Tesis para optar al Grado de Magíster en Enología y Vitivinicultura / La absorción de la luz ocurre gracias a los pigmentos de clorofila del tipo a y b, que se asocian a complejos de proteínas en los tilacoides, denominados fotosistema I y II (PSI y PSII). En los fotosistemas están presentes los carotenoides que pueden absorber la radiación luminosa, actuando como pigmento auxiliar, pero también tienen un papel transcendental en la fotoprotección. Prácticas como el deshoje, que buscan mejorar las condiciones de aireación e iluminación de los racimos, generan diferentes comportamientos en las pielesde las bayas. En este trabajo se realizaron dos ensayos, uno con racimos con exposición Este y otro con exposición Oeste, en donde se evaluaron los efectos de los tratamientos de oscuridad, sin deshoje, deshoje al estado de tamaño arveja y deshojes en envero, sobre el comportamientode la fotosíntesis, composición de pigmentos de clorofilas a y b, y carotenoides en las pieles de las bayas de la cepa Sauvignon Blanc. Los distintos regímenes lumínicos afectaron con diferencias significativas la morfología de la baya, durante su crecimiento y desarrollo.En relación a la fotosíntesis, en ambos ensayos,los tratamientos deshojados presentaron fotoinhibición desde posenvero, en donde los tratamientos con deshoje en envero presentaron Fv/Fm más bajos, con valores que oscilaron entre 0,79 y 0,38 en el ensayo Este, y entre 0,37 y 0,29 en el ensayo Oeste.Al comienzo de los ensayos, la concentración de las clorofilas presentaron diferencias significativas, fundamentalmente en el ensayo de la orientación Este, luego las clorofilas disminuyeron en los cuatro tratamientos hasta el final de la temporada. Los carotenoides totales aumentaron el contenido en el tiempo, además los tratamientos provocaron una activacióndel ciclo de las xantofilas en los fotosistemas. El alto grado de exposición de los racimos provocó dañosen los fotosistemas, evidenciados en la disminución de Fv/Fm. Sin embargo, aumentó el contenido de carotenoides al final de la temporada, lo que puede ser beneficioso, ya que podría conducir a la mayor formación de compuestos aromáticos. / The absorption of light occurs due to the chlorophyll pigments of the type a and b, which are associated with protein complexes in thylakoids, called photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII). Within the photosystems it is possible to find the Carotenoids. Carotenoids can absorb light radiation, acting as auxiliary pigment, but also having a transcendental role in photoprotection process. Procedures such as defoliation, seeking to improve the conditions of ventilation and illumination of clusters, generate different behaviors in the skin of the berries.In this work, two experiments were done, one bunch with East orientation and one with West orientation. The researchers evaluated the effect of the treatment dark, without leaf removal, leaf removal to pea state and leaf removal from veraison, on the behavior of photosynthesis and pigment composition of chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids in the skins of the berries of Sauvignon Blanc. The different light patterns, affected with significant differences in the morphology of the berry, during their growth and development. In relation to photosynthesis, in both trials showed photoinhibition treatments from postenvero leafless, where defoliation treatments at veraison showed Fv/Fm lower, with values ranging between 0,79 and 0,38 in the test this, and between 0,37 and 0,29 in the Western assay. At the beginning of the trials, the chlorophylls showed significant differences, mainly in the trial with east orientation. Then, the chlorophylls decreased in the four treatments until the end of the season. Total Carotenoids increased their content during the time. Morover, treatments caused the activation of xanthophylls cycle in photosynthetic systems. High exposure of clusters caused damage photosynthetic systems, as evidenced by declining Fv/Fm. However, increased the carotenoid content at the end of the season, which be can beneficial as it could lead to increased formation of aromatics.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T02:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 289413.pdf: 2202557 bytes, checksum: ffef042079a9d09712252f459fd872e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho analisou o perfil metabólico primário (proteínas, amido e lipídeos ) e secundário (carotenóides, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos) de oito variedades crioulas de milho desenvolvidas por equenos agricultores do município de Anchieta (SC) e avaliou o efeito do ambiente sobre o teor daqueles metabólitos cultivando as mesmas variedades no campo experimental da UFSC (Florianópolis), assim como características fisico-químicas e funcionais das farinhas e amidos de variedades crioulas e hibridas de milho. Os resultados mostraram diferenças na composição química (proteínas e amido) detectadas por técnicas