Esta teve tem por objetivo examinar as relações de trabalho em contextos específicos, através de três obras representativas, à luz das questões estético-ideológicas do Romance de 30 brasileiro, do Neo-Realismo português e do Neo-Realismo angolano. Para tanto foram escolhidos os romances Terras do Sem Fim, de Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, de Alves Redol; e Terra Morta, de Castro Soromenho, enfocando a representação do trabalho e do trabalhador. A investigação, essencialmente bibliográfica, foi norteada por uma recuperação do pensamento ideológico que moldou a sociedade até o presente da produção das obras em estudo. Para isso foram recuperados os estudos de Platão, Aristóteles, Augusto Comte, Karl Marx, Georg Lukács e Lucien Goldman. A questão da ideologia direcionou a leitura realizada das obras. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que a primeira tem dois capítulos e compreende a fundamentação teórica; e a segunda parte possuiu três capítulos, que se referem ao estudo das obras brasileira, portuguesa e angolana, respectivamente. No primeiro capítulo, realizou-se uma recuperação da evolução ideológica da sociedade que se refletiram nas produções literárias. Já o segundo capítulo abordou a questão da ideologia dos períodos literários Romance de 30 brasileiro e o Neo-Realismo português e angolano. O primeiro capítulo da segunda parte apresenta a leitura feita do romance Terras do Sem Fim, no qual Jorge Amado procurou representar a sociedade cacaueira do Sul da Bahia. A leitura da obra portuguesa, Gaibéus, coloca em cena os trabalhadores colhedores de arroz da região do Ribatejo. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo, examina a obra Terra Morta, na qual Castro Soromenho critica o colonialismo português. Enfim, ratificando a importância da temática estudada, entende-se que a investigação empreendida contribuiu sobremaneira para a comprovocação do objetivo proposto, isto é, a exclusão de classe que vitimiza os trabalhadores numa sociedade capitalista é similar nas três obras em estudo. Palavras-chave: Jorge Amado. Alves Redol. Castro Soromenho. Romance de 30. Neo- Realismo português e angolano. Trabalho. / This dissertation aims to investigate the relationship of work in specific contexts, trough three representative books, in light of aesthetic-ideological questions of Brazilian Romance on 30, of the Portuguese Neo-Realism and of the Angolan Neo-Realism. For both were chosen the novels of Lands Without End, by Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, Alves Redol; and Dead Earth, Castro Soromenho, focusing on the representation of workmanship and worker. The investigation, essentially bibliographical, was guided by a recovery of the ideological idea that shaped the society until the present of production of the books in study. For that were recovered the studies of Plato, Aristotle, August Comte, Karl Marx, Gerog Lukács and Lucien Goldman. The ideological question directed the performed reading of the books. The dissertation was divided into two parts, and the first has two chapters and includes the theorical fundamentation; the second part has three chapters, which refer to the study of the Brazilian, Portuguese and Angolan books, respectively. In the first chapter, a recovery of the ideological evolution of the society that were reflected in the literary productions. Once the second chapter approached the ideological questions of the literary periods of Romance of 30 and the Portuguese and Angolan Neo-Realism. The first chapter of the second part shows the reading of the novel Lands Without End, in which Jorge Amado tried to represent the cocoa society from South of Bahia. The reading of the Portuguese book, Gaibéus, puts into play the workers harvesters of rice in the region of Ribatejo. Finally, the third chapter examines the book Dead Earth, in which Castro Soromenho criticizes the Portuguese colonialism. At last, confirming the importance of the studied topic, it is understood that the undertaken investigation contributed considerably to the attestation of the proposed objective, namely the exclusion of class that victimizes workers in a Capitalist society is similar in the three books under study.

