Bakgrund: I Sverige rapporterades cirka 61 781 fall av hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus underåren 1990–2011. Vid ett hjärtstopp krävs det att åtgärder snabbt sätts in för att patientenska överleva. Att överleva ett hjärtstopp är vanligen en traumatisk upplevelse som ävenkan leda till kognitiva och fysiska funktionsnedsättningar. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa patienters erfarenhet av livet efter ett hjärtstopp. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Sökningengenomfördes i två databaser: Cinahl och Pubmed Resultat: I resultatöversikten utformades två huvudkategorier ”Att återvända tillvardagen” och ”Det nya jaget”. I resultatet framkom upplevelse av kroppslig och emotionellförändring, minnesluckor och trötthet. Det var viktig för deltagarna att söka samhörighethos andra personer med gemensam erfarenhet av att överleva hjärtstopp. Deltagarnaupplevde oro och rädsla över att drabbas igen och fick ett nytt perspektiv på livet eftersomde hade varit nära att möta döden. Konklusion: Denna studie visar att patienterna saknade kunskap kring sitt nuvarandetillstånd och hade ett stort behov av stöd och tydlig information från sjukvårdpersonalen.För att uppnå adekvat omvårdnad behöver sjuksköterskan sträva efter att kunna tillgodosedessa specifika behov. / Background: In Sweden, approximately 61,781 cases of cardiac arrest were reported out-of- hospital during the years 1990–2011. In the event of a cardiac arrest, measures must be taken quickly in order for the patient to survive. The survival of cardiac arrest is usually a traumatic experience that can lead to cognitive and physical disabilities. Aim: The aim of this study is to illustrate patient’s life experience after cardiac arrest. Methods: Qualitative literature study based on eight scientific articles. The search was conducted in two databases: Cinahl and Pubmed Result: In the results overview, two main categories were designed "Returning to everyday life" and "The new self". The result showed experience of physical and emotional change, memory loss and fatigue. It was important for the participants to search for affiliation with others who shared the experience of surviving cardiac arrest. The participants experienced anxiety and fear to be affected again and gained new life perspective because they were close to facing death. Conclusion: This study shows that the patients lacked knowledge about their current condition and had great need of support and clear information from the healthcare staff. To achieve adequate care, a nurse must strive for their specific needs.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é uma intercorrência inesperada em diversos momentos, constituindo grave ameaça à vida das pessoas, principalmente das que sofrem um colapso não-presenciado e dos pacientes/clientes hospitalizados em estado crítico. Neste estudo, sob a luz da pesquisa qualitativa, fazendo uso da técnica do incidente crítico (TIC), foram entrevistados 30 enfermeiros de unidades de internação clínicas de um hospital universitário do interior do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de se estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR em unidades de internação neste hospital, através da vivência de enfermeiros durante as manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP), identificando os incidentes críticos positivos e/ou negativos durante esse atendimento, além das ocorrências iatrogênicas durante as manobras de RCP. Os dados coletados foram categorizados segundo as situações secundárias, uma vez que determinamos que a situação principal era a ocorrência da PCR, os comportamentos e as conseqüências decorrentes das diversas situações. Nas situações secundárias encontramos as seguintes categorias: estado e/ou condições clínicas do paciente/cliente; habilidades técnicas inerentes à profissão; conhecimento ou não acerca da PCR; identificação e reconhecimento (ou desconhecimento) do local de trabalho; condições dos materiais e equipamentos; capacitação e treinamento; e circunstâncias adversas. Relacionado aos comportamentos positivos, destacamos as seguintes categorias: vivendo a sistematização no atendimento à PCR; a questão dos materiais; e estabelecendo funções durante o atendimento à PCR. Já, quanto aos comportamentos negativos, podemos destacar as seguintes categorias: vivenciando a falta (ou ausência) da sistematização no atendimento à PCR; convivendo com as dificuldades técnicas; o ambiente situacional; materiais: é difícil conhecer a sua importância?; vivendo as ocorrências adversas; e estabelecer funções: lidando com prioridades. Uma vez selecionadas as situações secundárias, os comportamentos positivos e os comportamentos negativos, pudemos categorizar as conseqüências imediatas ao paciente/cliente; na categoria que traz as conseqüências positivas temos: restabelecimento das funções vitais; como categorias com conseqüências negativas ao paciente/cliente temos: até que ponto a RCP ajuda o paciente/cliente e sua família? e óbito. Avaliando as conseqüências positivas para a equipe de enfermagem temos a categoria: salvar vidas: o que isso proporciona ao profissional de enfermagem? E como categoria abrangendo as conseqüências negativas para esses profissionais temos: fazer parte da equipe de enfermagem é saber lidar com o sofrimento. A partir dos incidentes críticos identificados, pode-se estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR no local de estudo e, ressaltar que para um bom desempenho no atendimento à PCR é necessário rapidez, eficiência, conhecimento técnico-científico e habilidade técnica por parte de toda a equipe que realiza esse atendimento. Além disso, identifica-se a necessidade de infra-estrutura adequada, trabalho harmônico e sincronizado entre todos os profissionais, visando o restabelecimento da vida, a limitação do sofrimento, a recuperação do paciente/cliente e a ocorrência mínima de seqüelas. A partir do momento em que esses requisitos não são atendidos, os riscos tornam-se evidentes, as ocorrências iatrogênicas freqüentes e a segurança do paciente/cliente, seriamente comprometida. / The cardiac arrest is an unexpected alternative in several moments, comprising a serious threaten to people’s lives, mostly of those who suffer an unwitnessed collapse and those hospitalized patients in critical state. In this study, under the light of quality research, making use of critical incident technique, 30 nurses of medical admission units of a university hospital in the state of São Paulo were interviewed, in order to establish the critical requirements in taking care of cardiac arrest in admission units in this hospital, through the nurse experience during the maneuvers of cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, identifying the positive and/or negative critical incidents during such care, and also the iatrogenic occurrences during the maneuvers of cardiac pulmonary resuscitation. The recorded data were classified according to secondary situations, once we determinated that the main situation was the occurrence of cardiac arrest, the behaviors, and the alternative consequences of the several situations. On secondary situations, we found the following categories: the patient/client clinical state and conditions; ability of techniques of profession; knowledge or ignorance around the CRA; identification and recognition (or ignorance) of workplace; conditions of material and appliances; capability and training; and adverse circumstances. In relation to the positive behaviors, we highlight the following categories: experiencing the systemization in taking care of cardiac arrest; in relation to the materials; and determining the functions during the medical care to cardiac arrest. As for the negative behaviors, we can highlight the following categories: experiencing the lack (or absence) of systemization in medical care to cardiac arrest; living with adverse occurrences; and to establish functions: dealing with priorities. Once the secondary situation, the positive and negative behaviors were selected, we could classify the immediate consequences to the patient/client, and as category the gruping of positive consequences we have: recovery of vital functions; as categories of negative consequences to the patient/client we have: to what extent the does the cardiac pulmonary resuscitation help the patient/client and his/her family? and death. Evaluating the positive consequences for the nursing team we have the category: saving lives: what does it promote to the professional? And as category comprising the negative consequences for these professional we have: to be part of the team is to know how to deal with pain. From the identified critical incidents we can accentuate that for a good performance in taking care of CRA it is necessary rapidity, efficiency, scientific-technical knowledge and the ability of all the team who perform the medical care. Besides that we identify the need of the adequate infra-structure, harmonious work between all of the professionals, aiming the recovery of life, the limitations of pain, the recovery of the patient/client and the minimal ocurrence of sequelae. From the moment those requirements are fulfilled risks become evident, the iatrogenic occurrences frequent and the patient/client safety seriously committed.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a ocorrência de maior emergência atendida nos serviços pré e intra-hospitalares. Para os profissionais de saúde a PCR e a realização da Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar (RCP) são eventos de extrema importância dentro da assistência, na qual exigem-se conhecimento, execução de técnicas adequadas e agilidade para prestar um atendimento de qualidade. A única chance de sobrevivência do paciente está vinculada à identificação precoce desse evento e à intervenção rápida e eficaz através das manobras de RCP dentro da sistematização do atendimento à PCR/RCP determinadas pelas Corrente de Sobrevivência do Adulto, seguida do Suporte Básico (SBV) e Suporte Avançado de Vida (SAVC). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quali- quantitativa que visa estabelecer as exigências críticas no atendimento à PCR/RCP em unidade de emergência no Hospital Escola do interior do estado de São Paulo, através da vivência de 27 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem na realização das manobras de RCP, identificando os incidentes críticos positivos e/ou negativos durante esse atendimento, além das facilidades e dificuldades vivenciadas pela equipe de enfermagem na execução dessas manobras através da Técnica do Incidente Crítico (TIC). Os dados coletados foram categorizados segundo as situações críticas semelhantes (situações secundárias), uma vez que a situação principal era a PCR e a situação secundária era a realização da RCP, seguida dos comportamentos e das consequências positivas e negativas decorrentes das diversas situações. Desta análise emergiram cinco categorias de incidentes críticos: Competências do atendimento à PCR/RCP, sentimentos e emoções da equipe frente à PCR/RCP, estrutura e ambiente na RCP, Eventos adversos à PCR/RCP e Capacitação da equipe de enfermagem. Relacionado aos comportamentos positivos, destacou-se três categorias: Aplicando a sistematização no atendimento à PCR/RCP, estabelecendo gestão durante á RCP e utilizando tecnologias na RCP. Dentre os comportamentos negativos, observaram-se seis categorias: convivendo com a falta de habilidades técnicas; vivenciando a falta da sistematização no atendimento à PCR/RCP; convivendo com recursos materiais e humanos insuficientes; o ambiente; percebendo os sentimentos e emoções da equipe frente a RCP e observando a falta de capacitação permanente da equipe na RCP. Uma vez selecionadas as situações críticas, os comportamentos positivos e os comportamentos negativos, pudemos categorizar o óbito como uma conseqüência imediata negativa e o restabelecimento das funções vitais como uma conseqüência imediata positiva ao paciente/cliente. Na avaliação das categorias resultantes, verificou-se como conseqüência negativa, os saber lidar com o sofrimento da perda e como conseqüência positiva, a RCP bem sucedida além dos sentimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem. A partir dos incidentes críticos identificados, foram estabelecidas as exigências críticas no atendimento à RCP no local de estudo e ressaltou-se que para um bom desempenho na realização da RCP é necessário rapidez, eficiência, conhecimento técnico-científico e habilidade técnica por parte de toda a equipe que realiza esse atendimento, seguindo sistematização referida pelos protocolos do AHA. Além disso, identificou-se a necessidade de capacitação continuada dos profissionais de enfermagem e médica, trabalho harmônico e sincronizado multiprofissional e infra-estrutura adequada, visando o restabelecimento da vida, a limitação do sofrimento, a recuperação do paciente/cliente e a ocorrência mínima de sequelas. Portanto, a RCP imediata, sistematizada e de qualidade é requisito básico de segurança para esses pacientes, reduzindo as dificuldades identificadas pela equipe e favorecendo as chances de reanimação destes pacientes / The cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is the major emergency occurrence attended pre and intra hospital services. For the health professionals, the CPA and the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are events of utmost importance during the care, demanding knowledge, implementation of appropriate techniques and agility to provide a quality service. The unique opportunity of patient\'s survival is linked to the early identification of this event and to the fast and effective intervention through CPR manoeuvres within the treatment systematization CPA/CPR determined by Adult Survival Current followed by Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ACLS). It\'s an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative-quantitative approach that aims to establish critical requirements in the CPA/CPR treatment within an emergency room at a teaching hospital in São Paulo State, through the experience of twenty seven professionals of nursing staff during manoeuvres of CPR, identifying the positive/negative critical incidents during this treatment as well as facility and difficulties experienced by nursing staff during this procedures though the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). The collected data was categorized accordingly to similar critical situations (secondary situation), since the main situation was CPA and secondary one was CPR realization in addition to behaviors and positive/negative consequences resulting from various situations. From this analysis, it was arisen five categories of critical incidents: treatment competences to CPA/CPR, feelings and emotions of the nursing staff towards CPA/CPR, structure and environment during CPR, adverse events to CPA/CPR and nursing staff training. Related to positive behaviors, it was highlighted three categories: applying systematization in CPA/CPR treatment, establishing conduct during CPR and using technologies in CPR. It was observed six categories among negative behaviors: dealing with no technical skills, living through the lack of systematization to CPA/CPR treatment, cohabiting with insufficient human and material resources, the environment, realizing nursing staff\'s feelings and emotions towards CPR treatment and observing the lack of nursing staff\'s ongoing training. Once selected critical situations, positive and negative behaviors, we can classify Death as an immediate negative consequence and Restoring Vital Functions as a positive consequence to the patient/client. Assessing the emerging categories, it was verified, as a negative consequence, how to deal with the loss suffering and, as a positive consequence, the successful CPR in addition to the nursing professionals\' feelings. From the identified critical incidents, it was established critical requirements to CPR treatment at the study site and it was pointed out that, to a good performance in the CPR, is necessary quickness, efficacy, scientific and technical knowledge and technical ability of the whole staff that perform this treatment, following systematization referred by the AHA protocols. Furthermore it was also identified the necessity for an ongoing training of medical and nursing professionals, harmonious and synchronized multiprofessional work and appropriate infrastructure aiming at life restoring, suffering limitation, the patient and client\'s recovery and the least occurrence of sequelae. Therefore, an immediate systematized and quality CPR is basic requirement for these patients\' safety, reducing the difficulties identified by the staff and providing opportunities for resuscitation of these patients

Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas cirka 10 000 personer av plötsligt hjärtstopp varje år. Även om överlevnaden har ökat det senaste decenniet så överlever endast cirka 600 personer av dessa 10 000. Hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar är den störst bakomliggande orsaken till dödsfall hos både män och kvinnor i Sverige. Dock behöver inga bakomliggande symtom existera för att drabbas av ett plötsligt hjärtstopp, det kan drabba vem som helst, när som helst. Enligt Aaron Antonovskys omvårdnadsteori KASAM handlar hälsa och livskvalité om att innefatta en god begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet vid olika situationer, som exempelvis vid ett hjärtstopp. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva patienters upplevelser av livskvalité efter att ha överlevt ett hjärtstopp. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserat på 15 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet tre huvudfynd som har delats upp i tre kategorier. Dessa kategorier är: upplevelser av en nedsatt kognitiv förmåga och dess bidragande påverkan på livskvalitén, upplevelser av det psykiska måendet och dess bidragande påverkan på livskvalitén samt upplevelser av att återfå livet, existentiella tankar samt dess påverkan på livskvalitén. Slutsats: I litteraturöversikten framgår det att patienter som har överlevt ett hjärtstopp upplever flertal förändringar i livet. Aspekter såsom nedsatt kognitiv förmåga, psykisk ohälsa samt tankar om det existentiella och att återfå sitt liv var mest uttalat av patienterna. I de flesta fall hade dessa upplevelser en negativ påverkan på patienternas livskvalité. Många av patienterna upplevde att eftervården var bristfällig och ett stort behov av stöd från hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal uttrycktes. / Background: In Sweden, approximately 10,000 people are affected by sudden cardiac arrest each year. Although survival has increased over the past decade, only 600 people out of these 10,000 survive. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women in Sweden. However, no underlying symptoms need to exist to suffer a sudden cardiac arrest, it can hit anyone, at any time. According to Aaron Antonovsky's nursing theory KASAM, health and quality of life are about including good comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness in different situations, such as a cardiac arrest. Aim: The purpose is to describe patients' experiences of quality of life after having survived a cardiac arrest. Method: A literature review based on 15 scientific articles. Result: In summary, the results show three main findings that have been divided into three categories. These categories are: experiences of a reduced cognitive ability and its contributing influence on the quality of life, experiences of mental health and its contributing influence on the quality of life and experiences of regaining life, existential thoughts and its impact on quality of life. Conclusion: The literature review shows that patients who have survived a cardiac arrest experience several changes in life. Aspects such as impaired cognitive ability, mental illness and thoughts of the existential and regaining life were most pronounced by the patients. In most cases, these experiences had a negative impact on the patients' quality of life. Many of the patients felt that the aftercare was inadequate and a great need for support from health personnel was expressed

Abstrakt Bakgrund Hjärtstopp är förknippat med hög dödlighet. Eftersom antalet överlevare ökar är det betydelsefullt att få en förståelse för vilken typ av hälsoproblematik och livskvalitet som överlevare innehar. Syfte Syftet är att beskriva självskattade hälsoproblem hos personer som överlevt hjärtstopp. Metod En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes och resultatet baseras på 12 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat I resultatet framgick fysiska-, psykiska och sociala hälsoproblem hos hjärtstoppsöverlevare. De mest framträdande problemen var smärta, trötthet, ångest och depression samt problematik att delta i samhället som exempelvis, att återgå till arbetet efter hjärtstopp. Flera faktorer tycks påverka överlevares hälsoproblematik. Slutsats Studien visade på fysiska, mentala och sociala hälsoproblem som till viss del samvarierade. Det fanns också stora individuella skillnader mellan överlevare som delvis kunde förklaras av ålder, kön och personlighetsfaktorer. I syfte att förbättra överlevares hälsa bör eftervården inriktas på att identifiera den enskildes hälsoproblem och individualisera vården utifrån dessa. Nyckelord Hjärtstopp, överlevare, hälsa, livskvalitet, eftervård. Tack Ett stort tack till Johan Israelsson för all stöttning och ditt stora engagemang.