histoquimicas assim como pela quantificação do teor daqueles compostos nas amostras de variedades de milho (amido, proteínas e lipídeos). Maior ocorrência de polissacarídeos ácidos, amido, celulose e proteínas foi vista para as variedades desenvolvidas em Anchieta (Geração F0). A quantificação do teor de proteínas revelou F0 como sendo a geração de maior ocorrência daqueles compostos. As variedades crioulas MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 mostraram-se como fontes de apreciável teor de lipídeos. O tamanho dos grânulos dos amidos de variedades crioulas foi bastante heterogênea, na grande parte são circulares e apresentando fibras na matriz do amido. O poder de inchamento, índice de solubilidade, capacidade de retenção de água foram em geral baixos para as variedades crioulas de milho. Conteúdos superiores de amilose foram detectados para as variedades R8C-0, RJ-0 e Fortuna. A espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT-IR) aliada a quimiometria (PCAs) revelou a presença de proteínas, lipídeos, amido como sendo os compostos majoritários, no entanto, foi notório a presença de açúcares e compostos de metabolismo secundário (terpenóides). Baixas temperaturas de gelatinização foram observadas para as variedades MPA1 e RXE (F0) e valores elevados para LP e RJ (F0). Menores viscosidades das pastas de amidos form detectados para RJ, RXE, e PR (F0), no entanto, as variedades RJ e R8C apresentaram maior tendência a retrogradação. Em geral amidos de variedades da F1 apresentaram maior retrogradação. A análise do conteúdo de metabólitos secundários em sementes, folhas e flores femininas das variedades crioulas e hibridas revelou maiores teores de carotenóides para as variedades LP (folhas), RX (flores femininas) e RXE (sementes). A geração F1 apresentou maior teor médio de carotenóides comparativamente a F0 e variedades hibridas, revelando o efeito do ambiente na síntese daqueles compostos. O tratamento hidrotérmico aplicado na extração degradou os carotenóides. A CLAE, revelou serem as xantofilas (luteina e zeaxantina) os compostos majoritários em sementes de variedades crioulas, com destaque para as variedades RX, PR (F0), e PR, MG, RXE (F1). O teor de carotenóides foi superior na geração F1 assim como a sintese de a, e ß-carotenos, com destaque destes em PR, MG e RXE (F1). A variedade hibrida BR SC 154 revelou superioridade em carotenóides totais por CLAE comparativamente a todas outras estudadas. Teores elevados de antocianinas foram detectados em folhas, flores, e sementes das variedades PR, MG e LP-0 respectivamente, enquanto que, teores elevados de fenólicos totais foram observados em flores, folhas e grãos de RJ, RX e R8C-0 respectivamente. O estudo permitiu concluir que tanto amidos e farinhas das variedades F0, F1 e hibridas apresentaram algumas características desejáveis (alta viscosidade, baixa temperatura de empastamento, elevado teor de lipídios assim como teor médio de amilose) e podem ser usados para a obtenção de alguns produtos na indústria (Pães, pudins, sobremesas), fato que pode agregar mais valor, mais aplicabilidade e gerar novas perspectivas de uso destas variedades crioulas de milho e incentivo ao pequeno agricultor que vem desenvolvendo essas variedades ao longo de décadas. Variedades de milho crioulo exibiram quantidades apreciáveis de carotenóides, antocianinas e fenólicos existentes em diferentes partes da planta que vários outros relatos na literatura, e constituem ótimo material de exploração de compostos do metabolismo secundário para fins farmacêuticos, saúde e na indústria cosmética, fato que vai agregar mais valor e preservação deste germoplasma. / This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2013. / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T17:40:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 323167.pdf: 2111123 bytes, checksum: c66fc1733d20eb838f5c08c7ac315761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Extrato de semente de uva (ESU), astaxantina e bixina foram encapsulados em um copolímero biocompatível, o poli (3-hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) (PHBV), utilizando a técnica de dispersão da solução melhorada por fluidos supercríticos (SEDS). Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização das partículas obtidas e o cálculo de eficiência de encapsulamento. Para o ESU foi variada a pressão de precipitação (80 ? 120 bar), a razão mássica entre extrato de semente de uva e polímero na solução orgânica (1:1, 1:2 e 1:3) e a temperatura de precipitação (35 ? 