Introdução: Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é uma emergência médica, quando ocorrer fora do ambiente hospitalar, o imediato atendimento à vítima é vital. A imediata Reanimação Cardiopulmonar (RCP), no ambiente extra-hospitalar é muito importante. A denominação aeroespacial reúne ambiente aéreo (cabine de aeronaves pressurizadas, altitude) e, espacial (ambiente com microgravidade, flutuação). No ambiente aéreo, importa a condição hipobárica e a hipóxia resultante. Quanto ao ambiente espacial, importa a condição de microgravidade e a incapacidade de exercer força e peso, como na superfície terrestre. Estes, e outros aspectos da RCP aeroespacial, são abordados no presente estudo. Objetivos: Ambiente aéreo: avaliar a qualidade do ar expirado, por um socorrista, durante RCP, em ambiente hipobárico, e, avaliar a suplementação de oxigênio para o socorrista, como forma de correção da mistura gasosa expirada, na altitude. Ambiente espacial: avaliar a eficácia de uma nova posição para RCP, por um só indivíduo, sem auxílio, na microgravidade. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizou-se uma câmara hipobárica, para a simulação da altitude, no ambiente aéreo. A RCP foi avaliada ao nível do mar e na altitude de 8.000 pés. Vôos parabólicos foram utilizados para a simulação de microgravidade. Um manequim foi o modelo de PCR em ambos os ambientes. No ambiente aéreo, avaliou-se a oferta de oxigênio expirada (boca-a-boca), pelo socorrista à vítima. Em microgravidade foi avaliada a efetividade da posição estudada, abraço da vítima com as pernas e o uso das mesmas, como apoio para a RCP, através da profundidade (mm), e freqüência (por minuto), das compressões torácicas e, da ventilação (volume de ar em mililitros). Resultados: Pressão de oxigênio cai de +108,3 mmHg (nível do mar), para +72,3 mmHg (8.000 pés). Com suplementação o valor é +108,0 mmHg. RCP em microgravidade: + 41,3 mm, + 80,2 /min, (sem ventilação). Massagem + ventilação (+ 44,0 mm, + 68,3 /min, + 491,0 ml de ar). Conclusões: Existe importante redução na oferta de oxigênio, à vítima de PCR, em altitude de 8.000 pés. Suplementação de oxigênio ao socorrista, 4 litros/minuto, por óculos nasal, pode corrigir esta redução. A posição proposta, para o ambiente espacial, deve ser considerada com uma possibilidade de RCP na microgravidade. / Introduction: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a medical emergency, and when occurring outside the hospital environment, immediate victim’s assistance is vital. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) at the extra-hospital environment is very important. Aerospace denomination joins an aerial environment (pressurized airplane cabins, altitude), and space (microgravity environment, floating). Within the aerial environment, hypobaric condition and resulting hypoxia do matter. Considering the space environment, microgravity condition and the inability to exert force and weight such as at the surface level, are important. Those and other aspects of aerospace CPR are approached in this present study. Objectives: Aerial environment: To evaluate the quality of exhaled air from the practitioner, during CPR within a hypobaric environment, and to assess supplemental oxygen offer to the practitioner as a form of correcting the exhaled gas mixture at altitude. Space environment: To assess the efficacy of a new CPR position, for a sole, unassisted individual at microgravity. Material and Methods: A hypobaric chamber for aerial environment altitude simulation was employed. CPR was assessed at sea level and at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Parabolic flights were employed for microgravity simulation. A CPR manikin was the model for both environments. At the aerial environment, exhaled (mouth-to-mouth) oxygen offer by the practitioner to the victim was assessed. In microgravity, the effectiveness of the studied position, which consisted of securing the victim with the legs and using them for CPR restraint, was evaluated by depth (millimeters), and frequency (per minute) of chest compressions, and ventilation (air volume in milliliters). Results: Oxygen pressure falls from ± 108.3 mmHg (at sea level) to ± 72.3 mmHg (8,000 feet). With supplementation, the value is ± 108.0 mmHg. CPR in microgravity: ± 41.3 mm, ± 80.2/minute (without ventilation). Massage + ventilation (± 44.0 mm, ± 68.3/minute, ± 491.0 ml of air). Conclusions: There is an important reduction of oxygen offer to the CPR victim at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Oxygen supplementation to the medic assistant at 4 liters/minute through nasal cannulae may correct such reduction. The proposed position for the spatial environment should be considered as a possibility for CPR at microgravity.

