A key cryptographic research interest is developing an automatic, black-box method to provide a relative security strength measure for symmetric ciphers, particularly for proprietary cyber-physical systems (CPS) and lightweight block ciphers. This thesis work extends the work of the recently-developed neural cryptanalysis method, which trains neural networks on a set of plaintext/ciphertext pairs to extract meaningful bitwise relationships and predict corresponding ciphertexts given a set of plaintexts. As opposed to traditional cryptanalysis, the goal is not key recovery but achieving a mimic accuracy greater than a defined base match rate. In addition to reproducing tests run with the Data Encryption Standard, this work applies neural cryptanalysis to round-reduced versions and components of the SIMON/SPECK family of block ciphers and the Advanced Encryption Standard. This methodology generated a metric able to rank the relative strengths of rounds for each cipher as well as algorithmic components within these ciphers. Given the current neural network suite tested, neural cryptanalysis is best-suited for analyzing components of ciphers rather than full encryption models. If these models are improved, this method presents a promising future in measuring the strength of lightweight symmetric ciphers, particularly for CPS. / Master of Science / Cryptanalysis is the process of systematically measuring the strength of ciphers, algorithms used to secure data and information. Through encryption, a cipher is applied to an original message or plaintext to generate muddled message or ciphertext. The inverse of this operation, translating ciphertext back into plaintext, is decryption. Symmetric ciphers only require one shared secret key that is used during for both encryption and decryption. Machine learning is a data analysis method that automates computers to learn certain data properties, which can be used to predict outputs given a set of inputs. Neural networks are one type of machine learning used to uncover relationships, chaining a series of nodes together that individually perform some operations to determine correlations. The topic of this work is neural cryptanalysis, a new approach to evaluate cipher strength relying on machine learning. In this method, the goal is to "learn" the ciphers, using machine learning to predict what the ciphertext will be for an inputted plaintext. This is done by training the networks on plaintext/ciphertext pairs to extract meaningful relationships. If a cipher is easier to predict, it is easier to crack and thus less secure. In this work, neural cryptanalysis was applied to different real-world symmetric ciphers to rank their relatively security. This technique worked best on analyzing smaller components of the cipher algorithms rather than the entire cipher, as the ciphers were complex and the neural networks were simpler.

A satisfação com o exercício profissional é reconhecidamente associada ao processo de sua escolha, dependendo de fatores da dinâmica interna do indivíduo. Estudos científicos têm encontrado relação entre traços de personalidade e interesses profissionais, aspectos ainda pouco investigados no contexto sócio-cultural brasileiro. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou examinar possível associação entre interesses, inclinações profissionais e características de personalidade de adolescentes em momento de escolha profissional, a partir das indicações técnicas de dois instrumentos de avaliação psicológica: Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT-Br) e Escalas de Personalidade Comrey (CPS). Almejou-se, portanto e a partir da análise de correlação entre variáveis destes dois instrumentos de avaliação psicológica, evidenciar a validade de indicadores do BBT-Br a partir das evidências empíricas obtidas pela CPS. Após consentimento formal, foram avaliados 107 estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio público diurno de Ribeirão Preto (SP), 50 do sexo masculino e 57 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 16 e 18 anos, todos com sinais de desenvolvimento típico. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: um questionário de história de vida (para seleção dos participantes), o BBT-Br (forma masculina e feminina) e a CPS. Inicialmente foi realizada a aplicação coletiva da CPS, em sala de aula, e posterior aplicação individual do BBT-Br, em local apropriado para avaliação psicológica. A aplicação e avaliação desses instrumentos seguiram os padrões e os referenciais normativos específicos dos respectivos manuais. Os resultados foram inicialmente apresentados de modo descritivo, na tentativa de caracterizar o desempenho global médio dos adolescentes no BBT-Br e na CPS, sendo depois realizadas análises estatísticas inferenciais sobre estes dados. A análise comparativa dos atuais resultados da CPS com as normas originais brasileiras (para adultos), por meio do Teste t de Student (p 0,05), evidenciou diferenças significativas entre ambas, confirmando a necessidade de normas específicas da CPS para adolescentes. Quanto ao BBT-Br, a caracterização da estrutura primária de interesses dos adolescentes mostrou especificidades técnicas em função do sexo. O grupo feminino sinalizou um perfil de interesses dirigido a atividades relacionadas ao cuidado e ao envolvimento nas relações interpessoais, enquanto