Novos catalisadores de ZnII e AlIII contendo ligantes imina-pirrol e imina-fenolato foram preparados, estruturalmente caracterizados em solução e no estado sólido e usados na polimerização por abertura de anel do rac- e L-lactídeo em solução ou condições industrialmente preferidas (livre de solvente a 130 °C), na presença de um álcool como coiniciador/agente de transferência de cadeia (BnOH e iPrOH). Os catalisadores de ZnII bis-imina-pirrol Zn1-Zn4 demonstraram que a flexibilidade da estrutura do ligante, bem como o átomo doador (oxigênio versus enxofre), exercem influência na atividade da polimerização. A 80 ºC, a conversão de 100 equivalentes de rac-lactídeo ocorreu em 24 h a 96 h, dependendo do catalisador, enquanto que somente 1 h foi requerida para alta conversão nas reações em massa. Quando utilizados os catalisadores de ZnII bis-imina-fenolato Zn6 e Zn7, a formação de polímeros com valores de massa molar experimental em boa concordância com os valores calculados, conforme a razão []0:[]0, e com distribuição de massa molar relativamente estreita foram obtidos em 180 min, em solução de tolueno a 80 °C. Ainda, a eficiência catalítica do Zn6 foi evidenciada nas reações em massa a 130 °C, principalmente utilizando 5 ou 10 equivalentes de álcool benzílico. Todos esses sistemas ZnII bis-ligante levaram à formação de PLA, via mecanismo de monômero ativado, com cadeias poliméricas de ligeira tendência à heterotaticidade. Os catalisadores de AlIII imina-pirrol (Al5) e imina-fenolato (Al6-Al8), na polimerização em massa, formaram polímeros com valores de massa molar experimental de acordo com os valores calculados, conforme a razão []0:[]0, e com distribuição de massa molar relativamente estreita. Em solução de tolueno a 80 °C, resultados satisfatórios foram observados com os catalisadores Al5 e Al6 associados a 1 equivalente de álcool benzílico. Todos os PLA formados com esses catalisadores de AlIII foram tendentes à isosseletividade. A maior seletividade foi alcançada com Al6: = 0,66, = 167 °C. Na polimerização do L-lactídeo, a 130 °C, os catalisadores Al7 e Al8 demonstraram que a atividade foi influenciada pela natureza do álcool (álcool primário versus secundário). Independentemente do monômero, foi proposto que os sistemas de AlIII aturaram via mecanismo de coordenação-inserção. / This work describes the preparation of novel ZnII and AlIII preprecatalysts containing pyrrole-imine or imine-phenolate as ligands and it’s structurally characterization by solution and solid-state techniques. The performance of the preprecatalysts were carried out through the ring-opening polymerization of rac- and L-lactide either in solution or in solvent-free (at 130°C) using an alcohol as co- initiator/chain-transfer agent (BnOH and iPrOH). Zinc bis-pyrrolide-imine precatalysts Zn1-Zn4 demonstrated the flexibility of the backbone structure, as well as the donor atom (oxygen versus sulfur), influence the activity of the polymerization. At 80 °C, the conversion of 100 equivalents of rac-lactide occurred within 24 h or 96 h, depending on the initiator, while only 1 h was required for high conversion under bulk conditions. When the ZnII bis-imine-phenolate Zn6 and Zn7 precatalysts were used, it was observed the formation of polymers with experimental molar mass values in good agreement with the calculated values, (according to the ratio []0:[]0) and with relatively narrow molar mass distribution were obtained in 180 min in toluene solution at 80 ° C. Also, the catalytic efficiency of Zn6 was evidenced in solvent-free reactions at 130 °C, mainly using 5 or 10 equivalents of benzyl alcohol. All ZnII bis-ligated systems, via activated monomer mechanism, leads to the formation of PLA with a slight heterotactic bias. AlIII pyrrolide-imine (Al5) and imine-phenolate (Al6-Al8) precatalysts, under bulk conditions, formed polymers with experimental molar mass values in good agreement with the calculated values, according to the ratio []0:[]0, and with relatively narrow molar mass distribution. Satisfactory results were observed for Al5 and Al6 precatalysts using toluene solution at 80 °C and 1 equivalent of benzyl alcohol. All the PLA polymers formed with the AlIII precatalysts tended to isoselectivity. The highest selectivity was obtained for the Al6 precatalyst which showed = 0.66 and =167 °C. With L-lactide monomer polymerization, conducted at 130 °C, the Al7 and Al8 precatalysts demonstrated that the activity was influenced by the nature of the alcohol (primary versus secondary alcohol). Independently of the monomer, it’s being proposed that the AlIII systems performed via coordination-insertion mechanism.