Successfull cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an essential life-saving tool; nevertheless, general ischemia during cardiac arrest may trigger different pathways that could turn even into a fatal damage; this condition is called post-cardiac arrest syndrome. It has been repeatedly shown that oxidative stress (OS) plays one of the key roles in the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, current evidence on the possible participation of OS in the pathogenesis of post-cardiac arrest syndrome is insufficient. We tested following hypotheses: (i) ischaemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest is accompanied by OS and (ii) mild therapeutical hypothermia decreases OS cardiac arrest. In the experimental part of our work we studied the effects of hypothermia and normothermia on hemodynamic parameters, markers of organ damage and on the OS burden in porcine model of cardiac arrest. Furthermore, we compared the effects of hypothermia with ischaemic postconditioning and nitric oxide administration in the porcine model of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We found protective effects of hypothermia on all major endpoints including OS in comparison with normothermia; moreover, hypothermia improved also selected variables compared to ischemic postconditioning and nitric oxide. In the...

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) no pré-hospitalar é tida como a terceira causa de morte nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e as doenças isquêmicas cardíacas são consideradas as principais causas de morte súbita na Europa. No mundo ocidental, inclusive no Brasil, o infarto agudo do miocárdio é responsável por grande número desses óbitos. Avaliar a qualidade da assistência prestada as pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar, podem influenciar nas sobrevivências destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os registros das Fichas de Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem (FSAE) do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) Regional Ribeirão Preto das pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar. Trata-se de um estudo analítico retrospectivo de análise documental das FSAE no período de a janeiro de 2011 à dezembro de 2013. Foram incluídos, atendimentos as pessoas maiores de 18 anos e PCR de origem cardíaca. Foi realizado analise estatística no Programa SPSS versão 17.0 e aplicaram-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Valores com p<0,005 foram considerados significantes. Foram analisados 439 (100%) registros de pessoas que sofreram PCR. O sexo masculino representou 54,2%, a mediana de idade foi de 64 anos. Pessoas sofreram mais PCR com idade acima de 61 anos 54,9%. As cardiopatias foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes. O ritmo inicial foi a assistolia em 28% dos casos e a adrenalina 31% foi o medicamento mais administrado. Os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU foram categorizados em: local de maior ocorrência foi nas residências 47,8% seguido das unidades de saúde 43,5%; o período matutino 33,5% foi maior empenho da ambulância; as pessoas sofreram mais PCR as segundas, quartas e sextas feiras igualmente, sendo que, o sexo feminino teve maior frequência de PCR aos domingos e o sexo masculino, as sextas-feiras; o inverno 26%,foi a estação do ano que mais ocorreu o evento. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas, sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, com o local de ocorrência da PCR aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher, na qual não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.005). Independente do sexo, ter idade acima de 61 anos teve associação com o evento de PCR, (p = 0,002) em comparação com as outras faixas etárias. Entre as variáveis categóricas sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, final de semana e semana associado com desfecho (óbito e sobrevivência) do evento da PCR não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante(p>0,005). Local de ocorrência comparado ao desfecho teve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,001) as pessoas que sofreram PCR nas unidades de saúde, 160(76,9%) sobreviveram, comparado a sobrevivência nas residências 34(16,3%). Recomenda um investimento nos sistemas educacionais, colocando em execução a ciência da ressuscitação, por meio de treinamentos práticos de habilidades em RCP à prestadores de saúde e leigos / A cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) in pre-hospital care is the third cause of death in the United States of America (USA) and the ischemic cardiac diseases are considered the main sudden death causes in Europe. In the western world, including Brazil, the acute myocardial infarction is responsible for a big part of these deaths. Evaluating the quality of the assistance provided to people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care, can have an influence in these