45 °C). Para a astaxantina foi variada a pressão de precipitação (80-100 bar), concentração de astaxantina na solução orgânica (5, 8 e 10 mg.mL-1), e mantidas constantes a temperatura de precipitação (35 °C) e a concentração de PHBV na solução orgânica (20 mg.mL-1). Para a bixina foi variadas a pressão de precipitação (80-100 bar), a concentração de bixina na solução orgânica (0,4 - 1 g.L-1), temperatura de precipitação (35 e 40 °C) e concentração de PHBV na solução orgânica (1, 2, 5 e 20 mg.mL-1). A eficiência de encapsulamento teve o mesmo comportamento para o ESU e astaxantina, onde na menor temperatura (35 °C) e menor pressão (80 bar) e maior concentração dos compostos na solução orgânica foram obtidos os melhores resultados (66% e 48% respectivamente). Já para a bixina a concentração de PHBV na solução orgânica teve maior influência, sendo que em menores concentrações do polímero (1 mg.ml-1) foi obtida a maior eficiência de encapsulamento (92%). Dependendo da condição utilizada, foram obtidas partículas esfércias para os três compostos com tamanhos na escala de nano ou micropartículas, variando de 0,5 a 0,7 µm para o ESU, de 0,13 a 0,26 µm para a astaxantina e 0,24 a 0,54 µm para bixina. Estes resultados comprovam a aplicação, viabilidade e versatilidade da técnica para encapsulamento de diferentes materiais com estados físicos variados (sólido, liquido e extrato) o que é de grande importância comercial. <br> / Abstract : Grape seed extract (ESU), astaxanthin and bixin were encapsulated in a biocompatible copolymer, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), using the technique of improved by dispersion of supercritical fluids (SEDS). This was followed by the characterization of the particles obtained and calculation efficiency of encapsulation. For the ESU was varied precipitation pressure (80 - 120 bar), the weight ratio of grape seed extract and polymer in the organic solution (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) and precipitation temperature (35 - 45 °C). For astaxanthin was varied precipitation pressure (80-100 bar), concentration of astaxanthin in the organic solution (5, 8 and 10 mg.mL-1), held constant the precipitation temperature (35 °C) and concentration PHBV in organic solution (20 mg.mL-1). For bixin were varied precipitation pressure (80-100 bar), concentration of the organic solution bixin (0.4 to 1 g.L-1) precipitation temperature (35 to 40 °C) and concentration of the solution PHBV organic (1, 2, 5, 20 mg.mL-1). The encapsulation efficiency was the same behavior for the ESU and astaxanthin, where the lowest temperature (35 °C) and lower pressure (80 bar) and higher concentration of the compounds in organic solution the best results were obtained (66% and 48% respectively). As for the concentration of bixin PHBV in organic solution had a greater influence, and in lower concentrations of polymer (1 mg.ml-1) was obtained encapsulation efficiency (92%). Depending on the conditions used, esfércias particles were obtained for all three compounds with sizes in the range of nano or microparticles, ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 µm for the ESU, 0.13 to 0.26 µm for astaxanthin, and 0.24 to 0.54 µm for bixin. These results confirm the application feasibility and versatility of the technique for encapsulation of different materials with different physical states (solid, liquid and extract) which is of great commercial importance.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T10:38:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 301193.pdf: 2893950 bytes, checksum: 5aa76905a23d810034b176397c2d4017 (MD5) / O processamento de camarão gera um resíduo formado pela cabeça e carapaça do crustáceo. Este resíduo apresenta um grande potencial para agregação de valor mediante a extração da fração carotenoídica da matéria-prima. O método de extração usado para a obtenção de compostos a partir de uma matéria-prima natural é crítico para a definição da qualidade do produto final. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o aproveitamento do resíduo de processamento de camarão rosa (P. brasiliensis e P. paulensis) para a obtenção de extratos de alto valor agregado, avaliando a técnica de extração, atividade biológica dos extratos e o seu encapsulamento. A matéria-prima, obtida no mercado público de Florianópolis/SC/Brasil, foi submetida a diferentes pré-tratamentos como tratamento térmico, secagem e moagem, sendo que estes métodos combinados apresentaram a melhor recuperação da fração carotenoídica da matéria-prima. Subsequentemente, foi estudada a eficiência de extração de carotenóides de sistemas a baixa pressão. Como tecnologia alternativa de extração de carotenóides foi aplicada a extração supercrítica (ESC) nas condições de 313.15 e 333.15 K e de 100 a 300 bar, empregando CO2 puro como solvente. Como modificadores do CO2 foram utilizados hexano:isopropanol (50:50) e óleo de girassol (2 % e 5 %, m/m). A cinética e a modelagem da ESC foram avaliadas com diferentes vazões de CO2 e umidades da matéria-prima. Os resultados foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento de extração, o perfil quali/quantitativo de carotenóides, o rendimento em astaxantina, o perfil espectrofotométrico UV-Visível e no infravermelho médio (FTIR), o perfil de ácidos graxos e as atividades antioxidante, anti-obesidade e hipolipemiante dos diferentes extratos. Finalmente, foi realizada a co-precipitação de astaxantina em polímeros por