas de hacerle frente es mediante el humor, para hacer más llevadero los problemas que se presentaban en el día a día. / One of the most practical and fastest ways to spread messages with humorous content is through the cell phone with the WhatsApp application. Among the most common messages sent are memes, a sarcastic and ironic form of humor from reality. These messages have gone viral during the coronavirus pandemic as a way to face adversity with humor. In this sense, this work aims to describe the memes about the coronavirus that were spread through the cell phone during the days of social confi nement in Peru from March 16th to June 30th, 2020. It was found that people's creative capacity has no limits to express their opinions on the problems that arise. It can be concluded that in the face of the adversity of this disease, one of the ways to deal with it is through humor, to make the problems that arose on a day-to-day basis more bearable.

No description available.

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 45 años que inicio con tos no productiva, malestar general y disnea progresiva, confirmándose el diagnostico COVID-19 severo con respuesta favorable al tratamiento. En la evolución clínica presentó lesiones tipo papulovesicular pruriginosas que se resolvieron de forma espontánea en el transcurso de las semanas. / We present the case of a 45-year-old patient who started with non-productive cough, general malaise and progressive dyspnea, confirming the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 with a favorable response to treatment. In the clinical evolution, he presented itchy papulovesicular lesions that resolved spontaneously over the course of the weeks.

Raúl Vásquez-Garagatti / Infectious and Internal Medicine. Specialist University of Tennessee. USA / Conferencia internacional de actualización del manejo del paciente crítico con COVID-19, brindada por el Dr. Raúl Vásquez-Garagatti. El conferencista brinda una mirada integral al origen, epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta enfermedad enmarcada en la coyuntura global.

No description available.

In the United States, COVID-19-related restrictions included a stay-at-home order with the exception of essential services such as medical care, grocery shopping, etc. During this time, all universities transitioned to an online learning format. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity lifestyle changes within a university community. This was a cross-sectional study in which assessed changes in lifestyle-related behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, the amount of sedentary time spent each week, and the underlying reasons behind people’s decisions as to whether to engage in physical activity. The respondents (n=1536) The results of this survey (n=1536) showed that 52.2% were between 18 and 25 years of age, 87.4% Caucasian, 56.7% single and 67.7% female. The mean BMI was 25.8 with 2.6% underweight, 40.9% healthy weight, and 56.5% overweight or obese according to the CDC. Study results showed significant differences between Healthy weight and Obese and between Overweight and Obese with regard to lifestyle-related behavior with those having higher BMIs being affected most by COVID-19. This was the same trend seen with the Physical Activity Vital Sign (PAVS) which is a measure of time spent in physical activity. Underweight (m=265.2) and healthy weight individuals (m=262.5) spent more time being physically active. Lastly, those with healthy BMIs differed significantly from all other BMI categories with regard to the BREQ-3 Relative Autonomy Index suggesting that those with healthier BMIs felt greater autonomy with regard to exercise behavior.

Cartas al editor / Revisión por pares

Background: The pandemic due to the coronavirus have had impact on our lives. Former studies shows that COVID-19 and the restriction related have come to worsened the mental health experiences. Problem: Children and adolescents voice is missing in research about mental health experiences due to the coronavirus pandemic. Thus they are affected by the restrictions. Aim: To seek an understanding of the importance that children and young people's experiences during the corona pandemic can have for their mental health. Method: A meta-synthesis with hermeneutic approach. Result: Findings were categorized in five themes: ”Changes in daily life”, ”Changed relationships”, ”A changed future”, ”Worries about one self, family and others”, and ”Feeling unable”. This are explained thru a key theme ”How to make balance in a changed world”. Conclusion: The coronavirus pandemic have had great impact on how children and young people experience their mental health. Psychiatric nurses play important roles helping children and adolescents to find balance in their changed lifes.  Keywords: Adolescent, children, coronavirus, experiences, mental health, nursing care.