o grupo masculino sinalizou preferência por atividades dinâmicas e de movimentação física, atividades de reconhecimento pessoal, além de tarefas envolvendo raciocínio abstrato, comunicação e precisão. Tanto o grupo masculino quanto o feminino rejeitaram atividades implicando em força física e em agressividade, assim como a concretude no trabalho e ambientes repetitivos e monótonos para atividades profissionais. O grupo masculino sinalizou ainda rejeição por tarefas envolvendo sensibilidade e subjetividade. Comparando-se, por meio dos Testes t de Student e Qui-Quadrado (p 0,05), os resultados atuais do BBT-Br a seus respectivos padrões normativos, pode-se notar semelhança no desempenho dos adolescentes, confirmando evidências de estruturas motivacionais estáveis entre adolescentes do contexto sócio-cultural avaliado. A investigação específica da relação entre interesses e inclinações profissionais (dados do BBT-Br) e características de personalidade (dados da CPS), realizada por correlações de Pearson, p 0,05, apontou para índices significativos entre algumas variáveis destas técnicas de avaliação psicológica, porém de baixa magnitude. Estes índices apontaram, portanto, a existência de aspectos em comum entre as variáveis examinadas pelo BBT-Br e pela CPS, com alguma convergência entre seus resultados, porém sugerindo interferência importante de outras variáveis psicológicas na dinâmica individual inerente às escolhas profissionais e às características de personalidade. / Satisfaction with professional exercise is widely associated to the latters choice process, which depends on factors related to the individuals internal dynamics. Scientific studies have been finding a relationship between personality traits and professional interests; such aspects are not very investigated in the brazilian sociocultural context, though. This way, the present study aimed to examine the possible association among interests, professional inclinations and personality characteristics of adolescents, during the moment they are choosing their careers. In order to do so, the technical indicators of two psychological assessment tools were used: The BBT-Br (Profession Photos Test - Teste de Fotos de Profissões) and the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS). The intention was, so, based on a correlation analysis of both tools indicators, to evidence the validity of the BBT-Brs indicators from empiric evidence obtained through CPS. After formal consent, 107 last-year high school students were assessed. The students were from day-shift public school in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo Brazil); 50 of them were male and 57 female, with ages varying from 16-18 years old and typical developmental indicators. The following tools were used: a life-history questionnaire for participants selection, both male and female forms of the BBT-Br and the CPS. First, the CPS had been applied in a collective session in class. The BBT-Br was then applied individually, in an appropriate room for psychological assessment. Both applying and correction of the tests followed the standards and norms form their respective manuals. The results were initially presented descriptively, in order to characterize the adolescents global performance on both BBT-Br and the CPS. Later, inferential statistical analyses were performed over the data. The comparative analysis of the present CPS results with the original brazilian norms (for adults), using Students T Test (p 0,05), showed significant differences between them, which confirms the need for specific CPS norms for adolescents. As for the BBT-Br, the characterization of adolescents primary interests structure showed technical specifications related to gender. The female group showed an interest profile focused in care-related activities and involvement in interpersonal relationships, while the male group showed preference for activities which were dynamic and related to physical movement and promoted personal acknowledgement, besides activities involving abstract thinking, communication and precision. Both male and female groups rejected activities related to physical strength and aggressiveness, as well as concreteness at work and repetitive and monotonous work environments for professional activities. The male group also showed rejection for activities involving sensitiveness and subjectivity. Comparing the results obtained on the BBT-Br with its normative patterns, using Students T and Chi-Square Tests (p 0,05), it is possible to note similarities in the adolescents performances, which confirms the evidences of stable motivational structures in adolescents of the sociocultural context assessed. The specific investigation regarding the relationship between interests and professional inclinations (BBT-Br data) and personality characteristics (CPS data), which was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient (p 0,05), showed significant indexes between some variables from these psychological assessment tools, although these indexes magnitude was low. These data shows, thus, common aspects between BBT-Brs and CPS variables, with some convergence between their results. However, data also suggest an important interference of aspects related to individual psychological variables which are inherent to professional choices and personality characteristics.

