This dissertation critically analyses the business rescue regime, with a specific focus on those attributes of the regime which detrimentally affect creditors. The main aspects which will be critically analysed include, the moratorium, the effect of business rescue on suretyships and the costs of business rescue. Examples will be used to illustrate the ways in which the business rescue regime is disproportionately slanted in favour of debtor companies as opposed to their creditors. Proposals as to how the regime can be developed to balance the competing interests of debtor companies and their creditors will also be made. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Corporate Law))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Mercantile Law / LLM (Corporate Law) / Unrestricted

A dissertação tem como objeto o abuso do direito de voto na assembleia geral de credores. A Lei de Recuperação e Falência pauta-se pela adoção de soluções consensuais entre o devedor em crise e seus credores. Para tanto, cabe aos credores aceitar ou não o plano de recuperação judicial proposto pelo devedor. Entretanto, embora a lei seja pródiga em declarações de princípios, é sucinta quanto à estruturação do procedimento deliberativo. Confia-se na regra majoritária, e não são estabelecidas garantias estruturais à higidez do procedimento. A adoção da regra majoritária, contudo, nem sempre proporciona soluções equânimes. O direito societário dá exemplos de que o direito de voto pode ser exercido como instrumento para a obtenção de benefícios particulares ou para infligir danos à coletividade ou aos seus membros. Esse tipo de comportamento abusivo deve ser reprimido pelo direito. A dissertação busca determinar, dessa forma, em que situações o exercício do direito de voto pelos credores na deliberação acerca do plano de recuperação judicial poderá ser considerado abusivo. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, investiga-se a natureza da coletividade de credores, concluindo-se que constitui uma comunhão de interesses. Em decorrência do início do procedimento concursal, surgem entre os credores deveres recíprocos de lealdade. No segundo capítulo, o instituto do abuso do direito é analisado em sua evolução histórica, demonstrando que também o abuso do direito de voto pelo credor é proibido pelo ordenamento jurídico. Questiona-se, então, a quais limites está adstrito o credor no exercício do voto. Em excurso necessário, ressalta-se a necessidade de que, além de ser avaliado o abuso do direito do voto pelo credor, seja avaliada a legalidade do plano. No terceiro capítulo, são abordadas as hipóteses de impedimento de voto, que delimitam quais credores são legitimados ao voto; ademais, discutem-se a possibilidade de aplicação analógica de regras societárias de impedimento de voto à assembleia de credores e hipóteses polêmicas de impedimento de voto pouco abordadas pela doutrina. No capítulo quatro, cerne do trabalho, apresenta-se casuística do abuso do direito de voto, e discutem-se quais os critérios para sua aferição. No capítulo quinto, são analisadas as possíveis sanções ao abuso do direito de voto. / This study aims to analyse the abuse of voting rights within the creditors meeting. The Brazilian Insolvency Law Act fosters the adoption of consensual agreements between the debtor facing an economic crisis and his creditors. For achieving this end, creditors must deliberate about the judicial recuperation plan proposed by the debtor. The Act provides declarations of principles, but it has limited concern regarding the structure of the voting procedure. Furthermore, it contains the belief that the majority of the creditors will decide for the best result. There are practically no structural guarantees being provided for with regard to the procedure. However, the majority principle does not always yields adequate solutions. Corporate law offers many examples illustrating the misuse of voting rights, either to obtain personal benefits or to inflict damages on the collectivity. This kind of behavior is condemned by Law. This study establishes the situations in which the exercise of voting rights in the creditors meeting may be regarded as abusive. The study is divided into five chapters. In the first one, the nature of the collectivity of creditors is investigated, concluding that a community of interests emerges as a result of the begin of the insolvency procedure. Based on this community of interests, fidutiary duties upon the creditors arise. In the second chapter, the institute of the abuse of right is historically analysed, with the conclusion that the abuse of voting rights by the creditors is prohibited. The parameters for the proper use of voting rights are analised . In a necessary excursus, it is showed that the legality of the plan must be also analysed by the court. In the third chapter, cases of voting prohibition are discussed, and so is the possibility of analogically applying corporate law rules on voting prohibition. In addition, some polemical cases are presented. In the fourth chapter, core of this study, both cases of abuse of voting rights and criteria for measuring this abuse are discussed. In the fifth chapter, possible sanctions to the abuse of voting rights are described.