patients\' survivals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the data in the nursing assistance systematization records (NASR) of the emergency medical services (SAMU) in Ribeirão Preto regarding those people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care. This is a retrospective analytical study of documentary analysis of the NASR from January 2011 to December 2013 in which caring for people over 18 years old and CRA of clinical origin were included. A statistical analysis was performed on the SPSS 17.0 summer version show where the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied. Values with p<0,005 were considered significant. Among the records of people who suffered CRA, 439 (100%) were analyzed, being 54,2% males with an average of 64 years old. Most people who suffered CRA were over 61 years old. Heart diseases were the most prevalent comorbidities. The initial rhythm was the asystole in 28% of the cases and the adrenalin in 31% being the most administered medicine. The medical cares performed by SAMU were categorized in: residence 47,8%, health units 43,5% being 33,5% morning period, the greater commitment of ambulances. People suffered more CRA on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays whereas females suffered most CRA on Sundays and males on Fridays and winter 26%, was the season of the year that most of those cases happened. To check the variation between the categorical variables such as gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week with the place where the CRA happened the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied in which there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0.005). Regardless the gender, being over 61 years old was related to the CRA event, (p = 0,002) comparing to other age ranges. Among categorical variables gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week, weekends and week related to denouement (death and survival) of the CRA event, there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0,005). Place where it happened comparing to the denouement there was a statistic difference (p=0,001) people who suffered CRA in the health units, 160(76,9%) survived comparing to residences\' survivals 34(16,3%). In conclusion, an investment in the education system by putting into execution resuscitation science and practical abilities trainings regarding CRA -not only to health professionals but also to people who are untrained - is recommended

Position du problème. L’arrêt cardiaque extra-hospitalier (ACEH), dont la forme clinique la plus caricaturale correspond à la « mort subite », représenterait la première cause de mortalité à travers le monde. Malgré les améliorations apportées à leur prise en charge, le pronostic de ces patients demeure très péjoratif, y compris chez ceux qui ont bénéficié d’une réanimation initiale avec succès. En effet, la longue période d’ischémie suivie du phénomène de reperfusion secondaire au retour d’une activité circulatoire (RACS) est à l’origine d’une cascade de phénomènes physiopathologiques qui caractérisent le syndrome post-arrêt cardiaque. Plusieurs éléments thérapeutiques, telles que la reperfusion coronaire précoce et l’hypothermie thérapeutique, se sont développés ces dernières années afin de diminuer la morbi-mortalité importante observée dans cette situation. L’intérêt de ces interventions précoces sur le pronostic ultérieur demeure cependant débattu, car il a souvent été établi sur des sous-groupes de patients très sélectionnés. Objectif. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’influence de ces interventions thérapeutiques précoces sur le devenir des patients victimes d’ACEH et admis vivants en service de réanimation. Méthode. Depuis 2000, une cohorte de patients survivants d’ACR et admis vivants en réanimation a été constituée dans un centre spécialisé. L’ensemble des caractéristiques démographiques, pré-hospitalières et hospitalières ont été analysées. L’analyse multivariée des facteurs pronostiques dans cette cohorte a utilisé principalement les méthodes de régression logistique. Résultats principaux. Entre 2003 et 2008, 435 patients ont été admis, ne présentaient pas d’étiologie extra-cardiaque évidente et ont bénéficié d’une coronarographie immédiate et systématique. Une lésion coronaire récente a été observée chez près de la moitié d’entre eux. Les moyens de détection d’une étiologie cardiaque sont extrêmement limités que ce soit par des modèles prédictifs simples utilisant des paramètres démographiques ou circonstancielles ou par des paramètres para-cliniques tels que l’électrocardiogramme ou les enzymes cardiaques. En effet, ces derniers possèdent des valeurs prédictives médiocres et ne peuvent être considérés comme outil de triage de ces patients. En revanche, la coronarographie immédiate et systématique (suivie d’une reperfusion coronaire si nécessaire) était associée de manière significative et indépendante à la survie hospitalière (OR ajusté= 2.06 (1.16-3.66)) et