Esta teve tem por objetivo examinar as relações de trabalho em contextos específicos, através de três obras representativas, à luz das questões estético-ideológicas do Romance de 30 brasileiro, do Neo-Realismo português e do Neo-Realismo angolano. Para tanto foram escolhidos os romances Terras do Sem Fim, de Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, de Alves Redol; e Terra Morta, de Castro Soromenho, enfocando a representação do trabalho e do trabalhador. A investigação, essencialmente bibliográfica, foi norteada por uma recuperação do pensamento ideológico que moldou a sociedade até o presente da produção das obras em estudo. Para isso foram recuperados os estudos de Platão, Aristóteles, Augusto Comte, Karl Marx, Georg Lukács e Lucien Goldman. A questão da ideologia direcionou a leitura realizada das obras. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que a primeira tem dois capítulos e compreende a fundamentação teórica; e a segunda parte possuiu três capítulos, que se referem ao estudo das obras brasileira, portuguesa e angolana, respectivamente. No primeiro capítulo, realizou-se uma recuperação da evolução ideológica da sociedade que se refletiram nas produções literárias. Já o segundo capítulo abordou a questão da ideologia dos períodos literários Romance de 30 brasileiro e o Neo-Realismo português e angolano. O primeiro capítulo da segunda parte apresenta a leitura feita do romance Terras do Sem Fim, no qual Jorge Amado procurou representar a sociedade cacaueira do Sul da Bahia. A leitura da obra portuguesa, Gaibéus, coloca em cena os trabalhadores colhedores de arroz da região do Ribatejo. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo, examina a obra Terra Morta, na qual Castro Soromenho critica o colonialismo português. Enfim, ratificando a importância da temática estudada, entende-se que a investigação empreendida contribuiu sobremaneira para a comprovocação do objetivo proposto, isto é, a exclusão de classe que vitimiza os trabalhadores numa sociedade capitalista é similar nas três obras em estudo. Palavras-chave: Jorge Amado. Alves Redol. Castro Soromenho. Romance de 30. Neo- Realismo português e angolano. Trabalho. / This dissertation aims to investigate the relationship of work in specific contexts, trough three representative books, in light of aesthetic-ideological questions of Brazilian Romance on 30, of the Portuguese Neo-Realism and of the Angolan Neo-Realism. For both were chosen the novels of Lands Without End, by Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, Alves Redol; and Dead Earth, Castro Soromenho, focusing on the representation of workmanship and worker. The investigation, essentially bibliographical, was guided by a recovery of the ideological idea that shaped the society until the present of production of the books in study. For that were recovered the studies of Plato, Aristotle, August Comte, Karl Marx, Gerog Lukács and Lucien Goldman. The ideological question directed the performed reading of the books. The dissertation was divided into two parts, and the first has two chapters and includes the theorical fundamentation; the second part has three chapters, which refer to the study of the Brazilian, Portuguese and Angolan books, respectively. In the first chapter, a recovery of the ideological evolution of the society that were reflected in the literary productions. Once the second chapter approached the ideological questions of the literary periods of Romance of 30 and the Portuguese and Angolan Neo-Realism. The first chapter of the second part shows the reading of the novel Lands Without End, in which Jorge Amado tried to represent the cocoa society from South of Bahia. The reading of the Portuguese book, Gaibéus, puts into play the workers harvesters of rice in the region of Ribatejo. Finally, the third chapter examines the book Dead Earth, in which Castro Soromenho criticizes the Portuguese colonialism. At last, confirming the importance of the studied topic, it is understood that the undertaken investigation contributed considerably to the attestation of the proposed objective, namely the exclusion of class that victimizes workers in a Capitalist society is similar in the three books under study.