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Foz Mange.pdf: 745688 bytes, checksum: 8256b166bc5b085fbe6e5ff3202da92b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-28 / This study analyzes the General Assembly of Creditors, in the process of Judicial Reorganization under Law 11.101/2005. The thesis to be examine is whether the General Assembly fulfills the function idealized by the legislature which is to transfer the decision on the continuation of business activity or the declaration of bankruptcy to the creditors of the society in economic and financial crisis. To verify this issue the author undertook a study of the legislative history of Brazilian Law, made a comparative law analysis and verify the interpretation of current Brazilian Law in case law and by respected commentators. The most controversial points (or issues) on the subject were analyzed under legislation, doctrine and case law. The author points out what can be improved and developed either by the legislature or by the interpreter of the standard. Despite some points displayed throughout this study can be improved, the conclusion is that in most of the cases the General Assembly of Creditors has fulfilled the function targeted by the legislature. Thus, in most cases the lenders have the power to decide on the continuation of business activity or declaration of bankruptcy / Este estudo analisa a Assembleia-Geral de Credores, no processo de Recuperação Judicial no âmbito na Lei 11.101/2005. Objetiva-se examinar se a Assembleia-Geral de Credores cumpre sua função idealizada pelo legislador no sentido de transferir para os credores da sociedade em crise econômico-financeira a decisão sobre a continuação da atividade empresarial ou a decretação da falência. Para verificar essa questão o autor realizou estudo do histórico da legislação brasileira sobre o tema, do direito comparado atual, da legislação brasileira vigente, da doutrina e jurisprudência. Os aspectos mais polêmicos sobre o tema foram analisados a luz da legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência. O autor indica os pontos que podem ser melhorados e aperfeiçoados seja pelo legislador seja pelo intérprete da norma. Entretanto, em que pese os pontos que podem ser melhorados, expostos ao longo deste estudo, a conclusão é que, de um modo geral, a Assembleia-Geral de Credores tem cumprido a função projetada pelo legislador. Portanto, na grande maioria dos casos os credores têm o poder de decidir sobre a continuação da atividade empresarial ou decretação da falência

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Paiva Vasconcelos.pdf: 1435017 bytes, checksum: 909dc8c40e6cdc5d5f50f033c7769ae1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-21 / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the creditors in Brazilian Bankruptcy Law, since the first rule enacted up to the current one, in accordance with certain bodies and their way of action. Take a glance about the role of the creditors at the main bankruptcy laws. This study be moved by verifying the possibility -or its absence - for the creditors action in the reorganization of the crisis of the debtor and the ways it can be implemented, as the participation in certain bodies in the bankruptcy procedure. Inspired on the affirmation regarding the existing of a pendulum dualism in the bankruptcy Brazilian law made by Fábio Konder Comparato, this paper intends, in a simple way, to verify the preponderance of absence of creditor´s right in this area of Law. For this, it is a must the investigation of the relevant Brazilian old and current laws that deals with this matter, in order to make possible to explore how creditors may act, at each rule, and it there was, until the current legislation, an evolution or involution of their rights. A research of the institutes disciplined be made with the purpose to check in each regulation, the study about the existence and way of acting of similar bankruptcy bodies and their characteristics in each moment. Further to the legal rules, doctrine was verified. At last, jurisprudence was examined in order to analyze real cases and the use of the rules existence based on the action of the creditors / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o papel dos credores no Direito Falimentar pátrio, desde seu primeiro diploma até a legislação atual, à luz de certos órgãos e seu modo de atuação. Lançar um olhar sobre o papel deles nos regramentos falimentares de relevo. Movem este estudo a verificação da possibilidade - ou ausência - de sua atuação na recuperação da crise do devedor e as maneiras como ela pode ser implementada, como a participação em certos órgãos no processo falimentar. Inspirado na afirmação acerca da existência de um dualismo pendular existente no Direito Falimentar brasileiro feita por Fábio Konder Comparato, este trabalho pretende, de forma singela, constatar a preponderância ou escassez de direitos aos credores em tal ramo do Direito. Para tanto, mostra-se imprescindível a investigação das legislações pretéritas e na corrente que tratam da matéria, a fim de que seja possível explorar em que medida puderam atuar, a cada regramento, e se houve, até a legislação atual, uma evolução ou involução de seus direitos. Com esta finalidade é realizada a verificação dos institutos disciplinados, o estudo sobre a existência e modo de atuação dos idênticos órgãos e suas características em cada momento. Além dos regramentos, a doutrina também é fonte consulta. Por fim, examinamos a jurisprudência a fim de observar casos práticos em que tais instrumentos legais foram utilizados com base na atuação dos credores