ceci quelque soit l’aspect électrocardiographique. Entre 2000 et 2009, 1145 patients ont été admis et 2/3 d’entre eux ont été traités par hypothermie thérapeutique. Parmi eux, 708/1145 (62%) avait initialement un rythme cardiaque choquable et 437/1145 (38%) présentait un rythme non choquable. Après ajustement sur les autres facteurs pronostiques, l’hypothermie thérapeutique avait un rôle protecteur sur le pronostic neurologique des patients à la sortie de réanimation dans le groupe présentant initialement un rythme choquable (OR ajusté= 1.90 (1.18-3.06)). En revanche, l’association entre le pronostic et l’intervention dans le groupe « non-choquable » n’était pas significative (OR ajusté=0.71 (0.37-1.36)). Parmi les facteurs susceptibles d’altérer le bénéfice lié à ce traitement, les complications infectieuses chez les patients traités par hypothermie thérapeutique s’avèrent courantes La plus fréquente est la pneumopathie précoce, dont l’apparition est associée de manière significative au traitement par hypothermie (OR ajusté= 1.90 (1.28-2.80)), mais son rôle sur le pronostic n’est pas démontré. / Background: Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA), usually clinically described as “sudden death”, is the leading worldwide cause of death. Despite recent improvements in management of OHCA, the prognosis of these patients remains very poor, even in those who benefitted from a successful initial resuscitation. During the period of ischemia following the Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), several pathophysiological phenomenons occur, characterizing the post cardiac arrest syndrome. Furthermore, different treatments, such as immediate coronary reperfusion or therapeutic hypothermia, are now implemented for the management of this syndrome in order to decrease the morbidities and the mortality involved during this period. However, the influence of these hospital interventions on prognosis is still debatable, since they have been assessed in very selected subgroups of patients.Objectives: The aim of our work was to assess the influence of these early interventions on the outcome of OHCA patients admitted alive in intensive care unit (ICU).Method: We set up an investigation cohort (starting in 2000) of OHCA patients, in whom a successful ROSC had been obtained and who were admitted alive in ICU. We gathered all demographic data, cardiac arrest circumstances, pre-hospital and hospital characteristics. We analyzed the different predictive factors of outcome using multivariate analysis, especially logistical regression.Results: Between 2003 and 2008, 435 patients without obvious extra-cardiac cause were included and benefited from an immediate and systematical coronary angiogram. We observed a recent lesion in nearly half of them. Detecting a cardiac etiology is very challenging even using simple predictive models including patient’s baseline characteristics and circumstances of the cardiac arrest. Moreover, other parameters, such as EKG patterns or cardiac biomarkers, did not seem helpful either. Indeed, these parameters had poor predictive values and consequently could not be considered as triage tools for these patients. Nevertheless, the immediate and systematical coronary angiogram, with percutaneous intervention if appropriate, was independently associated with an improvement of hospital survival (adjusted OR= 2.06 (1.16-3.66)), regardless of the EKG pattern.Between 2000 and 2009, 1145 patients were admitted and two third of them were treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Among them, 708/1145 (62%) had an initial shockable rhythm and 437/1145 (38%) presented a non shockable rhythm. On the one hand, after adjustment with other predictive factors, the therapeutic hypothermia significantly improved the good neurological outcome at ICU discharge (adjusted OR= 1.90 (1.18-3.06)). On the other hand, the influence of this intervention was not associated with prognosis on the “non-shockable” sub-group (adjusted OR=0.71 (0.37-1.36)). Among the undercurrent factors, which could minimize the benefit of this intervention, infectious complications in treated patients were common. The most frequent complication was early onset pneumonia, whose occurrence was significantly associated with hypothermia (adjusted OR= 1.90 (1.28-2.80)), even if its role on prognosis was not determined.Conclusions: Our findings support the international guidelines regarding the management of post-cardiac arrest, identifying the subgroups of patients who may benefit the most. These results encourage further prospective studies and randomized trials and bring helpful information in that way. Finally, ancillary analysis on an investigation cohort of hospital survivors suggests that protective

