Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Diego R M e Silva.pdf: 1206544 bytes, checksum: 5bc8723bf521bdb4a4651301fc032ff8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-02 / Introduction: Esophageal cancer is a malignancy of high mortality worldwide. Studies on Population-based of this neoplasm in Brazil are scarce. In the central-western of Brazil there are population-based cancer registries to monitor the impact of cancer. However there are no studies describing the profile of this tumor in the central-western of Brasil. Another reason for this study is the large-scale of internal migration happened in the 70's from Porto Alegre to the central-western. Such migration may have influenced the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in the region. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Goiânia (PBCR of Goiânia) in the collecting of basic variables and recommended variable (clinical staging) of incident cases of esophageal cancer. To describe the epidemiological profile of the incidence, mortality and trends esophageal cancer in central-western Brazil. Methods: From the PBCR of Goiânia it was analyzed the completeness of variables related to the patient, tumor and clinical staging of esophageal cancer cases for incidence analysis the period were: Cuiabá (2000-2005), Brasília (1999-2002) and Goiânia (1995-2008). Mortality data were obtained from DATASUS (2010) for the period 1980-2008 for all capitals of central western region. For statistical analysis we used version 15.0 of SPSS for Windows ®, the X2 test and odds ratios were calculated by applying significance at p<0.05 and Joinpoint Regression Program for trend analysis. Results: In the period from 1988 to 2008 were reported 827 cases of esophageal cancer in Goiania in a 3:1 ratio (men/women). Most cases were diagnosed in advanced stages. The analysis of variables collected by RCBP Goiânia identified indices of good completeness of the basic variables related to the patient and tumor, whereas for clinical staging was low (5%). The highest incidence of esophageal cancer in the center-western of Brazil was observed in Cuiabá and lowest in Goiania, while rates in women were similar in Brasilia and Cuiaba. The mortality rates have a heterogeneous increase trend among men in Cuiaba and Campo Grande and among women in Goiania. Conclusions: The RCPB Goiânia had a good performance in collecting of basic variables of esophageal cancer, and low for clinical staging. The profile of incidence of esophageal cancer in the central-western of Brazil was higher in Brasilia and Cuiaba, with incidence rates for men similar to those of Porto Alleger in some periods. There was an increased in mortality in men in Cuiaba and Campo Grande and among women in Goiania. Long-term studies may confirm the influence of migration on the incidence rates of esophageal cancer in this region. / Introdução: O câncer de esôfago é uma neoplasia de alta mortalidade em todo mundo. Estudos de base populacional no Brasil sobre essa neoplasia são escassos. No centro-oeste do Brasil existem registros de câncer de base populacional que monitoram o impacto do câncer, entretanto, não existem estudos avaliando o perfil epidemiológico desse tumor na região. Outra razão para esse estudo é a migração interna em grande escala que houve na década de 70 da população do sul (Porto Alegre) para o centro-oeste. Tal migração pode ter influenciado nas taxas de incidência do câncer de esôfago na região.Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Goiânia (RCBP de Goiânia) na coleta de variáveis básicas e uma variável recomendada (estadiamento clínico) nos casos incidentes de câncer de esôfago. Determinar a incidência, a mortalidade e as tendências do câncer de esôfago nas capitais do centro-oeste brasileiro (Goiânia, Brasília, Cuiabá e Campo Grande). Metodologia: Para o desempenho do RCBP de Goiânia no período de 1988-2008 avaliou-se os casos de câncer de esôfago quanto à exaustividade das variáveis referentes ao paciente, tumor e o estadiamento clínico. A análise do perfil epidemiológico de incidência e mortalidade abrangeu os seguintes períodos: Cuiabá (2000-2005), Brasília (1999-2002) e Goiânia (1995-2008). Dados da mortalidade foram obtidos do DATASUS (2010) no período 1980-2008. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o software SPSS versão 15.0 para Windows®, o teste X2 e Odds Ratio foram calculados, com nível de p<0,05; utilizou-se o Joinpoint Regression Program para análise de tendência. Resultados: No período de 1988 a 2008 foram notificados 827 casos do câncer de esôfago em Goiânia na proporção de 3:1 (homem/mulher). A maioria dos casos foram diagnosticado em estádio avançado. Na análise do RCBP de Goiânia identificaram-se índices bons de exaustividade das variáveis básicas referentes ao paciente e tumor, para o estadiamento clínico o índice foi ruim (5%). Em relação ao impacto da incidência do câncer de esôfago no centro-oeste do Brasil foi maior em Cuiabá e menor em Goiânia, sendo que as taxas em mulheres foram semelhantes em Brasília e Cuiabá. A mortalidade apresentou padrões heterogêneos com tendência crescente entre os homens em Cuiabá e Campo Grande e entre mulheres em Goiânia. Conclusões: O RCPB de Goiânia apresentou bom desempenho na coleta das variáveis básicas do câncer de esôfago, e ruim para o estadiamento clínico. O perfil da incidência do câncer de esôfago no centro-oeste do Brasil mostrou taxas elevadas em Cuiabá e Brasília, sendo estas taxas de incidência em homens semelhantes às taxas de Porto Alegre em alguns períodos. A mortalidade aumentou em homens em Cuiabá e Campo Grande, e em mulheres em Goiânia. Estudos a longo prazo poderão confirmar a influência da migração nas taxas de incidência do câncer de esôfago nessa região.