tecnologia supercrítica utilizando CO2 como anti-solvente pelos métodos Anti-Solvente Supercrítico (SAS), onde foi investigado o efeito de variáveis do processo no tamanho, distribuição do tamanho e morfologia das partículas precipitadas, e SAS de emulsão (SFEE). A composição dos extratos obtidos a baixa pressão indicou a acetona e a solução hexano:isopropanol como os solventes de maior eficiência na extração de carotenóides. A eficiência da ESC de carotenóides aumentou com o aumento da massa específica do CO2 e o maior rendimento em astaxantina foi a 333.15 K/300 bar, usando CO2 puro. A análise de custos do processo sugere o emprego de um equipamento de 2 x 400 L e tempo de 25 min para um processo mais lucrativo. Maiores atividades antioxidantes foram obtidas para os extratos alcoólico e cetônico, dentre os sistemas a baixa pressão. Os extratos apresentaram alto conteúdo de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, especialmente ?-3 EPA e DHA, e de compostos fenólicos. O extrato ESC (333.15 K/300 bar) a 50 mg/kg.d apresentou os melhores efeitos anti-obesidade (79-84 %) e hipotrigliceremiante. Os extratos Soxhlet promoveram as maiores reduções nos níveis de colesterol sérico. A eficiência do encapsulamento do extrato em Pluronic F127 através de SAS foi de até 74 %. Nano-emulsões processadas por SFEE apresentaram o melhor desempenho de encapsulamento e o menor tamanho de partícula. Todas as partículas produzidas por SAS e SFEE apresentaram melhor preservação de cor quando comparadas com o extrato não processado.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T21:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 303750.pdf: 2060621 bytes, checksum: ee1b2d096083e28dfeb39421d30a6e79 (MD5) / A pesquisa científica sobre o câncer mostra que a tumorigênese é um processo multifatorial, onde cada evento é o resultado de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas que conduzem as células a uma transformação progressiva, convertendo-as de um padrão de linhagem normal em derivados celulares malignizados. Os produtos naturais de origem vegetal têm sido investigados em função de suas propriedades biológicas, nutricionais e farmacológicas. O conhecimento da biologia e das relações existentes entre determinados metabólitos obtidos de espécies vegetais, e a profilaxia ou terapêutica de doenças, refletem em melhorias na qualidade de vida. Estudos prévios sobre as atividades biológicas de carotenóides e polifenóis obtidos de tecidos de milho, espécie Zea mays, demonstraram a ocorrência de inibição do crescimento tumoral e estímulo à função imune, além de inibição da proliferação celular e indução de apoptose. O presente estudo in vitro avaliou a potencial ação antitumoral de extratos carotenoídico (ECa) e polifenólico (EPf) derivados de folhas de Z. mays da variedade crioula Rajado 8 Carreiras. A cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência revelou a presença de luteína e ácido clorogênico como compostos majoritários de EC e EPf, respectivamente. Foram avaliados a citotoxicidade dos extratos foliares ECa e EPf e dos compostos puros ?-caroteno (?C), luteína (Lut), ácido gálico (AG), ácido cafeico (AC) e ácido ferúlico (AF) sobre quatro linhagens neoplásicas e uma linhagem não-neoplásica. Além disso foram avaliados os efeitos de ambos os extratos e de compostos puros sobre a morfologia, proliferação e adesão de células da linhagem B16F10. Ambos os extratos e os compostos puros, com exceção do AF, reduziram a viabilidade (método colorimétrico do MTT) de todas as linhagens de células tumorais sob estudo. No entanto, a única linhagem não-neoplásica, de fibroblasto de camundongo (L929), foi a menos susceptível, tendo, inclusive, apresentado um aumento (ao invés de redução) de 10% na viabilidade celular no grupo tratado com Lut (0,5 µg/mL). Além disso, ambos os extratos e os compostos ?C, e Lut (principalmente) causaram efeito citotóxico tempo-dependente (12 - 48 h) sobre a linhagem celular B16F10. Os ECa e EPf (5 µg/mL) também produziram alterações na morfologia (diminuição do espraiamento) e, após 24 h de exposição, induziram morte apoptótica nas células dessa linhagem. Os resultados do ensaio de BrdU mostraram que ECa e EPf (5 µg/mL, 24h) não inibiram a proliferação celular. Em um ensaio complementar, confirmou-se que ambos os extratos bloquearam a proliferação celular em até 99,5%; quantificada com base na capacidade de formar colônias (ensaio de clonogenicidade). Os ensaios de imunocitoquímica para detecção de actina e vinculina mostrou ocorrência de alterações nessas microestruturas evidenciadas pela distribuição dos pontos de adesão das células B16F10 expostas aos extratos (ECa e EPf). Com estes resultados sugere-se que os extratos de carotenóides e de polifenóis sob estudo teriam promovido alterações na estrutura do citoesqueleto (refletidas na morfologia celular), mais do que efeitos específicos nos mecanismos de viabilidade, migração e proliferação celular, os quais seriam uma consequência daquelas alterações. / The