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O presente trabalho visa a analisar a preparação de alunos chineses para o exame Celpe-Bras, com o intuito de investigar se há efeito retroativo do exame nesse processo. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa da qual participaram três alunas chinesas e dois professores de um curso preparatório para o Celpe-Bras, no qual elas participaram. O estudo focaliza as atividades desenvolvidas no curso e as atividades extraclasse realizadas pelas alunas para preparar-se para o exame. Os dados para a pesquisa foram gerados pela observação de oito aulas do curso preparatório e pelo acompanhamento das alunas em atividades extraclasse. Além disso, foram feitas oito entrevistas com as alunas e duas com os professores, e os textos produzidos nas aulas foram analisados em relação ao feedback dos professores e à compreensão das alunas quanto às orientação recebidas. A análise dos resultados permite afirmar que as orientações do curso preparatório são coerentes com os pressupostos teóricos que subjazem ao exame e que focalizam principalmente o critério de correção adequação contextual, que operacionaliza a noção de proficiência do exame: uso da linguagem para agir no mundo. Essa orientação contribuiu especialmente para aprimorar a compreensão oral e a organização das produções escritas das alunas. A pesquisa também sugere que a percepção das alunas sobre a maneira de aprender uma língua modificou-se durante a preparação para o exame: sua compreensão da perspectiva de proficiência como uso da linguagem e sua busca por lidar com textos autênticos também na vida cotidiana, como preparação para o exame, sugerem um efeito retroativo positivo do Celpe-Bras na trajetória de aprendizagem de língua portuguesa dessas alunas. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para o debate sobre o efeito retroativo de exames de desempenho, para a elaboração de cursos preparatórios para o exame Celpe-Bras e para a organização de currículos de ensino que tenham como objetivo o uso da linguagem. / The aim of this study is to analyze the preparation of Chinese students for the Celpe-Bras proficiency exam and discuss the washback effects of the exam on this process. A qualitative research was carried out with three Chinese students and two teachers of a cram course taken by these students. The study focuses on the activities developed by the prep course and the extra class activities carried out by the students to prepare for the exam. The data include the observation of eight classes of the cram course and of the students’ extra class activities, eight interviews with the students and two with the teachers, and the texts produced by the students, which were analyzed with respect to the teachers’ feedback and to the students’ understanding of the guidance they received during the prep course. The results suggest that the guidelines of the prep course are consistent with the construct of the exam and focus mainly on the correction criterion ‘adequacy to context’, which operationalizes the underlying concept of language proficiency of the exam: the adequate use of the language to perform actions in the world. The course guidelines contributed especially to improve the students’ listening and writing skills. In addition, the students’ perceptions of their language learning process changed during the preparation for the exam: their understanding of the language proficiency concept ‘use of language’ and their search for reading and listening to authentic texts, also in their daily lives, to prepare for the exam suggest a positive washback effect of the Celpe-Bras on these students’ Portuguese learning process. The results of this research contribute to the debate on the washback effects of performance tests, to the elaboration of cram courses for the Celpe-Bras exam, and to the organization of educational curricula that aim at developing the use of language.