La réduction des inégalités d'accès aux soins a toujours été un axe majeur des politiques de lutte contre le cancer. Alors qu'il existe de nombreuses études en cancérologie solide, peu d'études avec une méthodologie correcte existent en onco-hématologie, notamment chez les patients atteints de Myélome Multiple (MM). Cette maladie a vu son pronostic transformé par l'arrivée de nouvelles thérapeutiques dont l'usage a été rapidement intégré dans les recommandations de la Société Française d'Hématologie. L'objectif de travail intitulé Parcours de Soins des patients atteints d'hémopathie maligne en Poitou Charentes était donc de décrire et d'analyser les écarts aux recommandations, en prenant le MM comme premier exemple. Grâce au registre des Cancers Poitou-Charentes et à l'exhaustivité des cas qu'il assure, notre travail a permis de déterminer des variables associées à une inégalité d'accès aux soins. Ces variables sont démographiques (âge, distance entre le domicile et l'hôpital), liées à la tumeur (maladie symptomatique ou non), mais aussi organisationnelles (niveau de l'hôpital, passage en réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire). De plus nous avons pu montrer que ces inégalités avaient un impact sur la survie globale des patients, notamment chez les plus âgés. Notre travail se poursuit par une analyse plus fine de la survie globale et l'étude des longs survivants du Myélome Multiple. A plus long terme, nous souhaitons appliquer cette approche à d'autres hémopathies. / French national Cancer plans aimed to reduce health care inequalities. These inequalities are well known in solid cancers but few data with correct methodology exist in Hematology, especially in Multiple Myeloma (MM). The new treatments in this disease have dramatically improved Overall Survival. So guidelines of the Société Française d'Hématologie have quickly recommended the use of these new drugs. The aim of our work: Care Pathway of patients with hematological malignancies in Poitou Charentes area was to describe and analyze non compliance to guidelines. Based on the exhaustivity of the Poitou Charentes Cancer Registry, our work revealed variables associated with healthcare inequalities. They were demographical (age, distance between home and hospital), tumor-related (symptomatic MM or not) but also organizational (level of the hospital, multidisciplinary meeting). Moreover we showed that those inequalities had a negative impact on overall survival, especially in elderly people. Our work continues with more accurate analysis of overall survival and a study on MM long survivors. Longer-term studies would be to transfer this approach to other hemopathies.