scientific research about cancer shows that the tumorigenesis is a multifactorial process, where each event is the result of genetics and epigenetic alterations that conduct the cells to a progressive transformation, converting them from a pattern of normal line to maligned cell derivatives. The natural products have been investigated because of their biological, nutritional and pharmacological properties. The knowledge of the biology and the existing relations between determined metabolites obtained from vegetal species and the prophylaxy or therapy of diseases, reflect in life quality improvement. Previous studies on the biological activities of carotenoids and polyphenols obtained from maize tissues, species Zea mays, demonstrate occurrence of tumor growth inhibition and stimulation of the immune function, beyond the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis induction. This study in vitro evaluated the potential antitumoral action of carotenoidic (ECa) and polyphenolic (EPf) extracts derived from leaves of Z. mays of the creole mayze variety Brindle 8 Careers. The high performance liquid chromatography revealed that lutein and chlorogenic acid were the major compounds of the ECa and EPf, respectively. It was evaluated the cytotoxicity of the extracts ECa and EPf and the pure compounds â-carotene (âC), lutein (Lut), gallic acid (AG), caffeic acid (AC) and ferulic acid (AF) assaying four neoplastic cell lineages and also a non-neoplastic cell line. Besides, the effects of treatment with the extracts and some pure compounds were evaluated on the morphology, proliferation and adhesion of the B16F10 cell line. Both the extracts and pure compounds, with the exception of AF decreased the viability (MTT colorimetric method) in all the cell lineages under study. However, the only cell line non-neoplastic (mice fibroblasts; L929 cells) was the less susceptible, showing an 10 % increase (instead of increasing) in the viability of the cell group treated by Lut (0.5 ìg/mL). Moreover, both the extracts and the pure compounds âC, AG and Lut (mainly) caused time-dependent cytotoxic effects (12 - 48h) in the B16F10 cell line. Eca and EPf (5 ìg/mL) also afforded morphological alterations (spreading decrease) and, after 24 h of exposure, those extracts induced apoptotic death in the B16F10 cells. The results attained by means of the BrdU assay show that ECa and EPf (5 ìg/mL, 24h) did not inhibit cell proliferation. By means of a complementary assay based in the cell capacity to form colonies (clonogenicity), we demonstrated that both the extracts blocked (until 99.5%) the cell proliferation. With these findings we suggest that the extracts of carotenoids and polyphenols under study possibly promoted alteration in the cytoskeleton structure (reflected in the cell morphology) rather than the specific effects in the mechanisms of survival, migration and cell proliferation, which would be a consequence from those alterations.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T00:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 224147.pdf: 3449136 bytes, checksum: ad60b26aef1b3582ceb87ab8b524a9ff (MD5)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2013 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T22:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 317582.pdf: 21016108 bytes, checksum: 05a8be42a7a75469c9f561ddf788658f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Estudos vêm sendo realizados visando correlacionar a composição química e a atividade biológica de diversos alimentos inseridos na dieta humana, entre eles o café e o cacau. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador mundial de café, caracterizando-se também como um grande consumidor (70% da população consomem esta bebida). Com relação ao cacau, o Brasil ocupa o 5º lugar como produtor e consumidor mundial, sendo o estado da Bahia seu maior produtor (95%). São os compostos biologicamente ativos produzidos por estas espécies, usualmente oriundos do metabolismo secundário, que têm despertado o interesse das indústrias alimentícia, química e farmacêutica. Entre estes compostos destacam-se os (poli)fenóis e os alcalóides, sendo que diversos ensaios in vitro e in vivo vêm comprovando uma ampla variedade de efeitos biológicos associados aqueles metabólitos, com destaque para suas atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória e antitumoral. A busca por compostos biologicamente ativos benéficos à saúde e que estejam inseridos em biomassas presentes na dieta humana como o café e o cacau, por exemplo, é uma estratégia que corrobora na prevenção de certas enfermidades que acometem o homem, notadamente aquelas relacionadas ao sistema cardiovascular e de natureza neoplásica. No presente trabalho, observou-se a capacidade dos extratos de café in natura (cru) e cacau em pó no seqüestro dos íons superóxido e hidroxil, com maior efeito sobre este último radical livre. Também constatou-se a atividade pró-vasculogênica do extrato aquoso de café in natura, enquanto o cacau apresentou ação antivasculogênica em modelos de embriões de galinha. Sugere-se uma continuidade destes estudos para que estas biomassas possam ser utilizadas como alternativas na prevenção de determinados distúrbios da saúde humana.