Esta teve tem por objetivo examinar as relações de trabalho em contextos específicos, através de três obras representativas, à luz das questões estético-ideológicas do Romance de 30 brasileiro, do Neo-Realismo português e do Neo-Realismo angolano. Para tanto foram escolhidos os romances Terras do Sem Fim, de Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, de Alves Redol; e Terra Morta, de Castro Soromenho, enfocando a representação do trabalho e do trabalhador. A investigação, essencialmente bibliográfica, foi norteada por uma recuperação do pensamento ideológico que moldou a sociedade até o presente da produção das obras em estudo. Para isso foram recuperados os estudos de Platão, Aristóteles, Augusto Comte, Karl Marx, Georg Lukács e Lucien Goldman. A questão da ideologia direcionou a leitura realizada das obras. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que a primeira tem dois capítulos e compreende a fundamentação teórica; e a segunda parte possuiu três capítulos, que se referem ao estudo das obras brasileira, portuguesa e angolana, respectivamente. No primeiro capítulo, realizou-se uma recuperação da evolução ideológica da sociedade que se refletiram nas produções literárias. Já o segundo capítulo abordou a questão da ideologia dos períodos literários Romance de 30 brasileiro e o Neo-Realismo português e angolano. O primeiro capítulo da segunda parte apresenta a leitura feita do romance Terras do Sem Fim, no qual Jorge Amado procurou representar a sociedade cacaueira do Sul da Bahia. A leitura da obra portuguesa, Gaibéus, coloca em cena os trabalhadores colhedores de arroz da região do Ribatejo. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo, examina a obra Terra Morta, na qual Castro Soromenho critica o colonialismo português. Enfim, ratificando a importância da temática estudada, entende-se que a investigação empreendida contribuiu sobremaneira para a comprovocação do objetivo proposto, isto é, a exclusão de classe que vitimiza os trabalhadores numa sociedade capitalista é similar nas três obras em estudo. Palavras-chave: Jorge Amado. Alves Redol. Castro Soromenho. Romance de 30. Neo- Realismo português e angolano. Trabalho. / This dissertation aims to investigate the relationship of work in specific contexts, trough three representative books, in light of aesthetic-ideological questions of Brazilian Romance on 30, of the Portuguese Neo-Realism and of the Angolan Neo-Realism. For both were chosen the novels of Lands Without End, by Jorge Amado; Gaibéus, Alves Redol; and Dead Earth, Castro Soromenho, focusing on the representation of workmanship and worker. The investigation, essentially bibliographical, was guided by a recovery of the ideological idea that shaped the society until the present of production of the books in study. For that were recovered the studies of Plato, Aristotle, August Comte, Karl Marx, Gerog Lukács and Lucien Goldman. The ideological question directed the performed reading of the books. The dissertation was divided into two parts, and the first has two chapters and includes the theorical fundamentation; the second part has three chapters, which refer to the study of the Brazilian, Portuguese and Angolan books, respectively. In the first chapter, a recovery of the ideological evolution of the society that were reflected in the literary productions. Once the second chapter approached the ideological questions of the literary periods of Romance of 30 and the Portuguese and Angolan Neo-Realism. The first chapter of the second part shows the reading of the novel Lands Without End, in which Jorge Amado tried to represent the cocoa society from South of Bahia. The reading of the Portuguese book, Gaibéus, puts into play the workers harvesters of rice in the region of Ribatejo. Finally, the third chapter examines the book Dead Earth, in which Castro Soromenho criticizes the Portuguese colonialism. At last, confirming the importance of the studied topic, it is understood that the undertaken investigation contributed considerably to the attestation of the proposed objective, namely the exclusion of class that victimizes workers in a Capitalist society is similar in the three books under study.