Le vieillissement de la population associé à un nombre croissant de cancers constituent une réalité épidémiologique qui soulève des interrogations sur l’accès aux soins et le pronosticdes sujets âgés avec un cancer, pour lesquels des disparités ont été mises en évidence. Toutefois, les études présentent plusieurs limites dont l’absence de facteurs spécifiques aux personnes âgées (PA). L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier les déterminants sociodémographiques, socioéconomiques et cliniques de l’accès aux soins (stade de cancer, traitement) et du pronostic (déclin fonctionnel, survie) chez des PA atteintes d’un cancer. Les travaux ont été réalisés à partir de données issues de registres de cancers et de troiscohortes de PA en Gironde (486 patients de 65 ans et plus, période 2005-14). Les cohortes ont permis de disposer de données telles que le niveau d’éducation, le revenu, la prise demédicaments, la dépendance ou la démence. Selon l’objectif (accès/pronostic), nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes pour prendre en compte le type de données et de critères (régression logistique, modèles multiniveaux, modèles multi-état et de Cox). Notre population était composée pour plus de la moitié de PA de 80 ans et plus, de sexe masculin et ayant un niveau d’éducation supérieur au niveau primaire. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux déterminants de l’accès aux soins. Aucun déterminant d’un stade avancé de cancer au diagnostic n’a pu être mis en évidence, un niveau d’éducation faible était proche de la significativité pour les cancers avec un stade avancé (p=0,0671). Pour l’accès à un traitement du cancer, nous avons mis en évidence qu’un stade avancé (p=0,003) et la présence d’une démence (p=0,0109) étaient associés à un risque plus faible de recevoir un traitement. Nous avons ensuite étudié les déterminants du pronostic. Les sujets les plus âgés présentaient toujours un risque plus élevé de déclin fonctionnel (p<0,005), quel que soit le critère analysé. Les sujets ayant un faible niveau d’éducation (p=0,027), prenant plus de six médicaments par jour (p=0,047), présentant une démence (p<0,001) ou diagnostiqués à un stade avancé (p<0,001) avaient une probabilité de déclin fonctionnel plus importante, les résultats variant selon le critère. Enfin, à 12, 24 et 36 mois, la probabilité de survie globale était respectivement de 66, 57 et 48%. Le risque de décès était plus élevé chez les hommes (p=0,019), diagnostiqués à un stade avancé de cancer (p<0,001) et sans traitement du cancer (p<0,001), mais aussi chez les fumeurs (actuels et anciens) (p=0,019) et les PA dépendantes (p<0,001). En sus de déterminants classiques de l’accès aux soins ou du pronostic des cancers, nous avons mis en évidence pour les PA, le rôle des déficits cognitifs pour l’accès à un traitement ou sur le pronostic fonctionnel et celui de la dépendance sur la survie. Chez les PA avec un cancer, les facteurs spécifiques aux PA semblent donc essentiels à analyser. L’analyse des liens de causalité entre les déterminants de santé reste un sujet particulièrement intéressant dans cette population de PA comme pour les patients avec un cancer. / The growing incidence of cancer associated to an aging population represents an epidemiologic reality that requires questioning access to care and prognosis in elderly with cancer, for which disparities have been highlighted. However, generally speaking, studies are limited in that they overlook geriatric-specific factors. The aim of this work was to study sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical determinants of access to care (cancer stage, cancer treatment) and prognosis (functional decline, survival) in elderly cancer patients. This research project has relied on data from cancer registries and three elderly cohort studies in the French department of Gironde (486 patients aged 65 and over from 2005 to 2014). The cohorts provided data such as education level, income, medication, dependency and dementia. Depending on the aim, we used different statistical methods to analyze different types of data and outcomes (logistic regression, multi-level model, multi-state model, Cox model). More than half of our population was aged 80 and over, male and had high education degrees. First, we studied determinants of access to care. No determinant of advance stage at diagnosis was found, but low education was close to significance for advanced stage (p=0.067). Concerning cancer treatment administration, advanced stage at diagnosis (p=0.003) and diagnosis of dementia (p=0.011) were associated with a lower risk of treatment administration. Second, we studied determinants of prognosis. Older old had higher risk of functional decline (p<0.001), regardless of the outcome. Subjects with low education (p=0.027), taking more than six daily drugs (0.047), presenting diagnosed dementia (p<0.001) or those with advanced cancer stage at diagnosis had higher risk of functional decline, results depending on outcome. At last, overall survival at 12, 24 and 36 months was 66, 55 and 48%, respectively. Risk of death was higher in men (p=0.019), in patients with advanced stage at diagnosis (p<0.001) or without treatment (p<0.001) in current and former smokers (p=0.019) and in dependent elderly patients (p<0.001). In addition to classical determinants of access to care and prognosis in cancer, we demonstrated the impact of cognitive impairment on treatment administration or functional prognosis, and that of dependency on survival. . It appears essential to consider geriatric specific factors in studies on the elderly with cancer population. The causality between health determinants is particularly interesting in the elderly as well as in the cancer populations.