<br> / Abstract: Unlike other well studied crop species such as corn, wheat, and oat, for example, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has been a neglected specie over the last decades. Further, despite it has been out of the scope of public policies for research and technological development for a long time, many farmers still cultivate it, guaranting the production of cassava-derived foods and raw materials of high economic interest, i.e. flour and starch, respectively. However, some cassava mills in Santa Catarina state (southern Brazil), are still quite rustic, using equipments quite obsolete that coupled to a lack of articulation of public policies and low profitability have discouraged the production of flour. In this context EPAGRI, which has the largest cassava germplasm active bank (GAB) in Brazil has an ongoing joined-project with national and international partners to modify this framework, contributing to technological advances in the industry. This work takes part of that effort as a strategy to add value to M. esculenta derived products. In this context, the present study aimed at to characterize physicochemically the flours and starches of genotypes of cassava (GC) and investigate the effect of the genotype Torta da Penha on the lipidic and glycemic profiles in Wistar rats, as a parameter of its potential of biological activity. The starches and flours of GC studied were very similar chemically and showed suitable traits for their industrial application such as starch density, regularity in the size of the starch granules and resistant starch content, for example. Regarding the content of secondary metabolites, the studied flours are not rich sources of carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, but this information is important for genetic breeding purposes of that germplasm. Biological assays revealed that the flours efficiently reduced the retroperitoneal fat, hepatic concentration of triglycerides and in the levels of potentially atherogenic lipoprotein (non-HDL-cholesterol), total cholesterol and triglyceride in rat plasma, confirming the potential of cassava flour as a functional food. Taking together the results subsidize in any extension the process to obtain the functional and nutritional stamp afforded by Brazilian Cardiology Society, an approach of interest as one aims at to add value to cassava flour. Further clinical studies regarding the effect of cassava flour feeding on lipidic and glycemic profile are claimed as relevant, as well as a better physicochemical characterization of the resistant starch fraction in order to elucidate functional and nutritional profiles of the GC belonging to EPAGRI´s GAB.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2013 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T23:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 319757.pdf: 1626156 bytes, checksum: 6f6f0d25079364413f6208260bfbf07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A abóbora é um vegetal da família da Cucurbitaceae, se destaca por ser rica em substâncias como a pró-vitamina A, zinco, fósforo, cálcio e ferro, além de ter grande potencial de expansão no mercado de vegetais. Com o grande aumento no consumo de produtos minimamente processados, a industrialização surge como uma alternativa para reduzir os desperdícios após o corte e descascamento, melhorando a sua conservação. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar a cristalização da polpa da abóbora de variedades diferentes (moranga e jacarezinho), a caracterização físico-química e microbiológica em diferentes tempos de armazenamento e avaliação sensorial dos doces produzidos. Os doces foram armazenados durante 45 dias em temperatura ambiente a 25 °C e 30 % de UR e em local refrigerado com 10 °C ± 1 °C e 50 % de UR. As avaliações físico-químicas e microbiológicas foram realizadas ao 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias de armazenamento para os dois modos de armazenamento. As amostras de abóbora e de doce foram analisadas quanto ao teor de umidade, cinzas, pH, lipídeos, atividade de água, carotenoides, cor, análises microbiológicas e análise sensorial. Os resultados mostraram que algumas características como umidade, atividade de água, teor de carotenoides e cor diminuíram ao longo do tempo nas duas condições de armazenamento, porém, o doce armazenado em temperatura ambiente a 25 °C e 30 % de UR apresentou perda mais acentuada do que o doce armazenado em local refrigerado com 10 °C ± 1 °C e 50 % de UR. Com as análises microbiológicas, pôde-se verificar que não foi detectada presença de Salmonella, bem como o crescimento de coliformes a 45 °C em nenhum dos tratamentos e em nenhuma das condições de armazenamento, durante o