Introdução: A parada cardiorrespiratória intra-hospitalar (PCR-IH) é um problema de saúde pública com alta morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Os casos de ritmos não chocáveis de PCR, como Assistolia e Atividade Elétrica sem Pulso (AESP), persistem inalterados nos últimos 30 anos. A despeito das atualizações das diretrizes de ressuscitação a cada 5 anos, não obtivemos sucesso no aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes. Há necessidade de fatores prognósticos e diagnósticos durante a PCR para auxiliar no aumento da chance de sobrevida desses pacientes e otimizar recursos disponíveis. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) fornece informações valiosas sobre diagnóstico e, possivelmente, sobre o prognóstico por meio de imagens em tempo real. Este estudo descreve a utilização do ETT em pacientes com PCR com ritmos não chocáveis (Assistolia ou AESP) em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Tem como objetivos caracterizar os dois grupos, avaliar possíveis fatores prognósticos no retorno à circulação espontânea (RCE), bem como avaliar a sua sobrevida. Métodos: O ecocardiograma transtorácico realizado por médicos intensivistas treinados para o método foi inserido no protocolo de suporte avançado de vida. Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva que incluiu 49 pacientes, sendo 32 (65%) em AESP e 17 (35%) em Assistolia. Resultados: Pacientes com AESP têm mais chances de reverterem RCE do que os pacientes em assistolia (RR=2,66; IC95% [1,22;6,52]; p=0,033). Os pacientes Pseudo-DEM (contratilidade presente e sem pulso central) respondem melhor à reversão (RR=2,99; IC95%[1,22;7,29]; p=0,016). A sobrevida desses pacientes também é maior (HR=0,47; IC95% [0,24; 0,91]; p=0,025). Conclusão: A presença de contratilidade miocárdica pode ser um fator prognóstico a curto e longo prazo durante a PCR. / Background: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cardiac arrest of non-shockable rhythms such as asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) remain unchanged in the last 30 years. Despite periodically updates of resuscitation guidelines no success in increasing survival of these has been provided, so far. There is a need for prognostic factors and diagnoses during cardiac arrest in order to increase survival chance in these patients and optimize available resources. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) provides valuable information about diagnosis and possibly prognosis through real-time images. This study describes the use of TTE in patients with cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms (Asystole or PEA) in intensive care unit of a academic hospital. Aims at characterizing the two groups, assess possible prognostic factors in the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and assess their survival. Methods: transthoracic echocardiography was inserted into the advanced life support protocol , performed by critical care physicians trained in the method. This is a prospective cohort study that included 49 patients: 32 (65%) in PEA and 17 (35%) in Asystole. Results: Patients with PEA were more likely to ROSC than those in asystole (RR = 2.66; 95% CI [1.22; 6.52]; p = 0.033). Pseudo-DEM patients (myocardial contractility without central pulse) had a better response to reversal (RR = 2.99; 95% CI [1.22, 7.29]; p = 0.016). Survival of these patients was also higher (HR = 0.47; 95% CI [0.24, 0.91]; p = 0.025). Conclusion: Tthe presence of myocardial contractility may be a prognostic factor for short and long-term survival during resuscitation.

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increases significantly the chance of survival in cases of a cardiac arrest. The ability to respond quickly and effectively to a cardiac arrest rests on nurses being competent, prepared and up-to-date. Nursing student’s knowledge in CPR and perceptions of their own training are crucial for the pursuit of the education of professional nurses.    Aim Investigate the prerequisites for a good care of patients in need of CPR by assessing  Vietnamese nursing students' knowledge in CPR as well as their perceptions on their education in CPR.      Method A quantitative, cross sectional-study was conducted. A modified version of a questionnaire developed by the Swedish council of CPR was used. Nursing students at University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Ho Chi Minh City were asked to participate. The gathered data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and chi2 -test.   Result The participants answered right on 41 % of the questions (571/1404). The mean-score was 5.25 and the score ranged from 0 to 9 out of 13 points on the questionnaire. Participants answered correctly on most questions regarding basic CPR and were foremost wrong about questions regarding defibrillation. There was no association between a high result on the questionnaire and students rating a high grading on preparedness and/or satisfaction. No significant difference could be found based on gender.   Conclusion The knowledge in CPR, based on this survey, is generally low. One plausible explanation could be that the questionnaire did not fit the education of the participants. / Bakgrund Hjärt- och lungräddning (HLR) ökar avsevärt chanserna att överleva vid ett hjärtstopp. Att kunna reagera snabbt och effektivt på hjärtstillestånd kräver att sjuksköterskor är kompetenta och förberedda. Sjuksköterskestudenters kunskaper i HLR och deras uppfattningar om sin utbildning är avgörande för den fortsatta utbildningen av professionella sjuksköterskor.   