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A disponibilidade de grandes bases de dados informatizadas em saúde tornou a técnica de relacionamento de fontes de dados, também conhecida como linkage, uma alternativa para diferentes tipos de estudos. Esta técnica proporciona a geração de uma base de dados mais completa e de baixo custo operacional. Objetivo- Investigar a possibilidade de completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP, no período de 1997 a 2005, utilizando o processo de linkage com três outras bases, a saber: Programa de Aprimoramento de Mortalidade (PRO-AIM), Autorização e Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade (APAC-SIA/SUS) e Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (FSeade). Métodos- Neste estudo foi utilizada a base de dados do RCBP-SP, composta por 343.306 com casos incidentes de câncer do município de São Paulo, registrados no período de 1997 a 2005, com idades que variaram de menos de um a 106 anos, de ambos os sexos. Para a completitude das informações do RCBP-SP foram utilizadas as bases de dados, a saber: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS e FSeade. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de linkage probabilística e determinística. O linkage probabilístico foi realizado pelo programa Reclink III versão 3.1.6. Quanto ao linkage determinístico as rotinas foram realizadas em Visual Basic, com as bases hospedadas em SQL Server. Foram calculados os coeficientes brutos de incidência (CBI) e mortalidade (CBM) antes e após o linkage. A análise de sobrevida global foi realizada pela técnica de Kaplan-Meier e para na comparação entre as curvas, utilizou-se o teste de log rank. Foram calculados os valores da área sob a curva, sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar o ponto de corte do escore de maior precisão na identificação dos pares verdadeiros. Resultados- Após o linkage, verificou-se um ganho de 101,5 por cento para a variável endereço e 31,5 por cento para a data do óbito e 80,0 por cento para a data da última informação. Quanto à variável nome da mãe, na base de dados do RCBP-SP antes do linkage esta informação representava somente 0,5 por cento , tendo sido complementada, no geral, em 76.332 registros. A análise de sobrevida global mostrou que antes do processo de linkage havia uma subestimação na probabilidade de estar vivo em todos os períodos analisados. No geral, para a análise de sobrevida truncada em sete anos, a probabilidade de estar vivo no primeiro ano de seguimento antes do linkage foi menor quando comparada a probabilidade de estar vivo ao primeiro ano de seguimento após o linkage (48,8 por cento x 61,1 por cento ; p< 0,001). Conclusão- A técnica de linkage tanto probabilística quanto determinística foi efetiva para completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP. Além do mais, o CBI apresentou um ganho de 3,4 por cento . Quanto ao CBM houve um ganho de 25,8 por cento . Após o uso da técnica de linkage, foi verificado que os valores para a sobrevida global estavam subestimados para ambos os sexos, faixas etárias e para as topografias de câncer / The availability of large computerized databases on health has enabled the record linkage technique, an alternative for different study designs. This technique provides the generation of a more complete database, at low operational cost. Objective to investigate the possibility of completing/improving information from the database of the RCBP-SP, in the period between 1997 and 2005, using the record linkage technique with other three databases, namely: Mortality Improvement Program (PRO-AIM), Authorization of Highly Complex Procedures (APAC-SIA/SUS) and State System of Data Analysis (FSeade), comparing different strategies. Methods In this study we used the database of the RCBP-SP composed of 343,306 incident cancer cases in the Municipality of São Paulo registered in the period between 1997 and 2005 with ages raging from under one to 106 years, from both sexes. To complete the database of the RCBP-SP three databases were used, namely: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS and FSeade. Both probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were used. Probabilistic linkage was performed using the Reclink III software, version 3.1.6. As for the the deterministic record linkage, the routines were run in the Visual Basic and databases hosted on a SQL Server. Before and after record linkage, crude incidence (CIR) and mortality rates (CMR) were calculated. The overall survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and for the comparison between curves, the log rank test was employed. In order to determine the most precise cut-off scores in identifying true matches, we calculated the area under the curve, as well as, sensitivity and specificity. Results After record linkage, it was verified a gain of 101.5 per cent for the variable address, 31.5 per cent for death date and 80,0 per cent for the date of latest information. As for the variable mother´s name, in the database of the RCBP-SP before record linkage, this information represented only 0.5 per cent , having been completed, in general, in 76,332 registries. The overall survival analysis showed that before the record linkage there was an underestimation of the probability of being alive for all periods assessed. In general, for the truncated survival at seven years, the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up before record linkage was lower when compared to the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up after record linkage (48.8 per cent x 61.1 per cent ; p< 0.001). Conclusion Both the probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were effective to complete/improve information from the database of the RCBP-SP. Moreover, the CIR had a gain of de 3.4 per cent . As for the CMR, there was a gain of 25.8 per cent . After using the record linkage technique, it was verified that values for overall survival were underestimated for both sexes, all age groups, and cancer sites