período analisado. Para a análise sensorial, os produtos das duas variedades tiveram boa aceitação pelo teste de aceitação de sabor, aroma, aparência e impressão global que foi realizado através da escala hedônica <br> / Abstract: The pumpkin is a vegetable of the family Cucurbitaceae, excelling for others vegetables for a great amount of rich substances like pro-vitamin A, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and iron, as well as having great potential for expansion in the vegetable market. With the large increase in the consumption of minimally processed products, industrialization is an alternative to reduce waste after cutting and peeling, improving their conservation. This study aimed to the crystallization of pumpkin pulp of different varieties (moranga and jacarezinho), the physicochemical characterization and microbiological in different storage times and sensory evaluation candy produced. The candies were stored for 45 days at room temperature to 25 °C and 30% UR and refrigerated at 10 °C ± 1 °C and 50% UR. The physicochemical and microbiological analyzes were performed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 days of storage for both storage modes. Samples of pumpkin and candy were analyzed for moisture content, ash, pH, lipid, water activity, carotenoids, color, microbiological and sensory analysis. The results showed that some features like moisture, water activity, color and carotenoid content decreased over time in the two storage conditions, however, the candy stored at room temperature to 25 °C and 30% UR showed more pronounced loss than candy stored refrigerated at 10 °C ± 1 °C and 50% UR. With microbiological analyzes, it can be seen that was not detected the presence of Salmonella, as well as the growth of coliforms at 45 °C in any of the treatments in any of the storage conditions during the period. The sensory analysis products of the two varieties had good acceptance by the acceptance test of flavor, aroma, appearance and overall impression was made by the hedonic scale.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000836384.pdf: 412403 bytes, checksum: 5c3371fcf3a2491bbc23d94ad1d0711f (MD5) / O tom avermelhado de alguns peixes age como um fator distintivo em relação ao pescado convencional de carne branca, agregando valor e propiciando o surgimento de um novo produto. Por esse motivo, o estudo de fontes pigmentantes para utilização em dietas de peixes de importância econômica é assunto de considerável interesse para a aquicultura e a indústria de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de carotenoides adicionados à ração de tilápias sobre o desempenho zootécnico e as características de qualidade dos filés. Novecentas e sessenta tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) pesando entre 10 - 30 g foram distribuidas em 24 tanques e, após um período de adaptação, receberam as rações experimentais durante 80 dias. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um grupo controle, correspondente a uma dieta basal sem aditivos pigmentantes, um grupo contendo astaxantina e quatro grupos contendo diferentes concentrações da biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus como aditivo pigmentante. As variáveis analisadas incluíram consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente das tilápias e pH, composição centesimal, concentração de carotenoides e cor dos filés. Os índices zootécnicos não diferiram estatisticamente, indicando que o uso dos pigmentantes não causou prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo. Os teores de umidade dos grupos que receberam pigmentantes foram inferiores aos encontrados nos filés do grupo controle, sendo este resultado relevante para a estabilidade microbiológica. O teor proteico dos filés dos grupos suplementados com biomassa bacteriana foi superior ao do grupo controle e os valores de pH, cinzas e lipídeos não variaram entre os tratamentos. A luminosidade e a intensidade de amarelo dos filés não diferiram entre os grupos e todos os tratamentos contendo pigmentantes provocaram aumento na intensidade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The reddish hue of some fish acts as a distinctive factor from traditional white flesh, adding value to the product and providing a new product to consumer market. Because of that, the investigation on pigmenting sources for the diets of fish with economic importance is a matter of great interest for aquaculture and food industry. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different carotenoids sources in tilapia fish diets on animals' performance and fillets characteristics. Nine hundred sixty tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 10 - 30 g were distributed in 24 tanks and, after an adaptation time, they received the experimental diets for 80 days. Treatments consisted of one control group receiving a basal diet with no pigment, one group receiving asthaxanthin and four groups receiving different concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass as the pigmenting ingredient. Variables analyzed included feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion for the animals and pH, proximate composition, carotenoids content and color for the fillets. Productive parameters did not differ statistically, showing that the use of the pigments did not cause any damage to animals' performance. Moisture contents of the fillets from the groups that received pigments were lower than those in the fillets from control group, what represents an important factor for the product conservation. The protein contents of the fillets from diets supplemented with the bacterial biomass were higher than those in control group while pH, ash and lipids did not vary among treatments. Lightness and yellowness did not differ among the groups but redness and carotenoids contents were higher for the fillets from all groups that received the pigments than for the control group. So, it can be concluded that the use of the pigmenting ingredients did not alter productive parameters but increased...(Complete abstract eletronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000791661.pdf: 1737518 bytes, checksum: 464412e37c4fc4ba49aaa1f2a009d1c3 (MD5) / O manejo de plantas daninhas é um aspecto importante da produção agrícola. A introdução de herbicidas sintéticos, em meados do século 20, tornou o controle de plantas daninhas menos dispendioso e mais eficaz. A introdução de culturas transgênicas resistentes a herbicidas não-seletivos (por exemplo, glifosato e glufosinato) reforçou o estabelecimento dos herbicidas como a principal tecnologia usada para controle em grande escala de plantas daninhas na produção agrícola mundial. No entanto, a pressão de seleção imposta pelos herbicidas levou à evolução generalizada de resistência em populações de plantas daninhas, o que representa uma grande ameaça para a sustentabilidade e rentabilidade dos sistemas de cultivo. Testes confiáveis para a detecção de resistência são pré-requisito para a implementação de estratégias de controle integrado eficazes. Há demanda crescente dos produtores por testes para diagnosticar a resistência de plantas daninhas e aprender a gerenciá-la. Os cientistas desenvolveram protocolos de teste de resistência para inúmeros herbicidas, mas, no Brasil, não há nenhum trabalho compilando essas informações. A evolução da resistência tem também acentuado a necessidade de produtos com novos mecanismos de ação para complementar a falta de atividade dos herbicidas atuais. A rota do metileritritol fosfato (MEP) representa um dos alvos mais promissores para o desenvolvimento de novos herbicidas, bem como para melhorar o valor nutricional de culturas agrícolas. No entanto, há apenas um herbicida comercial, clomazone, alvejando esta rota. Portanto, o primeiro capítulo do presente trabalho consiste em uma compilação de ensaios para medir a atividade de enzimas-alvo e caracterização de resistência de plantas a todos os modos de ação de herbicidas conhecidos. Uma vez que não havia descrito nenhum ensaio in vivo para testar ... / Weed management has always been an important aspect of crop production. The introduction of synthetic herbicides in the mid-20th century has made weed control less expensive and more effective. The introduction of transgenic crops resistant to non-selective synthetic herbicides (e.g., glyphosate and glufosinate) further established the reliance on herbicides as the dominant technology used for large-scale weed control in production agriculture worldwide. However, the selection pressure imposed by herbicides has led to the widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in weed populations, which is a major threat to the sustainability and profitability of cropping systems. Reliable tests for resistance are an essential pre-requisite for the rational implementation of effective integrated control strategies. There is increasing demand from growers to test for weed resistance and learn how to manage it. Scientists have developed resistance-testing protocols for numerous herbicides but, in Brazil, there is no review compiling this information. Evolution of herbicide resistance is also underscoring the need for herbicides with new modes of action to complement those herbicides failing due to resistance. The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway represents one of the most promising targets to develop new herbicides as well as targets to improve the nutritional value of crop plants. However, there is just one commercial herbicide, clomazone, targeting it. Therefore, in the first chapter of this study there is a compilation of assays to measure the activity of key target enzymes and characterization of plant resistance to all known herbicides mode of action. Since no in vivo assay was available for testing inhibitors of MEP pathway, in the second chapter it is described the development of a rapid, accurate, cheap, readily available leaf disc assay based on the measurement of the carbon ...