Cette thèse présente un nouveau modèle temporisé appelé timed-pNets pour la modélisation et la vérification des comportements des systèmes distribués hétérogènes. Un défi essentiel de ces systèmes est de spécifier correctement les contraintes de temps du système, dans la mesure où les nœuds dans les systèmes distribués n'ont pas l'horloge physique commune. Timed-pNets utilise un modèle de temps basé sur des horloges logiques, de manière à ce que les mesures de temps dans ce modèle ne reposent pas sur une horloge physique commune. Les timed-pNets ont une structure hiérarchique en arbre: les feuilles de cet arbre sont des Systèmes de Transition Étiquetés paramétrés temporisés (timed-LTSs), et les autres nœuds sont des dispositifs de synchronisation qui permettent de composer les comportements de leurs sous-réseaux. A chaque nœud d'un timed-pNet peut être associée une spécification temporisée, qui consiste en un ensemble d’horloges logiques et de relations sur ces horloges. Les spécifications temporisées sont utilisées pour spécifier les comportements du système, y compris les communications synchrones et asynchrones. Grâce à la spécification temporisée, les timed-pNets peuvent modéliser des systèmes de manière flexible. Les analyses des limites de temps, de la sûreté et de la latence sont discutées par l'étude des conflits de relations entre les horloges logiques du système. Nous utilisons un scénario d'insertion de voitures dans les systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS) comme un exemple pour illustrer l'utilisation de notre modèle timed-pNets. Finalement, l'outil TimeSquare est utilisé pour effectuer une simulation logique et vérifier la validité de notre modèle. / This thesis presents a novel timed model called timed-pNets for modeling and verifying the communication behaviours of heterogeneous distributed systems. Since the nodes in distributed systems have no common physical clock, it brings the challenges of correctly specifying the system time constraints. Timed-pNets build the time model on top of logical clocks such that the time of this model does not rely on a common physical clock. Timed-pNets are tree style hierarchical structures. Each node is associated with a timed specification which consists of a set of logical clocks and some relations on these clocks. The leaves are represented by timed Parametrized Label Transition Systems (timed-pLTSs). Non-leaf nodes (called timed-pNets nodes) are synchronisation devices that synchronize the behaviours of subnets (these subnets can be leaves or non-leaf nodes). Both timed-pLTSs and timed-pNets nodes can be translated to timed specifications. Timed specifications are designed to specify the system behaviours including synchronous and asynchronous communications. Thanks to the timed specification, timed-pNets are able to model systems in a flexible way. Time bound analysis, safety and latency properties are discussed by investigating the relations conflicts between system logical clocks. We take a simple case of car insertion from the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) as an example to demonstrate the use of the timed-pNets model. In the end, the TimeSquare tool is used to perform a logical simulation and check the validity of our model.

A satisfação com o exercício profissional é reconhecidamente associada ao processo de sua escolha, dependendo de fatores da dinâmica interna do indivíduo. Estudos científicos têm encontrado relação entre traços de personalidade e interesses profissionais, aspectos ainda pouco investigados no contexto sócio-cultural brasileiro. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou examinar possível associação entre interesses, inclinações profissionais e características de personalidade de adolescentes em momento de escolha profissional, a partir das indicações técnicas de dois instrumentos de avaliação psicológica: Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT-Br) e Escalas de Personalidade Comrey (CPS). Almejou-se, portanto e a partir da análise de correlação entre variáveis destes dois instrumentos de avaliação psicológica, evidenciar a validade de indicadores do BBT-Br a partir das evidências empíricas obtidas pela CPS. Após consentimento formal, foram avaliados 107 estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio público diurno de Ribeirão Preto (SP), 50 do sexo masculino e 57 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 16 e 18 anos, todos com sinais de desenvolvimento típico. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: um questionário de história de vida (para seleção dos participantes), o BBT-Br (forma masculina e feminina) e a CPS. Inicialmente foi realizada a aplicação coletiva da CPS, em sala de aula, e posterior aplicação individual do BBT-Br, em local apropriado para avaliação psicológica. A aplicação e avaliação desses instrumentos seguiram os padrões e os referenciais normativos específicos dos respectivos manuais. Os resultados foram inicialmente apresentados de modo descritivo, na tentativa de caracterizar o desempenho global médio dos adolescentes no BBT-Br e na CPS, sendo depois realizadas análises estatísticas inferenciais sobre estes dados. A análise comparativa dos atuais resultados da CPS com as normas originais brasileiras (para adultos), por meio do Teste t de Student (p 0,05), evidenciou diferenças significativas entre ambas, confirmando a necessidade de normas específicas da CPS para adolescentes. Quanto ao BBT-Br, a caracterização da estrutura primária de interesses dos adolescentes mostrou