Project Finance is an alternative financing mechanism to Corporate Finance which allows the companies to finance large infrastructure projects without endangers their own assets and heritage.Through Project Finance is possible to carry out major public works in the context of Public Private Partnership (PPP) Contracts, which the main guarantee of the creditors will be exploitation rights of the company that signs the public infrastructure contract, either by charging a fee to users (in case of self-sustaining PPP) or by charging a pre agreed amount to the State (in case of co-financed PPP).For a successful structuring of a PPP Project Finance, the joint work of a number of actors and legal instruments are required in order to complete the financing necessary circle in conditions of acceptable risk. The required actors are the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), the State, the Permitted Creditors, the Builder and Trustee. Among the necessary legal instruments include the PPP Contract, the Financing Contract, the Construction Contract and the Trust Agreement. / El Project Finance es un mecanismo de financiamiento alternativo al Corporate Finance que permite el financiamiento de grandes proyectos de infraestructura, sin necesidad de que las corporaciones pongan en riesgo su patrimonio y activos propios. A través del Project Finance se pueden ejecutar obras públicas de envergadura, en el marco de Contratos de Asociación Público Privada (APP), en donde la principal garantía de los Acreedores consistirá en el derecho que tiene la empresa que suscribe dicho contrato para explotar la infraestructura pública, bien sea a través del cobro de una tarifa a los Usuarios (en el caso de las APP Autosostenibles) o a través del cobro de un monto pre acordado con el Estado (en el caso de las APP Cofinanciadas). Para la estructuración exitosa de un Project Finance en una APP se requiere el trabajo conjunto de una serie de actores y de instrumentos jurídicos que completen el círculo necesario para el financiamiento en condiciones de riesgo aceptables. Los actores necesarios son la Sociedad de Propósito Exclusivo (SPE), el Estado, los Acreedores Permitidos, el Constructor y un Fiduciario. Entre los instrumentos jurídicos necesarios destacan el Contrato de APP, el Contrato de Financiamiento, el Contrato de Construcción y el Contrato de Fideicomiso.

L’entreprise en difficulté est une terre de conflit entre plusieurs intérêts. L’étude du perfectionnement des règles substantielles permet de déterminer les intérêts protégés en droit et en fait. Ces derniers ressortent du contenu et de la fonction de la notion de l’intérêt de l’entreprise. L’équilibre est trouvé entre la rationalité économique et la rationalité juridique. Il se heurte, néanmoins, aux dispositions du licenciement inadaptées à la situation des entreprises en cessation des paiements. De fait, son absence dans la procédure de sauvegarde ne porte pas préjudice à son efficacité d’autant qu’elle s’inscrit dans un mouvement d’anticipation et de contractualisation. Le droit judiciaire des entreprises en difficulté renvoie aux règles régissant le droit processuel et la répartition des pouvoirs entre les intervenants. Si la situation du débiteur s’est améliorée, la place faite aux créanciers, particulièrement dans la procédure des comités, n’est pas audacieuse. La consultation de droit commun reprend au moindre incident. Tout un mal pour rien ! Notre étude ne se justifie pas seulement en raison du contexte économique et social, mais aussi en raison de la spécificité du droit processuel. Après les dernières réformes, un état des lieux s’est imposé. / A company in distress is a ground for conflict between different interests. Studies on the development of legal rules allow determining the interests protected in law and fact. The latter emerge from the content and function of the notion of the company’s interests. The equilibrium is found between economic rationality and legal rationality. However, it faces the provisions of the laws of layoffs inappropriate to the situation of companies in insolvency. In fact, the absence of this scheme in the backup procedure does not affect its effectiveness especially as it is part of a movement of anticipation and contracting. The judicial law of firms-in-difficulty refers to the judicial rules governing procedural law and the distribution of power among stakeholders. If the debtor's situation has improved, the place given to creditors, particularly in the procedure involving creditors’ committees, is not audacious. Consultations of common law resumes at the slightest incident. Much trouble for nothing! Our study is not only justified by the economic and social context, but also because of the specificity of procedural laws. After the latest reforms, an inventory was necessary.