Syfte Undersöka förutsättningarna för en patientsäker vård inom HLR, genom att kartlägga vietnamesiska sjuksköterskestudenters kunskaper i HLR samt att undersöka deras uppfattning om sin utbildning i HLR.   Metod En kvantitativ, tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes. En modifierad version av ett frågeformulär utvecklat av Svenska rådet för hjärt- och lungräddning (HLR-rådet) användes. Sjuksköterskestudenter i en klass från University of Medicine and Pharmacy, i Ho Chi Minh City blev ombedda att delta. Den insamlade informationen analyserades med beskrivande statistik, t-test och chi2-test.   Resultat Deltagarna svarade rätt på 41% av frågorna (571/1404). Det totala medelvärdet var 5.25 och poängen skilde sig från 0 till 9 av 13 poäng på frågeformuläret. Deltagarna svarade korrekt på de flesta frågor angående grundläggande HLR och svarade främst fel på frågor angående defibrillering. Det fanns inget samband mellan ett högt resultat på frågeformuläret och elever som ansåg sig vara förberedda och/eller nöjda med sin utbildning. Ingen signifikant skillnad i resultat kunde hittas baserat på kön. Slutsats Kunskaperna i HLR, baserat på den genomförda studien, är generellt låga. När det kommer till vissa frågor kan en orsak vara att frågeformuläret inte var anpassat efter deltagarnas utbildning.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a principal causa de morte em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimentos, ocorrendo principalmente em ambientes extra hospitalares. Frente a esse panorama mundial considerado um problema de saúde pública atual, a capacitação de leigos no Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) com uso da simulação clínica tem papel relevante para a melhoria das taxas de sobrevivência das vítimas de PCR. Estudo com objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento (teórico) e das habilidades (práticas) de leigos antes e após a sua participação no curso de SBV para leigos submetidos a estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, aula expositivo-dialogada e atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades ou aula simulada no atendimento a PCR/RCP com SBV para leigos. Estudo com delineamento quase experimental, abordagem quantitativa com delineamento tempo-série. A população consistiu dos estudantes do primeiro ao quarto semestre de graduação da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso e a amostra de 104 estudantes que participaram do curso em SBV para leigos em duas etapas. Na etapa I todos os estudantes foram submetidos ao pré teste teórico, à aula expositivo-dialogada seguida de atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades com manequim de média fidelidade e uso do Desfibrilador Externo Automático (DEA), simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim e DEA e pós teste teórico imediato. A Etapa II ocorreu de 15 a 20 dias após a primeira e todos os estudantes foram submetidos à simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim de média fidelidade e DEA seguido de pós teste teórico mediato. Elaboraram-se os instrumentos de avaliação teórica, cenário de simulação e OSCE - avaliação clínica objetiva e estruturada no cenário de simulação com (checklist), validados em aparência e conteúdo por comitê de juízes. A estratégia de coleta de dados foi o curso de SBV para leigos. Foram avaliados as avaliações teóricas e OSCE (Exame Clínico Objetivo Estruturado) - avaliação clínica estruturada em Laboratório de Simulação, este último empregando como ferramenta o manequim de média-fidelidade e DEA. A atividade foi filmada e analisada por três avaliadores. Analisaram-se os desfechos nas etapas I e II do curso de SBV para leigos: desempenho teórico nos testes teóricos e práticos no OSCE, tempo de execução total e de cada domínio do OSCE e a qualidade das compressões torácicas externas (CTE) quanto a frequencia e profundidade em 120 segundos de reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP). Resultados: 86 estudantes eram do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, a idade média 23,32±6,66 anos. No pré-teste a nota média foi de 3,52±2,03, e a mediana 3,0. No pós-teste imediato (pós 1) a nota média foi 8,01±1,19 (mediana 8,0) e no pós teste mediato (pós 2) foi de 7,41±2,68 (mediana 8,5). Comparando-se as médias obtidas no pré-teste, pós 1 e pós 2 há diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) com retenção do conhecimento. Comparando as notas do pós 1 e pós 2 teóricos evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,019) com perda do conhecimento no pós 2. A média no OSCE na etapa I (pós 1) foi 3,63±0,30 e na etapa II (pós 2) de 3,63±0,31; comparou-se tais notas verificando-se que não há diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,966). O tempo médio de execução do OSCE no pós 1 foi de 156,96±8,16s e no pós 2 foi de 138,68±43,58s, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). O domínio de intervenção do OSCE \"Chegada em Cena\" apresentou média 20,78±6,20s no pós 1 e 16,46±4,56s no pós 2, o domínio \"Checar a responsividade\" média de 6,38±3,48s no pós 1 e 5,13±2,36s no pós 2, o domínio \"Usar o DEA\" média de 77,30±14,45s no pós 1 e 66,80±11,44s no pós 2, todos com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Avaliando a qualidade das CTE a profundidade média atingida em milímetros (mm) apresentou média de 36,26±9,62 (mediana 35,00) no pós 1 e 39,36±10,96 (mediana 40,00) no pós 2. O