especificidades técnicas em função do sexo. O grupo feminino sinalizou um perfil de interesses dirigido a atividades relacionadas ao cuidado e ao envolvimento nas relações interpessoais, enquanto o grupo masculino sinalizou preferência por atividades dinâmicas e de movimentação física, atividades de reconhecimento pessoal, além de tarefas envolvendo raciocínio abstrato, comunicação e precisão. Tanto o grupo masculino quanto o feminino rejeitaram atividades implicando em força física e em agressividade, assim como a concretude no trabalho e ambientes repetitivos e monótonos para atividades profissionais. O grupo masculino sinalizou ainda rejeição por tarefas envolvendo sensibilidade e subjetividade. Comparando-se, por meio dos Testes t de Student e Qui-Quadrado (p 0,05), os resultados atuais do BBT-Br a seus respectivos padrões normativos, pode-se notar semelhança no desempenho dos adolescentes, confirmando evidências de estruturas motivacionais estáveis entre adolescentes do contexto sócio-cultural avaliado. A investigação específica da relação entre interesses e inclinações profissionais (dados do BBT-Br) e características de personalidade (dados da CPS), realizada por correlações de Pearson, p 0,05, apontou para índices significativos entre algumas variáveis destas técnicas de avaliação psicológica, porém de baixa magnitude. Estes índices apontaram, portanto, a existência de aspectos em comum entre as variáveis examinadas pelo BBT-Br e pela CPS, com alguma convergência entre seus resultados, porém sugerindo interferência importante de outras variáveis psicológicas na dinâmica individual inerente às escolhas profissionais e às características de personalidade. / Satisfaction with professional exercise is widely associated to the latters choice process, which depends on factors related to the individuals internal dynamics. Scientific studies have been finding a relationship between personality traits and professional interests; such aspects are not very investigated in the brazilian sociocultural context, though. This way, the present study aimed to examine the possible association among interests, professional inclinations and personality characteristics of adolescents, during the moment they are choosing their careers. In order to do so, the technical indicators of two psychological assessment tools were used: The BBT-Br (Profession Photos Test - Teste de Fotos de Profissões) and the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS). The intention was, so, based on a correlation analysis of both tools indicators, to evidence the validity of the BBT-Brs indicators from empiric evidence obtained through CPS. After formal consent, 107 last-year high school students were assessed. The students were from day-shift public school in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo Brazil); 50 of them were male and 57 female, with ages varying from 16-18 years old and typical developmental indicators. The following tools were used: a life-history questionnaire for participants selection, both male and female forms of the BBT-Br and the CPS. First, the CPS had been applied in a collective session in class. The BBT-Br was then applied individually, in an appropriate room for psychological assessment. Both applying and correction of the tests followed the standards and norms form their respective manuals. The results were initially presented descriptively, in order to characterize the adolescents global performance on both BBT-Br and the CPS. Later, inferential statistical analyses were performed over the data. The comparative analysis of the present CPS results with the original brazilian norms (for adults), using Students T Test (p 0,05), showed significant differences between them, which confirms the need for specific CPS norms for adolescents. As for the BBT-Br, the characterization of adolescents primary interests structure showed technical specifications related to gender. The female group showed an interest profile focused in care-related activities and involvement in interpersonal relationships, while the male group showed preference for activities which were dynamic and related to physical movement and promoted personal acknowledgement, besides activities involving abstract thinking, communication and precision. Both male and female groups rejected activities related to physical strength and aggressiveness, as well as concreteness at work and repetitive and monotonous work environments for professional activities. The male group also showed rejection for activities involving sensitiveness and subjectivity. Comparing the results obtained on the BBT-Br with its normative patterns, using Students T and Chi-Square Tests (p 0,05), it is possible to note similarities in the adolescents performances, which confirms the evidences of stable motivational structures in adolescents of the sociocultural context assessed. The specific investigation regarding the relationship between interests and professional inclinations (BBT-Br data) and personality characteristics (CPS data), which was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient (p 0,05), showed significant indexes between some variables from these psychological assessment tools, although these indexes magnitude was low. These data shows, thus, common aspects between BBT-Brs and CPS variables, with some convergence between their results. However, data also suggest an important interference of aspects related to individual psychological variables which are inherent to professional choices and personality characteristics.