El Caribe ha sido reconocido por considerarse una pluralidad de espacios que simultáneamente son solo uno. Contrario al contexto de su fragmentada geografía, su segregada historia colonial y su diversidad racial y lingüística, los intelectuales caribeños han establecido puentes de unidad cultural con la intención de configurar una identidad pan-caribeña. Por consiguiente, los ensayistas del siglo XX se enfrentan a la necesidad de examinar críticamente los factores que formulan sus respectivas identidades, en contraste con aquellas tradicionalmente impuestas bajo el discurso colonial y metropolitano. Desde el tercer cuarto del siglo, pensadores como Aimé Césaire (1913-2008), Fernando Ortiz (1881-1969), Fidel Castro (1926-), George Lamming (1927-), Kamau Brathwaite (1930-), Juan I. Jiménes-Grullón (1903-1983), Hubert Devonish (1953-), Edouard Glissant (1928-2011), Antonio Benítez-Rojo (1931-2005), Arcadio Díaz Quiñones y Maryse Condé (1937-), entre otros, cuestionan el sistema colonial, los procesos étnicos y las propuestas lingüísticas, relacionándolos con conceptos tales como la hibridez, el sincretismo, la transculturación y la heterogeneidad. Estas teorías culturales, de alguna manera, reescriben ideas antecedentes en reacción a discursos hegemónicos previos como consecuencia de los cambios políticos que trajeron las guerras de independencia en América Latina durante el siglo XIX. En mi tesis demuestro que estos planteamientos delinean un mapa de modelos epistemológicos de la cultura del Caribe. Para indicar que estas propuestas constituyen metáforas que muestran una consciencia cultural, las proposiciones acerca de la cultura de Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) y Hayden White (1928-) sirven como marco teórico apropiado. Así, a través de las representaciones literarias ensayísticas de los modelos metafóricos de la cultura caribeña, este trabajo redefine algunos aspectos importantes de la identidad cultural vis a vis la mirada parcial que usualmente se utiliza para estudiar el archipiélago antillano. Igualmente, incluso aunque estos modelos proponen una representación metafórica de la cultura pan-caribeña, la construcción de un modelo del Caribe puede ser utilizado en otras regiones y espacios culturales en el contexto de la globalización, ya que elucida una gnoseología cultural que sirve para describir distintas realidades globales.

Countess Urraca Lope de Haro was the daughter of the noble Lord Diego Lope de Haro, friend and advisor to King Alfonso VIII of Castilla-León and granddaughter of Lord Lope Díaz de Haro and Lady Aldonza Ruiz de Castro, aristocratic courtiers as well as popular monastic patrons. As a young and wealthy widow, Countess Urraca took monastic vows at the Cistercian nunnery of Santa María de Cañas founded by her grandparents. Within a short time of uniting herself to this monastery, she was chosen as its fourth abbess in 1225, a position she held for thirty-seven years until her death in 1262. Following the tradition of monastic patronage established by her noble family members, Countess Urraca expanded the monastery's small real estate holdings, oversaw extensive building projects to create permanent structures for the nunnery, and patronized artistic projects including statuettes of the Virgin Mary and St. Peter in addition to her own decorative stone sarcophagus during her term as abbess. This thesis examines the artistic decoration and architectural patronage of this powerful woman and the influences she incorporated into the monastic structures at Cañas as she oversaw their construction. In dating the original buildings of the monastery at Cañas to the period of Countess Urraca's leadership, the predominant architectural features and decorative details of female Cistercian foundations in northern Spain are discussed. Comparisons with additional thirteenth-century Cistercian monasteries from the same region in northern Spain are offered to demonstrate the artistic connections with the structures Countess Urraca patronized. In addition, this thesis examines Countess Urraca's obvious devotion to the Virgin Mary and St. Peter by considering the medieval monastic world in which she lived and the strong emphasis the Cistercian Order placed on such worship practices. The potent spiritual connections Countess Urraca made by commissioning images of essential, holy intercessors testifies to her devotion to them and the powerful salvatory role she herself played in the lives of the nuns for whom she was responsible. As a nun and abbess, Countess Urraca was urged to emulate Mary's mothering, nurturing qualities, and, as she did so was simultaneously empowered by the Virgin's heavenly authority as administrator of mercy. Indeed, through studying her art it is clear that she saw herself as an intercessor on behalf of the nuns for whom she was responsible. Furthermore, discussion of the imagery displayed on Countess Urraca's decorative stone sarcophagus demonstrates not only a similar message of salvation through intercessors such as Peter and Mary, but also testifies of Abbess Urraca's aristocratic lineage. Through this artistic commission, the Abbess creates another direct, personal link between herself and the Virgin by including the symbol of the rosary throughout the iconography of her tomb. Such a symbol represents her devotion to Mary as Queen of Heaven and simultaneously empowers Countess Urraca as an intercessor herself. All of these architectural and artistic commissions confirm that she was a powerful woman who wielded a great deal of influence.