Introdução: A associação entre a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o câncer tem sido documentada desde os primórdios da epidemia da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (Aids). A introdução da highly active antirretroviral therapy (HAART) alterou, profundamente, o curso da epidemia da Aids, reduzindo, drasticamente, a incidência de manifestações definidoras da síndrome, incluindo cânceres. No entanto, existem informações limitadas sobre a incidência de câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia do câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids no Município de São Paulo, no período de 1997 a 2012. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, utilizando as bases de dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional do Município de São Paulo e do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). As crianças e adolescentes (< 20 anos) com Aids e câncer foram identificadas por meio de um processo de linkage probabilístico entre as bases de dados supracitadas. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência brutas e ajustadas por milhão de habitantes. Para comparar a incidência de câncer na população com Aids e a população geral foi calculada a razão de incidência padronizada (RIP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento ). A análise de tendência foi feita por meio do cálculo do annual percent change (APC) e IC 95 por cento correspondentes. A análise da sobrevida global de cinco anos após o câncer entre pacientes com Aids e na população geral foi calculada por meio do estimador produto limite de Kaplan-Meier e modelos univariados de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Mapas coropléticos em escalas monocromáticas foram gerados para descrever a distribuição de casos no Município. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 casos de câncer em pacientes com Aids menores de 20 anos, sendo 62,5 por cento cânceres definidores de Aids. Os cânceres mais incidentes foram o linfoma não Hodgkin, incluindo o linfoma de Burkitt (12; 50,0 por cento ), o linfoma de Hodgkin (6; 25,0 por cento ) e o sarcoma de Kaposi (3; 12,5 por cento ). A taxa bruta de incidência foi de 1.461,3 casos/milhão. A análise de tendência revelou redução significativa da incidência para todos os cânceres (APC= -14,5), influenciada pela queda nos cânceres definidores de Aids (APC= -17,0). O risco para câncer se mostrou aumentado (RIP= 3,9), sobretudo para o linfoma não Hodgkin, excluindo linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 22,5), linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 29,7) e linfoma de Hodgkin (RIP= 18,7). A probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida aos cinco anos foi de 56,3 por cento em crianças e adolescentes com Aids versus 87,5 por cento na população geral. A hazard ratio para óbito foi 5,2 (IC 95 por cento = 2,0; 13,6). O mapa da distribuição geográfica mostrou concentração dos casos nas áreas de classes sociais mais baixas do Município. Conclusão: Houve redução acentuada da incidência de cânceres definidores de Aids, como provável resultado da introdução da HAART. No entanto, crianças e adolescentes com Aids permanecem sob risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de câncer quando comparadas à população geral. Para aquelas que desenvolveram câncer, o risco para óbito também se mostrou substancialmente elevado / Introduction: The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cancer has been documented since the beginning of the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profoundly altered the course of the AIDS epidemic, drastically reducing the incidence of AIDS-defining manifestations, including cancers. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the incidence of cancer in children and adolescents with AIDS living in developing countries. Objective: To describe the cancer epidemiology in children and adolescents with AIDS in the Municipality of São Paulo from 1997 to 2012. Methods: It is a population-based study, using the databases of the Population-based Cancer Registry of São Paulo and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Children and adolescents (< 20 years) with AIDS and cancer have been identified by means of a probabilistic record linkage process between the aforementioned databases. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates per million inhabitants were calculated. To compare the incidence of cancer in people with AIDS and that of the general population, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and respective 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI) were calculated. We examined trends by calculating the annual percent change (APC) and corresponding 95 per cent CI. The analyses of the overall five-year survival after cancer diagnosis among children and adolescents with AIDS and that of the general population were based on the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator and univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Choropleth maps on monochromatic scales were generated to describe the distribution of cases across the Municipality. Results: We identified 24 cases of cancer in patients with AIDS aged 20 years and younger, of which, 62.5 per cent were AIDS-defining malignancies. The most incident cancers were non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, including Burkitt\'s lymphoma (12; 50.0 per cent ), Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (6; 25.0 per cent ) and Kaposi sarcoma (3; 12.5 per cent ). The age-standardized incidence rate was 1,461.3 cases/million. The trend analyses revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of all