La thèse se place dans le contexte du programme de physique prévu auprès du collisionneur Beijing Electron Positron Collider II, pour lequel l'expérience BESIII (Beijing Electron Spectrometer III) doit subir une jouvence. Mon travail concerne l'amélioration des performances de la trajectométrie centrale de l'expérience, en explorant une nouvelle approche utilisant les capteurs à pixels CMOS (CPS) en remplacement partiel de la chambre à dérive actuelle. Il est validé, qu'un pixel de 39.0X50.8 µm2 permet d'atteindre une résolution spatiale ~10 µm. Cette confirmation ouvre la voie pour le développement d'échelle de grande longueur. Un logiciel générique proposant une stratégie d'optimisation pour un trajectomètre pixellisé a été mis au point et appliqué au cas particulier du BESIII. Il a permis de montrer qu'une configuration à trois couches optimise la résolution sur les trajectoire alors qu'une option incluant une couche double-face atteint une efficacité de reconstruction supérieure. / The thesis addresses the upcoming particle physics program foreseen at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II, for which the Beijing Electron Spectrometer III (BESIII) is being upgraded. The work presented focused on the upgrade of the central tracker of the experiment by exploring the possibilities offered by a new approach using CMOS Pixel Sensors (CPS) instead of the present gas drift chamber. The performance of CPS with a larger pixel (39.0X50.8 µm2) and a lower power consumption has been validated, which will help to develop long ladders. A general strategy and software to optimise the design of a barrel pixelated tracker has also been developed, and its application on the BESIII silicon tracker indicates that the layout of three evenly placed single-sided layers is favoured by BESIII physics for the best momentum resolution, with an option using one double-sided ladder to achieve a higher tracking efficiency.

Produktionsindustrin står just nu inför den fjärde industrirevolutionen där en ökad grad avanslutning och datastyrd produktion har möjligheten att skapa självoptimerande fabriker därmaskiner och system kommunicerar automatiskt i realtid. Införandet av ny teknik kan skapa storaförändringar men även konkurrensfördelar för organisationer, vilket även är fallet för Industri 4.0.Syftet med studien var att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar införandet av Industri 4.0 hostillverkande företag och hur problem inom automatiserad cellproduktion kan reduceras genom attintroducera Industri 4.0 koncept. Studien utfördes som en fallstudie hos Sandvik Coromant därinterna observationer och intervjuer utfördes. Dessutom intervjuades fem externa organisationerverksamma inom industriell digitalisering.Studien visade att det finns olika faktorer som påverkar införandet av Industri 4.0, kategoriseradei tekniska, organisatoriska och marknadsmässiga faktorer. För de tekniska faktorerna harsmåskaliga applikationer, ökad transparens genom anslutning av enheter och en ökad integrationav olika informationssystem en positiv effekt på införandet av industri 4.0. För att möjliggörainförandet i organisatoriska sammanhang måste produktionsorganisationer skaffa digitalakompetenser, integrera sin IT-organisation i sin produktion samt förändra sin kultur och inställningtill Industri 4.0. Dessutom är standardisering, skapande av digitala ekosystem och IT-säkerhet deviktigaste marknadsaspekterna som påverkar införandet av Industri 4.0.Hos Sandvik Coromant har elva problem identifierats som kan reduceras med införandet avkoncept från Industri 4.0. Studien föreslår att anslutning, visualisering och dataanalys används föratt reducera dessa problem. / The fourth industrial revolution is emerging, where connection and data driven production has thepotential to create self-optimizing factories, in which machines and systems can communicate inreal-time. However, adopting new technologies can impose big changes but also create competitiveadvantages for organisations, which is certainly the case of Industry 4.0.The purpose of the study was to identify what main factors that affects the adoption of Industry4.0 for production organisations and how problems in automated production cells could bereduced by introducing Industry 4.0 concepts. The study was performed as a case study at SandvikCoromant, where observations and interviews were conducted. In addition, five externalorganisations specialized in industrial digitalization were interviewed.The study found that there are various factors affecting the adoption of Industry 4.0 categorizedinto technological, organisational and external/environmental factors. In terms of technology,small scale applications, increased transparency through connection and an increased integrationof information systems have positive effect on the adoption of Industry 4.0. In organisationalcontext, production organisations must acquire digital competence, integrate their IT organisationinto their production and change the culture and attitude towards the adoption of Industry 4.0.Furthermore, standardization, creation of ecosystem and IT security are the mainexternal/environmental aspects which affect Industry 4.0 adoption.At Sandvik Coromant, eleven problems were identified which has the potential to be reduced by implementing concepts of Industry 4.0. The study proposes use of connectivity, visualization, dataanalysis to reduce these problems.