[ES] El Catálogo de obras latinoamericanas para violonchelo de Germán Marcano (2004) incluye mil cuatrocientas cincuenta y tres entradas. México es el país latinoamericano que presenta el mayor número de obras y la más antigua tradición de composiciones para este instrumento, desde que Ricardo Castro escribiera el primer concierto latinoamericano para violonchelo y orquesta, alrededor de 1890. Ante la deficiente difusión de este legado, el objetivo de esta tesis es el de revelar la importancia histórica, la singularidad, heterogeneidad y el valor artístico del repertorio para violonchelo mexicano, mediante el análisis musicológico de una selección de obras representativas escritas por los compositores más significativos de cada generación, así como la observación de la evolución estética que estas describen, desde el postromanticismo de finales del siglo XIX hasta las vanguardias del siglo XX. La metodología interdisciplinar empleada abarca los campos de la escucha consciente, la reflexión tras la percepción, el estudio sociopolítico y cultural sobre México, el análisis musical adecuado a cada lenguaje, la interpretación de las obras y la valoración de cada obra para su interpretación en relación a sus características particulares y al lugar que ocupa en la obra del autor. En cada uno de los tres capítulos quedan contrastadas obras para violonchelo de dos compositores pertenecientes a un mismo momento sociopolítico. Las de Ricardo Castro (1864-1906) y Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) son pioneras de su género en Latinoamérica y representaciones distintas del proceso de búsqueda de la identidad mexicana. Julián Carrillo (1875 -1956) y Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) aportan dos visiones diferentes del camino que había de seguir la música mexicana a partir del momento histórico de la Revolución de 1910. Manuel Enríquez (1926-1994) y Mario Lavista (1943-2021) comparten el ideal cosmopolita de la vanguardia de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La investigación realizada evidencia que las obras seleccionadas contribuyen significativamente al desarrollo del violonchelo como instrumento solista y que sus autores enriquecen los lenguajes musicales del siglo XX con individualidad e idiosincrasia. / [CAT] El Catàlec d'obres llatinoamericanes per a violonchelo de Germán Marcano (2004) inclou mil quatrecentes cincuenta y tres entrades. Mèxic és el país llatinoamericà que presenta el major número d'obres i la més antiga tradició de composicions per a este instrument, des de que Ricardo Castro escriguera el primer concert llatinoamericà per a violonchelo i orquesta, al voltant de 1890. Davant la deficient difusió d'este llegat, l'objectiu d'esta tesis és el de revelar l'importància històrica, la singularitat, heterogeneïtat i el valor artístic del repertori per a violonchelo mexicà, per mig de l'anàlisis musicològic d'una selecció d'obres representatives escrites pels compositors més significatius de cada generació, aixina com l'observació de l'evolució estètica que estes descriuen, des del postromanticisme de finals del sigle XIX fins a les vanguardes del sigle XX. La metodologia interdisciplinar empleada comprén els camps de l'escolta conscient, la reflexió despuix de la percepció, l'estudi sociopolític i cultural sobre Mèxic, l'anàlisis musical adequat a cada llenguage, l'interpretació de les obres i la valoració de cada obra per a la seua interpretació en relació a les seues característiques particulars i al lloc que ocupa en l'obra de l'autor. En cada u dels tres capítuls queden contrastades obres per a violonchelo de dos compositors pertanyents a un mateix moment sociopolític. Les de Ricardo Castro (1864-1906) i Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) són pioneres del seu gènero en Llatinoamèrica i representacions distintes del procés de busca de l'identitat mexicana. Julián Carrillo (1875 -1956) i Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) aporten dos visions diferents del camí que havia de seguir la música mexicana a partir del moment històric de la Revolució de 1910. Manuel Enríquez (1926-1994) i Mario Lavista (1943-2021) compartixen l'ideal cosmopolita de la vanguarda de la segona mitat del sigle XX. L'investigació realisada evidència que les obres seleccionades contribuïxen significativament al desenroll del violonchelo com a instrument soliste i que els seus autors enriquixen els llenguages musicals del sigle XX en individualitat i idiosincràsia. / [EN] The Catalog of Latin American Works for Cello by Germán Marcano (2004) includes one thousand four hundred and fifty-three entries. Mexico is the Latin American country that presents the largest number of works and the oldest tradition of compositions for this instrument, since the first Latin American concerto for cello and orchestra was written by Ricardo Castro, around 1890. Given the poor dissemination of this legacy, the objective of this thesis is to reveal the historical