cancers (APC= -14.5), driven by the decrease in AIDS-defining cancers (APC= -17.0). The overall risk for cancer was significantly increased (SIR= 3.9), especially for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, excluding Burkitts lymphoma (SIR= 22.5), Burkitt\'s lymphoma (SIR= 29.7) and Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (SIR= 18.7). The overall probability of survival at five years after cancer was 56.3 per cent in children and adolescents with AIDS versus 87.5 per cent in the general population. The hazard ratio for death was 5.2 (95 per cent CI= 2.0, 13.6). The map of the geographical distribution showed a concentration of cases in the low-income areas of the Municipality. Conclusion: There was a marked reduction in the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers, likely to be a result of the introduction of HAART. However, children and adolescents with AIDS remain at increased risk for the development of cancer when compared to the general population. For those who developed cancer, the risk of death was also significantly higher

A disponibilidade de grandes bases de dados informatizadas em saúde tornou a técnica de relacionamento de fontes de dados, também conhecida como linkage, uma alternativa para diferentes tipos de estudos. Esta técnica proporciona a geração de uma base de dados mais completa e de baixo custo operacional. Objetivo- Investigar a possibilidade de completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP, no período de 1997 a 2005, utilizando o processo de linkage com três outras bases, a saber: Programa de Aprimoramento de Mortalidade (PRO-AIM), Autorização e Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade (APAC-SIA/SUS) e Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (FSeade). Métodos- Neste estudo foi utilizada a base de dados do RCBP-SP, composta por 343.306 com casos incidentes de câncer do município de São Paulo, registrados no período de 1997 a 2005, com idades que variaram de menos de um a 106 anos, de ambos os sexos. Para a completitude das informações do RCBP-SP foram utilizadas as bases de dados, a saber: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS e FSeade. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de linkage probabilística e determinística. O linkage probabilístico foi realizado pelo programa Reclink III versão 3.1.6. Quanto ao linkage determinístico as rotinas foram realizadas em Visual Basic, com as bases hospedadas em SQL Server. Foram calculados os coeficientes brutos de incidência (CBI) e mortalidade (CBM) antes e após o linkage. A análise de sobrevida global foi realizada pela técnica de Kaplan-Meier e para na comparação entre as curvas, utilizou-se o teste de log rank. Foram calculados os valores da área sob a curva, sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar o ponto de corte do escore de maior precisão na identificação dos pares verdadeiros. Resultados- Após o linkage, verificou-se um ganho de 101,5 por cento para a variável endereço e 31,5 por cento para a data do óbito e 80,0 por cento para a data da última informação. Quanto à variável nome da mãe, na base de dados do RCBP-SP antes do linkage esta informação representava somente 0,5 por cento , tendo sido complementada, no geral, em 76.332 registros. A análise de sobrevida global mostrou que antes do processo de linkage havia uma subestimação na probabilidade de estar vivo em todos os períodos analisados. No geral, para a análise de sobrevida truncada em sete anos, a probabilidade de estar vivo no primeiro ano de seguimento antes do linkage foi menor quando comparada a probabilidade de estar vivo ao primeiro ano de seguimento após o linkage (48,8 por cento x 61,1 por cento ; p< 0,001). Conclusão- A técnica de linkage tanto probabilística quanto determinística foi efetiva para completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP. Além do mais, o CBI apresentou um ganho de 3,4 por cento . Quanto ao CBM houve um ganho de 25,8 por cento . Após o uso da técnica de linkage, foi verificado que os valores para a sobrevida global estavam subestimados para ambos os sexos, faixas etárias e para as topografias de câncer / The availability of large computerized databases on health has enabled the record linkage technique, an alternative for different study designs. This technique provides the generation of a more complete database, at low operational cost. Objective to investigate the possibility of completing/improving information from the database of the RCBP-SP, in the period between 1997 and 2005, using the record linkage technique with other three databases, namely: Mortality Improvement Program (PRO-AIM), Authorization of Highly Complex Procedures (APAC-SIA/SUS) and State System of Data Analysis (FSeade), comparing different strategies. Methods In this study we used the database of the RCBP-SP composed of 343,306 incident cancer cases in the Municipality of São Paulo registered in the period between 1997 and 2005 with ages raging from under one to 106 years, from both sexes. To complete the database of the RCBP-SP three databases were used, namely: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS and FSeade. Both probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were used. Probabilistic linkage was performed using the Reclink III software, version 3.1.6. As for the the deterministic record linkage, the routines were run in the Visual Basic and databases hosted on a SQL Server. Before and after record linkage, crude incidence (CIR) and mortality rates (CMR) were calculated. The overall survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and for the comparison between curves, the log rank test was employed. In order to determine the most precise cut-off scores in identifying true matches, we calculated the area under the curve, as well as, sensitivity and specificity. Results After record linkage, it was