Aus der Einleitung: "Auf der Hannovermesse 2011 wurde zum ersten Mal der Begriff "Industrie 4.0" der Öffentlichkeit bekannt gemacht. Die Akademie der Technikwissenschaften hat in einer Arbeitsgruppe diese Grundidee der vierten Revolution der Industrieproduktion weiterbearbeitet und 2013 in einem Abschlussbericht mit dem Titel „Umsetzungsempfehlungen für das Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0“ veröffentlicht (BmBF, 2013). Die Grundidee besteht darin, wandlungsfähige und effiziente Fabriken unter Nutzung moderner Informationstechnologie zu entwickeln. Basistechnologien für die Umsetzung der intelligenten Fabriken sind: — Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) — Internet of Things (IoT) und Internet of Services (IoS) — Big Data Analytics and Prediction — Social Media — Mobile Computing Der Abschlussbericht fokussiert den Wertschöpfungsschritt der Produktion, während die Fragen der Produktentwicklung weitgehend unberücksichtigt geblieben sind. Die intelligente Fabrik zur Herstellung intelligenter Produkte setzt aber auch die Weiterentwicklung der Produktentwicklungsmethoden voraus. Auch hier gibt es einen großen Handlungsbedarf, der sehr stark mit den Methoden des „Modellbasierten Systems-Engineering“ einhergeht. ..."

Le lambda calcul avec constructeurs (de Arbiser, Miquel et Rios) est une extension du lambda calcul avec un mécanisme de filtrage. Le filtrage à la ML y est décomposé en deux étapes: une analyse de cas sur des constantes (telle l'instruction «case» de Pascal), et une commutation de l'application avec la construction de filtrage. Cette règle de commutation entre deux constructions de natures différentes induit une géométrie de calcul surprenante, a priori incompatible avec les intuitions habituelles de typage. Cependant il a été montré que ce calcul est confluent, et vérifie la propriété de séparation (à la Böhm). Cette thèse propose un système de types du polymorphique pour ce calcul, et décrit ensuite un modèle de réalisabilité, qui adapte les candidats de réductibilité de Girard au lambda calcul avec constructeurs. La normalisation forte du calcul typé et l'absence d'erreur de filtrage lors de l'évaluation en découlent immédiatement. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la sémantique du lambda calcul avec constructeurs non typé. Une notion générique de modèle catégorique pour ce calcul est définie, puis un modèle particulier (le modèle syntaxique dans la catégorie des PERs) est construit. Nous en déduisons un résultat de complétude. Enfin, nous proposons une traduction CPS du lambda calcul avec constructeurs dans le lambda calcul simplement typé avec paires. Le lambda calcul avec constructeurs peut ainsi être simulé dans un calcul bien connu, et cette traduction nous permet aussi de transformer tout modèle par continuation en modèle du lambda calcul avec constructeurs. Une équation catégorique caractéristique de ces modèles apparait alors, qui permet de construire des modèles non syntaxiques (dans les domaines) de Scott du lambda calcul avec constructeurs. / The lambda calculus with constructors was introduced by Arbiser, Miquel and Rios in the early 2000's as an extension of lambda calculus with pattern matching features. It decomposes the pattern matching à la ML into a case-analysis on constant constructors (in the spirit of the case instruction in Pascal), and a commutation rule between case construction and application. This commutation rule between two different kinds of constructions designs a surprising computational behaviour, a priori} not compatible with usual typing intuitions. However the whole calculus was proved confluent, and it enjoys the separation property (a version of Böhm's lemma).In this thesis we propose a polymorphic type system for this calculus, and we develop a realisability model, based on Girard's reducibility candidates. This leads to a strong normalisation result for the typed calculus, and guaranties that the type system prevents match failure. Next we focus on semantics for the untyped calculus. We first define a generic notion of models for the lambda calculus with constructors in Cartesian closed categories. We then establish the syntactic model in the category of PERs, and deduce a completeness result from it.Finally, we consider a translation of the lambda calculus with constructors into the pure lambda lambda calculus relying on continuation passing style techniques. This enables the simulation of the lambda calculus with constructors by a well known calculus, and provides a transformation of every continuation model into a model of the lambda calculus with constructors. Thereby a categorical equation characteristic of these models appears, which enables the construction of non syntactic models in Scott's domains.