importance, singularity, heterogeneity and artistic value of the Mexican cello repertoire, through the musicological analysis of a selection of representative works written by the most significant composers of each generation, as well as the observation of the aesthetic evolution that they describe, from the post-romanticism at the end of the 19th century to the avant-garde of the 20th century. The interdisciplinary methodology used covers the fields of conscious listening, thought after perception, sociopolitical and cultural study of Mexico, musical analysis appropriate to each language, interpretation of works and assessment for the performance of each work in relation to its particular characteristic and the place it occupies in the author's work. In each of the three chapters, we contrast works for cello by two composers belonging to the same sociopolitical moment. Those of Ricardo Castro (1864-1906) and Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) are pioneers of their genre in Latin America and different representations of the search process for Mexican identity. Julián Carrillo (1875 -1956) and Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) provide two different visions of the path that Mexican music had to follow from the historical moment of the 1910 Revolution. Manuel Enríquez (1926-1994) and Mario Lavista (1943-2021) share the cosmopolitan ideal of the avant-garde of the second half of the 20th century. The research carried out shows that the selected works contribute significantly to the development of the cello as a solo instrument and that their authors enrich the musical languages of the 20th century with individuality and idiosyncrasy. / Lacruz Zorita, MD. (2022). Repertorio para violonchelo de los compositores mexicanos Castro, Ponce, Carrillo, Chávez, Enríquez y Lavista: perspectiva interdisciplinar para su difusión [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191000

Despite being the global leader in the “war on terror,” the United States has been accused of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba. The following study assesses these charges. After establishing a definition of terrorism, it examines U.S.-Cuban relations from 1808 to 1958, arguing that the United States has historically employed violence in its efforts to control Cuba. U.S. leaders maintained this approach even after the Cuban Revolution: months after Fidel Castro’s guerrilla army took power, Washington began organizing Cuban exiles to carry out terrorist attacks against the island, and continued to support and tolerate such activities until the 1970s, culminating in what was the hemisphere’s most lethal act of airline terrorism before 9/11. Since then, the United States has maintained contact with well-known anti-Castro terrorists, in many cases employing and harbouring them, despite its claims to be fighting an international campaign against terrorism.

Despite being the global leader in the “war on terror,” the United States has been accused of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba. The following study assesses these charges. After establishing a definition of terrorism, it examines U.S.-Cuban relations from 1808 to 1958, arguing that the United States has historically employed violence in its efforts to control Cuba. U.S. leaders maintained this approach even after the Cuban Revolution: months after Fidel Castro’s guerrilla army took power, Washington began organizing Cuban exiles to carry out terrorist attacks against the island, and continued to support and tolerate such activities until the 1970s, culminating in what was the hemisphere’s most lethal act of airline terrorism before 9/11. Since then, the United States has maintained contact with well-known anti-Castro terrorists, in many cases employing and harbouring them, despite its claims to be fighting an international campaign against terrorism.

Following the 1959 victory of the Cuban revolution, the United States government along with the CIA and their Cuban émigré allies immediately undertook a campaign of subversion and terrorism against the Cuban revolution. From 1959 until 1963 a clandestine war was waged between supporters of the revolution and the counter-revolutionary organizations backed by Washington. This project is a new synthesis of this little-known story. It is an attempt to shed light on a little known aspect of the conflict between the United States government and the Cuban revolution by bringing together never-before seen primary sources, and utilizing the two distinct and separate historiographies from the U.S. and Cuba, concerning the clandestine struggle. This is the story of Cuba’s resistance to intervention, the organization of the counter- revolution, and finally how the constant defeat of CIA plots by the Cubans forced changes in U.S. strategy concerning intervention in Cuba and in other parts of the developing world that would have far-reaching and long-last effects.

No description available.