nº de CTE média por minuto apresentou média de 116,01±21,72 (mediana 116,00) no pós 1 e 98,94±19,52 (mediana 100,00) no pós 2, o nº total de compressões (CTE) em 120 segundos apresentou média de 227,88±41,81 (mediana 226,00) no pós 1 e 197,31±30,42 (mediana 195,50) no pós 2, o nº de CTE muito superficiais média de 132,20±89,94 (mediana 146,50) no pós 1 e 74,96±75,76 (mediana 53,00) no pós 2, todos com diferenças estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Já o nº de CTE incompletas apresentou média de 25,09±56,95 (mediana 0,00) no pós 1 e 14,51±35,45 (mediana 0,00) no pós 2 com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,012). No presente estudo, apesar de diferentes estratégias de ensino abordarem o SBV para leigos, os resultados demonstram que as mesmas foram eficazes e os objetivos de aprendizagem foram alcançados, pois houve incremento nas notas obtidas nos pós-testes e no OSCE tanto na etapa I quanto na etapa II em relação ao conhecimento prévio e habilidades, porém houve perda da retenção de conhecimento e habilidade de 15 a 20 dias após o curso de SBV para leigos o que reforça a necessidade da capacitação permanente / Cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries, and mainly occurs in non-hospital environments. With this global scenario, which is considered a present public health problem, training laypeople in Basic Life Support (BLS) with clinical simulation has an important role in improving survival rate of the cardiac arrest victims. This present study aims to evaluate the knowledge (theoretical) and skills (practical) of laypeople before and after the BLS training underwent to teaching and learning strategies, expository and dialogue class and practical activities in skills lab or simulation class in CPR/CPA. This study has an almost experimental, quantitative and time-series approach. The population study is composed of students from the first to fourth semester of Nursing at Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) and the sample of 104 participants in BLS for laypeople in two steps. In Step 1, all the students had to undergo to the theoretical pretest, expository and dialogue class followed by practical activity in the skills lab with a mid-fidelity manikin and using automated external defibrillator (AED), clinical simulation in the lab using the same manikin and AED and immediate theoretical posttest. Step 2 occurred from the 15th to 20th days after the first one and all the students had to undergo to clinical simulation in the lab using the same mid-fidelity manikin and AED followed by immediate theoretical posttest. It was elaborated theoretical evaluation tools, simulation scenario and OSCE - objective structured clinical examination in the clinical scenario with checklist, validated in aspect and content by a judges committee. The data collection strategy was the BLS for laypeople. It was evaluated the theoretical tests and OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) - clinical examination structured in Simulation Lab, using as tool the mid-fidelity manikin and AED. The activity was filmed and analysed by three evaluators. The outcomes of Step 1 and 2 of BLS for laypeople were analysed: theoretical performance on theoretical and practical tests in OSCE, total execution time, each OSCE realm and the quality of external chest compression (ECC) such as frequency and deepness in 120 seconds of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Outcomes: 86 female and 18 male students, median age 23.32±6.66. Median score in pretest was 3.52±2.03 and the average 3.0. At immediate posttest (post 1) the median was 8.01±1.19 (average = 8.0) and at immediate posttest (post 2) 7.41±2.68 (average = 8.5). Comparing the pretest averages and posttests 1 and 2, there is a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) of knowledge retention. Comparing theoretical posttests 1 and 2 revealed the statistically significant difference (p=0.019) with knowledge loss at posttest 2. Step 1 OSCE average (posttest 1) was 3.63±0.30 and Step 2 (posttest 2) 3.63±0.31; when compared, these scores demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant difference (p=0.966). The OSCE execution time average at posttest 1 was 156,96±8,16 seconds and at posttest 2 138.68±43.58 seconds, which demonstrated statistically significant difference (p<0.001). OSCE intervention realm \"Arrival on the scene\" showed posttest 1 20,78±6,20s and posttest 2 16,46±4,56s averages, the realm \"Check Responsiveness\" had averages of 6,38±3,48s in posttest 1 and 5,13±2,36s in posttest 2, the realm \"Using DEA\" averages of 77,30±14,45s in posttest 1 and posttest 2 of 66,80±11,44s, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). Evaluating the quality of ECT the reached deepness average in millimeters (mm) resulted 36.26±9.62 (average 35.00) in posttest 1 and 39.36±10.96 (average 40.00) in posttest 2. The number of ECC per minute showed 116.01±21.72 (average 116.00) in posttest 1 and 98.94±19.52 (average 100.00) in posttest 2, the total of compressions (ECC) in 120 seconds showed 227.88±41.81 (average 226.00) and 197.31±30.42 (average 195,50) in posttest 2, the number of surface ECC 132.20±89.94 (average 146.50) and 74.96±75.76 (average 53,00) in posttest 2, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). In the incomplete ECC showed 25.09±56.95 (average 0,00) in posttest 1 and 14.51±35.45 (average 0,00) in posttest 2 with statistically significant difference (p=0,012). In this present study, besides the different teaching strategies approaches for laypeople, the outcomes demonstrate that they were effective and the learning goals reached, since the posttests had higher scores in previous knowledge and skills of steps 1 and 2 of OSCE. However it showed a loss of knowledge and skills retention in 15 to 20 days after the BLS training for laypeople, what demonstrates the need of permanent training