O presente trabalho visa a analisar a preparação de alunos chineses para o exame Celpe-Bras, com o intuito de investigar se há efeito retroativo do exame nesse processo. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa da qual participaram três alunas chinesas e dois professores de um curso preparatório para o Celpe-Bras, no qual elas participaram. O estudo focaliza as atividades desenvolvidas no curso e as atividades extraclasse realizadas pelas alunas para preparar-se para o exame. Os dados para a pesquisa foram gerados pela observação de oito aulas do curso preparatório e pelo acompanhamento das alunas em atividades extraclasse. Além disso, foram feitas oito entrevistas com as alunas e duas com os professores, e os textos produzidos nas aulas foram analisados em relação ao feedback dos professores e à compreensão das alunas quanto às orientação recebidas. A análise dos resultados permite afirmar que as orientações do curso preparatório são coerentes com os pressupostos teóricos que subjazem ao exame e que focalizam principalmente o critério de correção adequação contextual, que operacionaliza a noção de proficiência do exame: uso da linguagem para agir no mundo. Essa orientação contribuiu especialmente para aprimorar a compreensão oral e a organização das produções escritas das alunas. A pesquisa também sugere que a percepção das alunas sobre a maneira de aprender uma língua modificou-se durante a preparação para o exame: sua compreensão da perspectiva de proficiência como uso da linguagem e sua busca por lidar com textos autênticos também na vida cotidiana, como preparação para o exame, sugerem um efeito retroativo positivo do Celpe-Bras na trajetória de aprendizagem de língua portuguesa dessas alunas. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para o debate sobre o efeito retroativo de exames de desempenho, para a elaboração de cursos preparatórios para o exame Celpe-Bras e para a organização de currículos de ensino que tenham como objetivo o uso da linguagem. / The aim of this study is to analyze the preparation of Chinese students for the Celpe-Bras proficiency exam and discuss the washback effects of the exam on this process. A qualitative research was carried out with three Chinese students and two teachers of a cram course taken by these students. The study focuses on the activities developed by the prep course and the extra class activities carried out by the students to prepare for the exam. The data include the observation of eight classes of the cram course and of the students’ extra class activities, eight interviews with the students and two with the teachers, and the texts produced by the students, which were analyzed with respect to the teachers’ feedback and to the students’ understanding of the guidance they received during the prep course. The results suggest that the guidelines of the prep course are consistent with the construct of the exam and focus mainly on the correction criterion ‘adequacy to context’, which operationalizes the underlying concept of language proficiency of the exam: the adequate use of the language to perform actions in the world. The course guidelines contributed especially to improve the students’ listening and writing skills. In addition, the students’ perceptions of their language learning process changed during the preparation for the exam: their understanding of the language proficiency concept ‘use of language’ and their search for reading and listening to authentic texts, also in their daily lives, to prepare for the exam suggest a positive washback effect of the Celpe-Bras on these students’ Portuguese learning process. The results of this research contribute to the debate on the washback effects of performance tests, to the elaboration of cram courses for the Celpe-Bras exam, and to the organization of educational curricula that aim at developing the use of language.

本研究共壹冊，預計四萬至六萬字，分五章：第一章、導論；第二章、文獻探討；第 三章、研究方法；第四章、研究結果；第五章、結論與建議。 內容提要 內容主要在探討大台北地區兒童才藝班消費行為，包括： 一、瞭解兒童才藝班之市場。 二、探討兒童才藝班購買者之購買行為、購買動機、對各兒童才藝班之評價、如覺與 偏好。 三、從購買者人口統計變數、生活型態來分析購買行為的差異性，以作為市場區隔的 基礎。 四、探討上述分析結果對於主辦兒童才藝班之機構在行銷策略上之涵義，並且希望能 對家長在選擇兒童才藝班時有所助益。

視英語為第一外語的學習，一直是學生生活中一個重要的課題。英語的使用變的更為普遍，以位於東亞國家的台灣來說，就已經開始重視英語的教學。然而，大部分的家長仍不滿意孩子們的英語能力，因此，而產生了所謂的補習班。為了增進學生的閱讀能力與態度，任何一種有效的教學策略都是值得探討的。本研究的主要目的之一，便是了解平衡閱讀教學的出現，如何增進國小學生英語學習的效能。而實施行動研究的目的，主要是為了確認平衡閱讀教學的效果。在為期五個月的前導研究完成後，其研究成果便成為正式研究的基礎架構。本研究之對象為15位台北市國小一年級參加補習班的學童。研究結果顯示，平衡閱讀教學對於增進學生字彙的認知能力、語音覺識與技巧有所幫助，同時，也能大幅增進學生學習英語的自信心。除此之外，平時就有參加補習班的學童進步的程度也明顯大於未參加的學童。然而，為了增進教學的效能，系統化的發音教學範例在幫助教師制定更為合適的教學計畫與學習內容上，是極為必要的。 關鍵字:平衡閱讀教學、字母知識、語音覺識,閱讀態度,英語初學者。 / English language learning as the first and foreign language has always been an important factor in a child’s life as a student. As the usage of the English language becomes ever more apparent, East Asian nation like Taiwan has started to place much focus on its teaching. However, many parents in Taiwan are still unsatisfied with their children’s English abilities where they gained from formal school, hence the so-called cram school. In order to improve student reading ability and attitude, any effective teaching strategies are worth exploring. The main objective of this study is to determine how balanced reading instruction will enhance English learning effectiveness among EFL beginners. An action study was done in order to identify teaching effects of a balanced reading instruction. A pilot study was first accomplished, which later served as the backbone of the formal study. Participants were fifteen first graders at an English cram school in Taipei. Data collections were gained from abecedarian reading assessment, reading attitude questionnaires, observations, interviews and recordings methods. Results showed that balanced reading instruction is helpful in enhancing students’ letter knowledge, phonological awareness and increasing the students’ reading attitude. In addition, students who attended class in the cram school regularly improved better than those who did not. However, in order to improve teaching efficiency, more systematic phonics teaching are needed in order to help teachers make appropriate teaching plans for the EFL beginners. Keywords: balanced reading instruction, letter knowledge, phonological awareness, reading attitude, EFL beginners