Leasing har generellt sett varit en attraktiv finansieringsmetod för företag att erhålla de tillgångar som krävs för att kunna konkurrera inom sin bransch. Med IAS 17 kan leasingavtal klassificeras som antingen finansiella eller operationella vilket påverkar hur företagen redovisar sina leasingavtal. Operationell leasing har skapat möjligheter för företag att hålla sin finansiering utanför balansräkningarna och därmed dold för företagens externa intressenter. Företagen har på så vis kunnat visa en bättre bild av deras finansiella ställning samt prestation. Denna problematik försöker nu International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) åtgärda genom att införa den nya redovisningsstandarden IFRS 16. Denna nya redovisningsstandard leder till att alla börsnoterade bolag nu tvingas redovisa alla sina leasingavtal som finansiella vilket innebär att de blir kapitaliserade i företagens finansiella rapporter. Syftet med denna studie är att förklara IFRS 16 och de effekter en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal kan ha på ett företags finansiella rapporter samt nyckeltal. Utöver detta vill vi skapa en förståelse för hur denna förändring kan påverka kreditgivares bedömningar av de finansiella rapporterna utifrån egenskaperna i IASBs konceptuella föreställningsram. Vi har med hjälp av en kapitalisering fört in ett företags operationella leasingavtal i deras resultat- och balansräkning och därefter studerat effekterna på de finansiella nyckeltalen. Detta material har därefter använts vid intervjuer med olika kreditgivare. Resultatet av vår studie visar att de finansiella rapporterna samt nyckeltalen påverkas vid en övergång till IFRS 16. En annan slutsats av vår studie är att kreditgivare får en mer rättvisande bild av företagets finansiella ställning samt att jämförbarheten ökar vid en kapitalisering av de operationella leasingavtalen. / Leasing has generally been an attractive financing method for companies to obtain the assets required to compete in its industry. With IAS 17, leases can be classified as either financial or operating leases, which affects how companies report their leases. Operating leases has created opportunities for companies to keep their financing outside their balance sheets and thus hidden from the companies’ external stakeholders. The companies have thus been able to show a better picture of their financial position and performance. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) now seeks to resolve this issue by introducing a new accounting standard called the IFRS 16. This new accounting standard means that all listed companies now have to report all their leasing contracts as financial, which means they are capitalized in the company's financial reports. The purpose of this study is to explain IFRS 16 and the effects a capitalization of operating leases can have on a company's financial reports and key ratios. In addition, we want to create an understanding of how this change can affect creditors' assessments of financial reports based on the features of the IASB Conceptual Framework. With the help of a capitalization, we have entered a company's operating leases in their income statement and balance sheet and subsequently studied the effects on the key financial ratios. This material has then been used in interviews with different creditors. The results of our study show that the financial statements and key ratios are affected by a transition to IFRS 16. Another conclusion of our study is that creditors get a more faithful representation of the company's financial position and that the comparability increases when a company’s operating leases are capitalized.

A dissertação tem como objeto o abuso do direito de voto na assembleia geral de credores. A Lei de Recuperação e Falência pauta-se pela adoção de soluções consensuais entre o devedor em crise e seus credores. Para tanto, cabe aos credores aceitar ou não o plano de recuperação judicial proposto pelo devedor. Entretanto, embora a lei seja pródiga em declarações de princípios, é sucinta quanto à estruturação do procedimento deliberativo. Confia-se na regra majoritária, e não são estabelecidas garantias estruturais à higidez do procedimento. A adoção da regra majoritária, contudo, nem sempre proporciona soluções equânimes. O direito societário dá exemplos de que o direito de voto pode ser exercido como instrumento para a obtenção de benefícios particulares ou para infligir danos à coletividade ou aos seus membros. Esse tipo de comportamento abusivo deve ser reprimido pelo direito. A dissertação busca determinar, dessa forma, em que situações o exercício do direito de voto pelos credores na deliberação acerca do plano de recuperação judicial poderá ser considerado abusivo. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, investiga-se a natureza da coletividade de credores, concluindo-se que constitui uma comunhão de interesses. Em decorrência do início do procedimento concursal, surgem entre os credores deveres recíprocos de lealdade. No segundo capítulo, o instituto do abuso do direito é analisado em sua evolução histórica, demonstrando que também o abuso do direito de voto pelo credor é proibido pelo ordenamento jurídico. Questiona-se, então, a quais limites está adstrito o credor no exercício do voto. Em excurso necessário, ressalta-se a necessidade de que, além de ser avaliado o abuso do direito do voto pelo credor, seja avaliada a legalidade do plano. No terceiro capítulo, são abordadas as hipóteses de impedimento de voto, que delimitam quais credores são legitimados ao voto; ademais, discutem-se a possibilidade de aplicação analógica de regras societárias de impedimento de voto à assembleia de credores e hipóteses polêmicas de impedimento de voto pouco abordadas pela doutrina. No capítulo quatro, cerne do trabalho, apresenta-se casuística do abuso do direito de voto, e discutem-se quais os critérios para sua aferição. No capítulo quinto, são analisadas as possíveis sanções ao abuso do direito de voto. / This study aims to analyse the abuse of voting rights within the creditors meeting. The Brazilian Insolvency Law Act fosters the adoption of consensual agreements between the debtor facing an economic crisis and his creditors. For achieving this end, creditors must deliberate about the judicial recuperation plan proposed by the debtor. The Act provides declarations of principles, but it has limited