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) no pré-hospitalar é tida como a terceira causa de morte nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e as doenças isquêmicas cardíacas são consideradas as principais causas de morte súbita na Europa. No mundo ocidental, inclusive no Brasil, o infarto agudo do miocárdio é responsável por grande número desses óbitos. Avaliar a qualidade da assistência prestada as pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar, podem influenciar nas sobrevivências destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os registros das Fichas de Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem (FSAE) do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) Regional Ribeirão Preto das pessoas que sofreram PCR em ambiente pré-hospitalar. Trata-se de um estudo analítico retrospectivo de análise documental das FSAE no período de a janeiro de 2011 à dezembro de 2013. Foram incluídos, atendimentos as pessoas maiores de 18 anos e PCR de origem cardíaca. Foi realizado analise estatística no Programa SPSS versão 17.0 e aplicaram-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Valores com p<0,005 foram considerados significantes. Foram analisados 439 (100%) registros de pessoas que sofreram PCR. O sexo masculino representou 54,2%, a mediana de idade foi de 64 anos. Pessoas sofreram mais PCR com idade acima de 61 anos 54,9%. As cardiopatias foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes. O ritmo inicial foi a assistolia em 28% dos casos e a adrenalina 31% foi o medicamento mais administrado. Os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU foram categorizados em: local de maior ocorrência foi nas residências 47,8% seguido das unidades de saúde 43,5%; o período matutino 33,5% foi maior empenho da ambulância; as pessoas sofreram mais PCR as segundas, quartas e sextas feiras igualmente, sendo que, o sexo feminino teve maior frequência de PCR aos domingos e o sexo masculino, as sextas-feiras; o inverno 26%,foi a estação do ano que mais ocorreu o evento. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas, sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, com o local de ocorrência da PCR aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado ou exato de Fisher, na qual não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.005). Independente do sexo, ter idade acima de 61 anos teve associação com o evento de PCR, (p = 0,002) em comparação com as outras faixas etárias. Entre as variáveis categóricas sexo, faixa etária, empenho da ambulância, dias da semana, final de semana e semana associado com desfecho (óbito e sobrevivência) do evento da PCR não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante(p>0,005). Local de ocorrência comparado ao desfecho teve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,001) as pessoas que sofreram PCR nas unidades de saúde, 160(76,9%) sobreviveram, comparado a sobrevivência nas residências 34(16,3%). Recomenda um investimento nos sistemas educacionais, colocando em execução a ciência da ressuscitação, por meio de treinamentos práticos de habilidades em RCP à prestadores de saúde e leigos / A cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) in pre-hospital care is the third cause of death in the United States of America (USA) and the ischemic cardiac diseases are considered the main sudden death causes in Europe. In the western world, including Brazil, the acute myocardial infarction is responsible for a big part of these deaths. Evaluating the quality of the assistance provided to people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care, can have an influence in these patients\' survivals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the data in the nursing assistance systematization records (NASR) of the emergency medical services (SAMU) in Ribeirão Preto regarding those people who suffered CRA in pre-hospital care. This is a retrospective analytical study of documentary analysis of the NASR from January 2011 to December 2013 in which caring for people over 18 years old and CRA of clinical origin were included. A statistical analysis was performed on the SPSS 17.0 summer version show where the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied. Values with p<0,005 were considered significant. Among the records of people who suffered CRA, 439 (100%) were analyzed, being 54,2% males with an average of 64 years old. Most people who suffered CRA were over 61 years old. Heart diseases were the most prevalent comorbidities. The initial rhythm was the asystole in 28% of the cases and the adrenalin in 31% being the most administered medicine. The medical cares performed by SAMU were categorized in: residence 47,8%, health units 43,5% being 33,5% morning period, the greater commitment of ambulances. People suffered more CRA on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays whereas females suffered most CRA on Sundays and males on Fridays and winter 26%, was the season of the year that most of those cases happened. To check the variation between the categorical variables such as gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week with the place where the CRA happened the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact test were applied in which there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0.005). Regardless the gender, being over 61 years old was related to the CRA event, (p = 0,002) comparing to other age ranges. Among categorical variables gender, age range, commitment of ambulance, days of the week, weekends and week related to denouement (death and survival) of the CRA event, there was not a significant statistic difference (p>0,005). Place where it happened comparing to the denouement there was a statistic difference (p=0,001) people who suffered CRA in the health units, 160(76,9%) survived comparing to residences\' survivals 34(16,3%). In conclusion, an investment in the education system by putting into execution resuscitation science and practical abilities trainings regarding CRA -not only to health professionals but also to people who are untrained - is recommended

Hjärtstopp har ett lågt antal överlevare men under de senaste trettio åren har statistiken påvisat signifikant ökning av överlevare. Bakomliggande orsaker innefattar omfattande spektrum av tillstånd och sjukdomar, där kardiologiska och respiratoriska tillstånd påvisats i större utsträckning. Behandling och rehabilitering kan variera utifrån bakomliggande tillstånd och situation. Hjärtstoppsöverlevare har många olika besvär som framkommer i efterförloppet som leder till att patientens upplevelse av livsvärld kan komma att se sig påverkad i relation till en förändrad vardag. Genom att sjuksköterskan har förståelse för patientens upplevelse ökar möjligheten att utgå från en personcentrerad omvårdnad för att öka förutsättningarna för patienten. Syftet med studien var att belysa patienters upplevelse av att ha överlevt hjärtstopp. Metoden som användes innefattar en allmän litteraturöversikt som skapade ökad kunskap om patienternas upplevelse av att överleva hjärtstopp. Datainsamlingen genomfördes via databaser PubMed och CINAHL där det framkom totalt femton artiklar som valdes utifrån inklusions- och exklusionskriterier som besvarar valt syfte och problemformulering. Artiklarna analyserades vidare med hjälp av integrerad analys för att fastställa likheter och skillnader genom att redovisa huvudkategorier med respektive underkategorier. I resultatet redovisas varierande beskrivningar av patienters upplevelse av att överleva hjärtstopp. Resultatet har framställts i tre primära huvudkategorier; Upplevelsen av emotionella och fysiska hinder, Upplevelsen av utomståendes delaktighet samt En ny vardag och svårigheterna att hitta tillbaka. Avslutningsvis kan det konstateras att patienternas upplevelse av att överleva hjärtstopp påverkas utifrån alla aspekter i livet. Stöd från anhöriga och hälso- och sjukvården har visat sig generera en positiv uppfattning under återhämtningsfasen. Patienter är i behov av utökad information om de kommande symtom och besvär, sjuksköterskan bör erbjuda stöd, utbildning och verktyg för att kunna öka välbefinnande i deras nya verklighet. / Cardiac arrest has shown to have a low outcome of survivors but for the past thirty years the statistic of survivors has increased significantly. Underlying causes include a wide range of conditions and diseases where cardiological and respiratory conditions are the most common findings. Treatment and rehabilitation can vary based on the underlying condition and situation. Cardiac arrest can affect patients experience of life world due to the high problems and changes that emerges after surviving. These changes can cause problems in the way that the individual accept the new situation. Through an understanding of the patient's experience, the opportunity to offer a more person-centered nursing increase. The purpose of the study was to elucidate patients' experience of having survived cardiac arrest. The method used includes a general literature review to create knowledge about the patient's experience surviving a cardiac arrest. The data collection was carried out in PubMed and CINAHL where fifteen articles emerged based on the inclusion- and exclusion criteria that answered the purpose and problem formulation. Selected articles were analyzed using integrated analysis to determine similarities and differences by presenting main categories with respective subcategories. During the results, it emerged that patients who experience cardiac arrest have a broad idea of what it is like to survive cardiac arrest. Description of the patient's experience has produced three primary areas: The experience of emotional and physical obstacles, The experience of outsiders' participation and A new everyday life and the difficulties of finding their way back. It can be stated that the experience of surviving is affected by different aspects. Support from relatives and the healthcare system generate positive perception during recovery. Patients are in need of information about the upcoming symptoms and ailments, the nurse should offer support, training and tools to increase well-being in their new reality.