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Submitted by BRUNO YOHAN SOUZA GOMES (brunoyohan@sartoriadvogados.com.br) on 2017-06-29T19:39:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1505280 bytes, checksum: cb4a98f66a5f5f190334e535abf7cd56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-06-30T13:45:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1505280 bytes, checksum: cb4a98f66a5f5f190334e535abf7cd56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T14:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final.pdf: 1505280 bytes, checksum: cb4a98f66a5f5f190334e535abf7cd56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-09 / With the advent of Law No. 11.101/2005, the institute of judicial recovery of companies was created, replacing the institute in force until then, the law of bankruptcy. Important differences mark the institutes, the most relevant is the power of creditors to decide about the major issues of the company in recovery, among which, the own company recovery. Clearly the decision power migrated from Judiciary (law of bankruptcy) to creditors (judicial recovery), being allowed to the first to intervene only in the specific situation of the cram down. However, in practice many judges have intervened in the judicial recovery process, with support in different arguments, which has affected the essence of recovery institute that is exactly the power of creditors in the company in crisis. This is the main point that will be discussed in the course of this work. / Com o advento da Lei nº 11.101/2005, criou-se o instituto da recuperação judicial das empresas, substituindo assim o instituto que até então vigorava, a concordata. Diferenças importantes marcam os institutos, sendo a mais relevante delas o poder dos credores de decidir as principais questões relacionadas à empresa em recuperação, dentre as quais, a própria recuperação da empresa. Claramente o eixo decisório migrou do Poder Judiciário (concordata) para os credores (recuperação judicial), restando ao primeiro a permissão legal para intervir no processo apenas na situação especifica do cram down. No entanto, a prática mostra que muitos juízes têm intervindo nos processos de recuperação judicial, com amparo nos mais diversos argumentos, o que tem afetado a essência do instituto da recuperação, que está, fundamentalmente, no poder dos credores na recuperação da empresa em crise. É exatamente este o ponto que será analisado no decorrer do presente trabalho.

Over the past couple of decades Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become increasingly useful in a variety of domains. This is due to their low cost and flexibility compared to custom ASICs. This increasing interest in FPGAs has driven the need for tools that both qualify and improve the reliability of FPGAs for applications where the reconfigurability of FPGAs makes them vulnerable to radiation upsets such as in aerospace environments. Such tools ideally work with a wide variety of devices, are highly programmable but simple to use, and perform tasks at relatively high speeds. Of the various FPGA configuration interfaces available, the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard for serial communication is the most universally compatible interface due to its use for verifying integrated circuits and testing printed circuit board connectivity. This universality makes it a good interface for tools seeking to access FPGA configuration memory. This thesis introduces a new tool architecture for high-speed, programmable JTAG access to FPGA configuration memory. This tool, called the JTAG Configuration Manager (JCM), is made up of a large C++ software library that runs on an embedded micro-processor coupled with a hardware JTAG controller module implemented in programmable logic. The JCM software library allows for the development of custom JTAG communication of any kind, although this thesis focuses on applications related to FPGA reliability. The JCM hardware controller module allows these software-generated JTAG sequences to be streamed out at very high speeds. Together the software and hardware provide the high-speed and programmability that is important for many JTAG applications.