verified a gain of 101.5 per cent for the variable address, 31.5 per cent for death date and 80,0 per cent for the date of latest information. As for the variable mother´s name, in the database of the RCBP-SP before record linkage, this information represented only 0.5 per cent , having been completed, in general, in 76,332 registries. The overall survival analysis showed that before the record linkage there was an underestimation of the probability of being alive for all periods assessed. In general, for the truncated survival at seven years, the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up before record linkage was lower when compared to the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up after record linkage (48.8 per cent x 61.1 per cent ; p< 0.001). Conclusion Both the probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were effective to complete/improve information from the database of the RCBP-SP. Moreover, the CIR had a gain of de 3.4 per cent . As for the CMR, there was a gain of 25.8 per cent . After using the record linkage technique, it was verified that values for overall survival were underestimated for both sexes, all age groups, and cancer sites

Introdução: A associação entre a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o câncer tem sido documentada desde os primórdios da epidemia da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (Aids). A introdução da highly active antirretroviral therapy (HAART) alterou, profundamente, o curso da epidemia da Aids, reduzindo, drasticamente, a incidência de manifestações definidoras da síndrome, incluindo cânceres. No entanto, existem informações limitadas sobre a incidência de câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia do câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids no Município de São Paulo, no período de 1997 a 2012. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, utilizando as bases de dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional do Município de São Paulo e do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). As crianças e adolescentes (< 20 anos) com Aids e câncer foram identificadas por meio de um processo de linkage probabilístico entre as bases de dados supracitadas. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência brutas e ajustadas por milhão de habitantes. Para comparar a incidência de câncer na população com Aids e a população geral foi calculada a razão de incidência padronizada (RIP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento ). A análise de tendência foi feita por meio do cálculo do annual percent change (APC) e IC 95 por cento correspondentes. A análise da sobrevida global de cinco anos após o câncer entre pacientes com Aids e na população geral foi calculada por meio do estimador produto limite de Kaplan-Meier e modelos univariados de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Mapas coropléticos em escalas monocromáticas foram gerados para descrever a distribuição de casos no Município. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 casos de câncer em pacientes com Aids menores de 20 anos, sendo 62,5 por cento cânceres definidores de Aids. Os cânceres mais incidentes foram o linfoma não Hodgkin, incluindo o linfoma de Burkitt (12; 50,0 por cento ), o linfoma de Hodgkin (6; 25,0 por cento ) e o sarcoma de Kaposi (3; 12,5 por cento ). A taxa bruta de incidência foi de 1.461,3 casos/milhão. A análise de tendência revelou redução significativa da incidência para todos os cânceres (APC= -14,5), influenciada pela queda nos cânceres definidores de Aids (APC= -17,0). O risco para câncer se mostrou aumentado (RIP= 3,9), sobretudo para o linfoma não Hodgkin, excluindo linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 22,5), linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 29,7) e linfoma de Hodgkin (RIP= 18,7). A probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida aos cinco anos foi de 56,3 por cento em crianças e adolescentes com Aids versus 87,5 por cento na população geral. A hazard ratio para óbito foi 5,2 (IC 95 por cento = 2,0; 13,6). O mapa da distribuição geográfica mostrou concentração dos casos nas áreas de classes sociais mais baixas do Município. Conclusão: Houve redução acentuada da incidência de cânceres definidores de Aids, como provável resultado da introdução da HAART. No entanto, crianças e adolescentes com Aids permanecem sob risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de câncer quando comparadas à população geral. Para aquelas que desenvolveram câncer, o risco para óbito também se mostrou substancialmente elevado / Introduction: The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cancer has been documented since the beginning of the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profoundly altered the course of the AIDS epidemic, drastically reducing the incidence of AIDS-defining manifestations, including cancers. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the incidence of cancer in children and adolescents with AIDS living in developing countries. Objective: To describe the cancer epidemiology in children and adolescents with AIDS in the Municipality of São Paulo from 1997 to 2012. Methods: It is a population-based study, using the databases of the Population-based Cancer Registry of São Paulo and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Children and adolescents (< 20 years) with AIDS and cancer have been identified by means of a probabilistic record linkage process between the aforementioned databases. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates per million inhabitants were calculated. To compare the incidence of cancer in people with AIDS and that of the general population, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and respective 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI) were calculated. We examined trends by calculating the annual percent change (APC) and corresponding 95 per cent CI. The analyses of the overall five-year survival after cancer diagnosis among children and adolescents with AIDS and that of the general population were based on the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator and univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Choropleth maps on monochromatic scales were generated to describe the distribution of cases across the Municipality. Results: We identified 24 cases of cancer in patients with AIDS aged 20 years and younger, of which, 62.5 per cent were AIDS-defining malignancies. The most incident cancers were non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, including Burkitt\'s lymphoma (12; 50.0 per cent ), Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (6; 25.0 per cent ) and Kaposi sarcoma (3; 12.5 per cent ). The age-standardized incidence rate was 1,461.3 cases/million. The trend analyses revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of all cancers (APC= -14.5), driven by the decrease in AIDS-defining cancers (APC= -17.0). The overall risk for cancer was significantly increased (SIR= 3.9), especially for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, excluding Burkitts lymphoma (SIR= 22.5), Burkitt\'s lymphoma (SIR= 29.7) and Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (SIR= 18.7). The overall probability of survival at five years after cancer was 56.3 per cent in children and adolescents with AIDS versus 87.5 per cent in the general population. The hazard ratio for death was 5.2 (95 per cent CI= 2.0, 13.6). The map of the geographical distribution showed a concentration of cases in the low-income areas of the Municipality. Conclusion: There was a marked reduction in the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers, likely to be a result of the introduction of HAART. However, children and adolescents with AIDS remain at increased risk for the development of cancer when compared to the general population. For those who developed cancer, the risk of death was also significantly higher

Increased possibilities during the last decades for early detection of prostate cancer have sparked research on preventable or treatable risk factors and on improvements in therapy. Treatments of the disease still entail significant side effects potentially affecting men during the rest of their lives. The studies of the present thesis concern different aspects of prostate cancer from etiological risk factors and factors influencing treatment to an improved methodology for the detection of treatment side effects. Papers I, II, both based in the population based cohort ULSAM (Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men), investigate possible risk factors of prostate cancer with options for intervention: selenium levels and the metabolic syndrome. The phenomenon of competing risk of death from other causes than prostate cancer and its impact on and importance for choice of statistical methods is also exemplified and discussed for the first time in prostate cancer research. -Smokers with low selenium status have an increased future risk of later development of prostate cancer. Influence of genetic variability appears plausible. -The metabolic syndrome and especially its increased waist circumference component are associated with later development of prostate cancer – taking competing risks of death from other causes into account. Papers III and IV using pharmacoepidemiological methods investigate aspects of drug utilisation in prostate cancer using nationwide and international databases. In Paper III factors influencing anti-androgen use in prostate cancer are investigated, both from a prescriber- and patient perspective.  The age and disease risk group of the patient, unsupported scientifically, influence both the prescribers’ choice of dose and the patients’ adherence to treatment. -Adherence, not previously investigated in male cancer patients, was considerably higher than reported for adjuvant breast cancer treatment. Subgroups of men suitable for intervention to increase adherence were identified. Paper IV, investigates the feasibility of improving an established method for screening large adverse drug reactions databases, the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), this by using restricted sub-databases according to treatment area (TA), introducing the concept of PRR-TA. -The PRR-TA method increases the signal-noise relationship of analyses; a finding highly relevant for possibly conserving manual resources in Pharmacovigilance work in a drug-authority setting.

Cancer is regarded as a global disease and one of the leading killer diseases in the world. The reason why cancer is so widespread and often misunderstood stems from multiple factors, namely, the lack of knowledge about cancer, unfair discrimination of persons living with cancer, inadequate or inappropriate treatment provided to patients, the stigma attached to cancer, misdiagnosis and late diagnosis of persons living with cancer, as well as the inadequate provision of screening programs to detect cancer at an early stage. The combination of these issues raises alarming medico-legal problems that merit further attention. The thesis will explore the origin, nature, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to cancer, as well as legal issues related to cancer and oncology. The study will conclude with recommendations aimed at mitigating and addressing the shortcomings that exist in the medico-legal framework. The study will also draw on a legal comparison of relevant South African, English and American laws and regulations. Since this thesis entails focussing on medico-legal principles, the study will draw on aspects of medical law, labour law, law of contract, law of delict, constitutional law and criminal law. / Private Law / LL. D.