Bakgrund: Med snabb start av hjärt- lungräddning (HLR) och tidig defibrillering ökar chansen för överlevnad då en patient drabbats av hjärtstopp. Intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskan, som ingår i hjärtstoppsteamet, har en viktig roll när de lämnar sin ordinarie avdelning för att hjälpa till och stötta andra kollegor i den akuta situationen på en vårdavdelning. En situation som kan vara till grund för både positiva och negativa upplevelser. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser före, under och efter hjärtstoppslarm hos vuxna patienter på vårdavdelning. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats med deskriptiv design användes för att genomföra studien. Data samlades in via semistrukturerade intervjuer som transkriberades ordagrant. Sedan analyserades data med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Sju intensivvårdssjuksköterskor och fyra anestesisjuksköterskor som medverkat vid minst två hjärtstopp på vårdavdelning intervjuades. Huvudresultat: Resultatet sammanställdes i tre huvudkategorier: Känslomässiga upplevelser, Kommunikation och samarbetets betydelse i teamet samt Praktiska möjligheter och hinder. Huvudfynden var att specialistsjuksköterskorna upplevde olika typer av känslor före, under och efter ett hjärtstoppslarm på vårdavdelning. För mycket personal inne på salen försämrade upplevelsen av situationen. HLR-utbildning, en tydlig ledare i teamet samt tillgången till material var viktiga faktorer. Slutsats: Att arbeta som ett team vid ett hjärtstoppslarm på vårdavdelning var, enligt intensivvårds- och anestesisjuksköterskorna, ett meningsfullt och spännande uppdrag. Specialistsjuksköterskorna som ingick i hjärtstoppsteamet ställdes ofta inför nya utmaningar och påfrestande situationer där vikten av samarbete, kommunikation och utbildning var avgörande för de upplevelser som kunde uppstå. / Background: When a patient suffers a cardiac arrest at the general ward, the chance of survival increases with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation. The intensive care nurse and nurse anesthetists, who is a part of the cardiac arrest team, has an important role when they leave their own ward to go and help and support other colleagues at the emergent situation at the general ward. A situation that can be perceived as both positive and negative. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of the intensive care nurses and nurse anesthetists before, during and after cardiac arrest alarms in adult patients at general wards. Method: A qualitative approach with a descriptive design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews which were transcribed verbatim. Then the data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Seven intensive care nurses and four nurse anesthetists who had participated in at least two cardiac arrests at the general ward were interviewed. Findings: Three significant main categories were identified: Emotional experiences, Communication and the importance of teamwork and Practical opportunities and obstacles. The main findings were that the nurse specialists experienced different kinds of emotions before, during and after a cardiac arrest alarm at the general ward. Too much staff in the room worsened the experience of the situation. CPR-training, a clear leader in the team and the availability of material were important factors. Conclusion: To work as a team on a cardiac arrest alarm at the general ward were, according to the intensive care nurse and nurse anesthetists, a meaningful and exciting assignment. The nurse specialists who were a part of the cardiac arrest team were often faced with new challenges and stressful situations where teamwork, communication and education were crucial for the experiences that could occur.