Thesis (MPH) --University of Limpopo, 2007. / Aim of the study: To determine knowledge of CPR and heart attack or cardiac arrest signs and symptoms among university students. Study Design: A questionnaire based descriptive, cross – sectional study. Setting: University of Limpopo – Turfloop Campus in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Subjects: A total sample of 400 students participated in the study. The sample was selected randomly using simple random sampling techniques. Outcome measures: The faculty, age, gender and level of study were determined as well as the knowledge each student has on signs and symptoms of impending heart attack and CPR.Results: Of the 400 students only 26% (n=104) knew the signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack as well as out of hospital management of heart attack by performing CPR. There were differences between and within faculties, age groups, gender and level of study. Based on the Bonferroni test the student from faculty of Sciences, Health and Agriculture are more likely (p-value 0017) to know when to perform CPR compared to students from other faculties. Level of study is not associated (p-value 0128) with how much the students know about the timing and indications of CPR. Overall female students performed worse with 79% (n=123) responding incorrectly to the questions compared to 69% (n=169) males. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study it safely can be concluded that the students’ knowledge of signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack and CPR procedure is poor. It is therefore important for the university as a center of teaching and learning to consider including as part of university curriculum, basic life support and first aid courses which include CPR. The inclusion of basic life support and first aid in university curriculum will prepare students to be able to effectively manage out of hospital heart attack and reduce mortality resulting from the latter. The findings of this study might to a certain extent be reflecting what the public’s knowledge on the subject is, hence the need for the policy makers to take serious note of the findings when public health promotion programmes are developed.

L'arrêt cardiaque (AC), responsable de 50000 morts par an en France, est un problème de santé publique. La majorité des décès survenant chez les patients réanimés avec succès est liée à une défaillance multiviscérale associée à une réponse inflammatoire systémique définissant le syndrome post-AC. L'AC réanimé est un modèle extrême d'ischémie-reperfusion (I/R) globale à l'origine de dysfonctions mitochondriales. L'ouverture du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondrial (mPTP), inhibée par la ciclosporine A (CsA), joue un rôle déterminant dans les lésions d'I/R focales. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que des interventions thérapeutiques prévenant l'ouverture du mPTP pourraient limiter le syndrome post-AC. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons mis au point un modèle d'AC chez le lapin et utilisé des préparations de mitochondries isolées à partir des organes vitaux pour étudier le rôle du mPTP dans la physiopathologie des défaillances d'organes post-AC. Dans un premier travail, nous avons montré que l'administration in vivo de CsA prévenait, en inhibant le mPTP au niveau du myocarde, la dysfonction cardiovasculaire post-AC. Nous avons étendu cette démonstration aux autres organes vitaux et montré ainsi des effets protecteurs mitochondriaux ubiquitaires de la CsA. Par la suite, nos travaux se sont attachés à étudier l'influence de la température corporelle sur les dysfonctions mitochondriales impliquées dans le syndrome post-AC. Nos résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le traitement de l'AC chez l'Homme / Cardiac arrest (CA) is a public health with more than 50,000 sudden deaths annually in France. A majority of immediate survivors die of multiple organ failure combined with systemic inflammatory response known as the post-CA syndrome. Resuscitated CA represents a model of whole body ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions. Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which can be inhibited by cyclosporine A (CsA), play a key role in reperfusion injury after focal ischemia. We hypothesized that therapeutic intervention targeting the mPTP could prevent the post-CA syndrome. In the present work, we developed a model of CA in rabbits and we used mitochondria preparations from vital organs to study the role of the permeability transition in the pathophysiology of the post-CA syndrome. In our first study, we have determined that CsA, by inhibiting mPTP opening (in heart), prevented CA-induced myocardial dysfunction. We extended this demonstration to the other vital organs and therefore reported a ubiquitous mitochondrial protective effect of CsA. Subsequently, we have focused our research on the influence of temperature on mitochondrial dysfunction involved in the post-CA syndrome. Our experimental findings open up new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of CA in Humans