This essay takes its starting point in two stories where we each describe a self-experienced dilemma. By using the stories as a starting point, the essay aims to find out what the advantages and disadvantages of reward and punishment are and why they have such a significant place in schools.The essay also aims to account for alternative methods in addition to reward and punishment. We are using the essay as our method, which means that, by letting our stories meet research, theories and literature, we reflect on our actions and thus try to create new knowledge. In order to get a historical perspective on reward and punishment we turn to B. F. Skinner and behaviorism. To approach behavioral problems and methods for dealing with them, we have used Ross W. Greene and his motto "children behave if they can" and Bo Hejlskov Elvén's approach low-affective treatment. To explain the presence of reward and punishment in school, we have used Jesper Juul's and Helle Jensen's concept of obedience culture.  We find that reward and punishment are big concepts that include several dimensions and that it is not possible to easily classify them as good or bad and right or wrong. However, we discover that they canlead to objectification of children and that there are methods to deal with behavioral problems that do not include reward or punishment. / Denna uppsats tar avstamp i två berättelser där vi beskriver varsitt egen upplevt dilemma. Genom att använda berättelserna som utgångspunkt syftar uppsatsen till att ta reda på vilka för- och nackdelar som belöning och bestraffning har samt varför de har en så stor plats i skolan. Uppsatsen syftar också till att redogöra för alternativa metoder utöver belöning och bestraffning. Vi använder oss av metoden vetenskaplig essä som innebär att vi, genom att låta våra berättelser möta forskning, teorier och litteratur, reflekterar kring vårt agerande och på så sätt försöker skapa ny kunskap. Vi vänder oss till B. F. Skinner och behaviorismen för att få ett historiskt perspektiv på belöning och bestraffning. För att närma oss beteendeproblem och metoder för att bemöta dem har vi använt oss av Ross W. Greene och hans motto “barn uppför sig om de kan” samt Bo Hejlskov Elvéns förhållningssätt lågaffektivt bemötande. För att förklara belöningens och bestraffningens närvaro i skolan har vi använt oss av Jesper Juuls och Helle Jensens begrepp lydnadskultur.  Vi finner att belöning och bestraffning är stora begrepp som innefattar flera dimensioner och att det inte går att enkelt klassa dem som bra eller dåliga och rätt eller fel. Dock upptäcker vi att de kan leda till objektifiering av barn samt att det finns metoder för att bemöta beteendeproblem som inte innefattar belöning eller bestraffning.

Aus der Einleitung: "Auf der Hannovermesse 2011 wurde zum ersten Mal der Begriff "Industrie 4.0" der Öffentlichkeit bekannt gemacht. Die Akademie der Technikwissenschaften hat in einer Arbeitsgruppe diese Grundidee der vierten Revolution der Industrieproduktion weiterbearbeitet und 2013 in einem Abschlussbericht mit dem Titel „Umsetzungsempfehlungen für das Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0“ veröffentlicht (BmBF, 2013). Die Grundidee besteht darin, wandlungsfähige und effiziente Fabriken unter Nutzung moderner Informationstechnologie zu entwickeln. Basistechnologien für die Umsetzung der intelligenten Fabriken sind: — Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) — Internet of Things (IoT) und Internet of Services (IoS) — Big Data Analytics and Prediction — Social Media — Mobile Computing Der Abschlussbericht fokussiert den Wertschöpfungsschritt der Produktion, während die Fragen der Produktentwicklung weitgehend unberücksichtigt geblieben sind. Die intelligente Fabrik zur Herstellung intelligenter Produkte setzt aber auch die Weiterentwicklung der Produktentwicklungsmethoden voraus. Auch hier gibt es einen großen Handlungsbedarf, der sehr stark mit den Methoden des „Modellbasierten Systems-Engineering“ einhergeht. ..."