BAKGRUND: I Sverige drabbas ungefär 15 000 människor av hjärtstopp varje år. Det är en traumatisk händelse som kan påverka patienters fysiska och psykiska hälsa samt sociala liv. Det är betydelsefullt att sjuksköterskor har kunskap om hur de ska bemöta och stödja dessa patienter på bästa möjliga sätt. Trots detta saknas forskning i området. SYFTE: Studiens syfte var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av livet efter hjärtstopp. METOD: Metoden som användes var en litteraturbaserad studie där åtta kvalitativa artiklar inkluderades. RESULTAT: Ur analysen framkom tre teman; Förståelse för det som har hänt, Finna vägen tillbaka till ett tryggt liv och Anpassningar till det nya livet med sju underteman. SLUTSATS: Att skapa sig en förståelse för händelsen och lära sig leva ett hälsosamt liv är en lång bearbetningsprocess. Patienter upplever brist på stöd och information från vårdpersonal. Det är betydelsefullt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om de fysiska och psykiska förändringar som kan uppstå efter ett hjärtstopp för att främja hälsa och lindra lidande för patienterna. / BACKGROUND: Approximately 15 000 people suffer from cardiac arrest in Sweden every year. It is a traumatic experience that can affect patients’ physical and mental health, and social life. Despite the importance for nurses to have the knowledge how to meet and support the patients for the best possible care, there is a gap in the research about the experience of cardiac arrest survivors. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe how patients experience life after cardiac arrest. METHOD: A qualitative study based on eight research articles was conducted. FINDINGS: Three themes were identified from the analysis; Understanding of what has happened, Finding the way back to a safe life and Adjusting to the new life with seven subthemes. CONCLUSION: To gain understanding of the experience and learn to live a healthier lifestyle became a long process to adapt. Patients experience a lack of support and information from health care professionals. The importance of nurses’ knowledge of the physical and psychological changes that can occur, to promote health and alleviate suffering.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a lethal heart rhythm that leads to cardiac arrest. It has been shown that amplitude spectral area (AMSA) in prolonged VF correlates with success of resuscitation. This study will compare traditional resuscitation with a novel resuscitation algorithm using AMSA and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) to time defibrillations.VF will be induced in 60 swine. Resuscitation will commence after 10 minutes of untreated VF. Cases will receive defibrillation if AMSA is >19.8 mVHz and ETCO2 >20 mm of Hg, otherwise chest compressions will continue for another 90 seconds. Controls will have standard resuscitation. Sub group analysis will include effect of induced myocardial infarction (MI).End points will include survival, neurologic scores, duration of resuscitation efforts, and number of defibrillations.This experiment will establish whether using AMSA and ETCO2 to time defibrillations results in superior resuscitation compared with standard techniques.

Mellan 2005- 2014 registrerades 15956 hjärtstopp på sjukhus i Sverige. Sjuksköterskor är ofta först på plats vid ett hjärtstopp och det är ett krav att de är utbildade inom S-HLR och D-HLR. I hjärt- och lungräddning ingår många moment som ska utföras på kort tid och under hög press. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor får möjlighet att bearbeta händelsen för att utvecklas i sin yrkesroll och hantera eventuella känslor som uppkommit. Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser kring hjärt- och lungräddning inom slutenvården. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 11 artiklar användes till resultatet. Innehållet i artiklarna genererade tre övergripande teman; sjuksköterskors upplevelser före HLR, sjuksköterskors upplevelser under HLR och sjuksköterskors upplevelser efter HLR. Kontinuerlig HLR- utbildning upplevdes vara en positiv erfarenhet som förberedde sjuksköterskorna inför verkliga situationer. Dock kunde simuleringarna vara för simpla och inte tillräckligt verklighetstrogna. HLR- situationen upplevdes oftast som stressande och ångestladdad och gav många sjuksköterskor ett adrenalinpåslag som både kunde ha en positiv och negativ inverkan på den kognitiva funktionen. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de efter händelsen hade ett behov av att bearbeta känslor och ett bra instrument för detta ansågs vara debriefing. Ytterligare forskning om sjuksköterskors upplevelser av HLR krävs för att utröna varför vissa sjuksköterskor påverkas mer än andra av händelsen trots likartad utbildning. / Between 2005-2014 a total of 15959 cardiac arrests were registered at Swedish hospitals. Nurses’ are often the first people on the scene of a cardiac arrest and it is required of them to be educated in CPR and CPR-D. In CPR many elements that must be performed during a short period of time and under high pressure are included. It is important that nurses’ get the opportunity to process the situation to progress in their profession and deal with potential feelings that might occur. The aim was to explore nurses’ experiences during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospitals. The study was a literature review where 11 articles were used for the result. The articles generated three major themes; nurses’ experiences before CPR, nurses’ experiences during CPR and nurses’ experiences after CPR. Continuous CPR- training was as a positive experience that prepared nurses’ for real situations. However, the simulations were viewed as being too simplistic and not realistic enough. The CPR- situation was often experienced as stressful with high levels of anxiety that made the nurses’ adrenaline flow which could have both a positive and negative impact on cognitive function. The nurses’ experienced that they after the event felt a need to process emotions and a good instrument for that was considered debriefing. Further research on nurses' experiences of CPR is required to determine why some nurses’ are more affected than others by the event despite similar training.