concern regarding the structure of the voting procedure. Furthermore, it contains the belief that the majority of the creditors will decide for the best result. There are practically no structural guarantees being provided for with regard to the procedure. However, the majority principle does not always yields adequate solutions. Corporate law offers many examples illustrating the misuse of voting rights, either to obtain personal benefits or to inflict damages on the collectivity. This kind of behavior is condemned by Law. This study establishes the situations in which the exercise of voting rights in the creditors meeting may be regarded as abusive. The study is divided into five chapters. In the first one, the nature of the collectivity of creditors is investigated, concluding that a community of interests emerges as a result of the begin of the insolvency procedure. Based on this community of interests, fidutiary duties upon the creditors arise. In the second chapter, the institute of the abuse of right is historically analysed, with the conclusion that the abuse of voting rights by the creditors is prohibited. The parameters for the proper use of voting rights are analised . In a necessary excursus, it is showed that the legality of the plan must be also analysed by the court. In the third chapter, cases of voting prohibition are discussed, and so is the possibility of analogically applying corporate law rules on voting prohibition. In addition, some polemical cases are presented. In the fourth chapter, core of this study, both cases of abuse of voting rights and criteria for measuring this abuse are discussed. In the fifth chapter, possible sanctions to the abuse of voting rights are described.

This master thesis deals with a proposal of a model for a company’s creditability evaluation from a view of a creditor using artificial intelligence. The model is developed in MS Office Excel and MathWorks Matlab utilizing the fuzzy logic theory.

Student Number : 8601897T - PhD Thesis - School of Law - Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management / Traditionally, company law assumes that the directors’ role is to run the company for the benefit of its shareholders alone and to maximise profits for them. It can be argued, however, that this view is too narrow and outdated; that is, company directors should have regard to the rights and interests of a broader range of corporate stakeholders. Hence, the question is whether we should change our perception of the company or corporation from one run by directors dedicated exclusively to serving the interests of shareholders to that of a corporation whose main purpose is to bring benefit not only to its owners and creditors, but also to its employees, the community and the environment. Given that reforms of directors’ duties in light of the above considerations have found their way into legislation across the globe, this thesis examines how and to what extent legal rules and policies should develop in South Africa to place directors under a positive duty to take account of the interests of bodies other than shareholders. Current South African company law does not contain clear rules regarding corporate governance issues and the duties and liabilities of directors. These matters have been left to the common law and Codes of Corporate Practice. Thus, there is no extensive statutory scheme in South Africa, which covers the duties, obligations and accountability of directors. The focus in this thesis is on the rights and interests of employees and the premise that is defended is that it is valuable to corporations to provide employees with an institutionalised voice at board level. It is argued that there is global evidence that where employees participate in the decision-making processes of the company, performance is generally enhanced. This, in turn, directly impacts upon and improves economic productivity, generating a ‘win-win’ situation. The question of the duties of company directors and managers is attracting much attention in South Africa. With rapidly developing and changing labour legislation in South Africa, it is essential to consider the extent to which the country should reassess its traditional principles of company law and corporate governance policies in order to encourage participatory roles for employees in the workplace. It is argued that if South Africa is to improve corporate productivity levels with its re-entry into international markets, management and labour must find improved ways of dealing with one another. The main purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to propose and formulate a workable corporate governance model for South Africa – one that would be advantageous to all stakeholders, especially the employees. This is achieved by comparing and contrasting international models of corporate governance and by applying the best features of each to the unique South African corporate system of values, structures and traditions. It is suggested that the current unitary board structure operating in South Africa has become outdated and does not provide employees with rights enabling them to engage in the decision-making processes of the corporation with their employees at an adequate level. In its place, a two-tier board system of corporate governance is proposed. The economic success of a company will bring about social benefits to many stakeholder constituencies. This will not happen if the company is a financial failure. The issue of obliging directors to act primarily for the benefit of shareholders alone is questioned. Corporate governance reforms were undertaken in many parts of the world in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. This reform process questioned whether the interests of the company should be managed for the shareholders alone or for the other corporate stakeholders as well. There are many views that strongly support the idea that corporate governance should be seen as a system by which corporations are to be governed for the benefits of all stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, creditors, suppliers and the community. In this way, companies should be run as communities in partnerships with all their stakeholders. Thus, this thesis proposes that the success of a company is inextricably intertwined with a consideration of the rights and interests of its employees and other stakeholders.