Neste trabalho, duas novas classes de complexos de CrIII contendo ligantes pirazol-éter (N^O) CrCl3[(3-fenoxipropil)pirazol] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)- (3,5-dimetil-pirazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-(3-fenil-pirazol)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-3,5-bis(trifluormetil)pirazol] (Cr4) e ligantes imina-tioéter (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Cr9) e uma nova classe de complexos de NiII contendo ligantes imina-tioéter tais como NiBr2[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Ni5), foram sintetizados e caracterizados por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia eletrônica (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) e análise elementar (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). Esta classe de catalisadores de cromo (Classe I), quando ativados com metilaluminoxano (MAO), foram capazes de oligomerizar etileno com frequências de rotação (FRs) entre 6.500 e 97.200 h−1 com boa seletividade para AOL. O complexo Cr3 apresentou maior seletividade a hexenos e octenos com boa atividade (FR = 17.000 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais como solvente, razão molar [Al/Cr], tipo/procedência de cocatalisador, tempo e temperatura). Em condições ótimas ([Cr3] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 1500) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 97.200 h-1 com 15,7% de hexenos e 13,6% de octenos com 95 e 91% de AOL, respectivamente. Resultando no sistema mais ativo encontrado na literatura. A Classe II de complexos de CrIII quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR entre 3.300 e 970.000 h-1 com boa seletividade para produção de AOL. O complexo Cr5 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 27.400 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 970.800 h-1 com 17,9% de hexenos e 16,9% de octenos com 95% de AOL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que estes sistemas (Classe I e Classe II) preferencialmente atuam pelo mecanismo de inserção ao invés do mecanismo de expansão do ciclo, pela alta produtividade de butenos, olefinas de massa molecular elevada (>C12) e polietileno. A Classe II de ligantes foi utilizada para formação de novos complexos de NiII que, quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 com alta seletividade para buteno-1. O complexo Ni3 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 39.600 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Ni3] = 10 mol, diclorometano, 30C, tempo = 20 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Ni] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 412.000 h-1 com 87,2% de buteno, sendo 51,3% de buteno-1. / In this work, two new classes of chromium complexes bearing pyrazole-ether bidentate ligands (N^O) CrCl3[(3-phenoxypropyl)pyrazole] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)- (3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-(3-phenyl-pyrazole)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)pyrazole] (Cr4) and imine-thioether (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzyliden)aniline] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Cr9) and a new class of NiII complexes bearing imine-thioether ligands such as NiBr2[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylideno)aniline] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Ni5) were synthesized and characterized by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) and elemental analysis (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). The first class of Chromium precatalysts (Class I), when activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), promoted the oligomerization of ethylene with Turnover Frequencies (TOF) between 6.500 and 97.200 h−1 with good selectivities for LAO. The complex Cr3 showed the best selectivity for hexenes and octenes with good activity (TOF = 17.000 h-1), and this complex was selected for further optimization of reaction conditions, such as solvent, molar ratio [Al/Cr], cocatalyst type/origin, time and temperature. Under optimal conditions ([Cr3] = 10 mol, toluene, 80C, time = 15 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 1500) this precatalyst showed TOF = 97.200 h-1 with 15,7% selectivity for hexenes and 13,6% for octenes, with 95 and 91% of LAO selectivity in each case, respectively. This system was the most active found in the literature. The chromium complexes of Class II under MAO activation, displayed TOF between 3.300 and 970.000 h-1 with good selectivities for LAO. The precatalyst Cr5 showed the best activity (TOF = 27.400 h-1, in the inicial screening), and therefore selected for further process optimization. In the best conditions ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar of ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 2000) this precatalyst showed TOF = 970.800 h-1 and 17,9% selectivity for hexenes and 16,9% for octenes with 95% of LAO for the both. The results indicate that these systems (Class I and Class II) act by insertion mechanism rather cycle expansion mechanism, because there are high productivity for butenes, high molecular weight olefins (>C12) and polyethylene. The N^S ligand class was used to synthesize a new class of NiII complexes, which after MAO activation, exhibited TOF = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 with high selectivities for 1-butene. Ni3 exhibited the best activity (TOF = 39.600 h-1), and than under optimized conditions, ([Ni3] = 10 mol, dichloromethane, 30 C, time = 20 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Ni] = 2000) the system led to TOF = 412.000 h-1 with 87,2% selectivity for butene and 51,3% of 1-butene.

Foram sintetizadas novas classes de complexos Cr(III) e Ni(II) contendo ligantes tridentados. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr1, Cr2 e Cr4), baseados na unidade bispirazolil, quando ativados com MAO são capazes de oligomerizar o etileno, com atividades de até 27,2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h e formando α-olefinas lineares entre C4 e C20. Por outro lado, os complexos Cr3, Cr5 e Cr6 proporcionam a formação majoritária de polímeros, quando [Al]/[Cr] = 300, apresentando atividade de até 37,2 x 103 kg de PE/mol Cr.h. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr7 – Cr11), baseados na unidade imina-fenolato, mostraram-se capazes de oligomerizar o etileno quando utilizado MAO como ativador, apresentando atividade catalítica de até 52,9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, e seletividade para fração C6 variando entre 19,7 e 23,6%. Os efeitos eletrônicos dos pré-ligantes do tipo imina-fenolato influenciam o centro metálico, provocando aumento na atividade catalítica. O comportamento dos complexos de Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) na oligomerização do etileno foi investigado empregando MAO como cocatalisador. Esses precursores catalíticos apresentaram atividade de até 24,3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, com alta seletividade a 1-buteno e gerando pequenas quantidades de 2-butenos e hexenos. Os catalisadores apresentaram atividades que variaram de acordo com a estrutura do ligante. A influência de alguns parâmetros reacionais, que afetam o desempenho catalítico dos complexos Ni13 e Ni16, foi avaliada. O aumento do tempo reacional exerce influência na atividade catalítica, entretanto a seletividade não é afetada. O aumento da temperatura da reação apresentou uma diminuição na frequência de rotação. A variação na razão molar Al/Ni não exerce alterações significativas na atividade catalítica, assim como na seletividade para 1-buteno. Além disso, a ativação com EASC para o complexo Ni16 mostrou elevada FR (105,4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h). / A new classes of Cr(III) and Ni(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands was synthesized. The complexes of Cr (III) (Cr1, Cr2 and Cr4), based on the bispirazolil unit, when activated with MAO are able to oligomerize ethylene with activities up to 27.2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h forming α- linear olefins of C4 and C20. On the other hand, complexes Cr3, Cr5 and Cr6 provide the majority forming polymers, where [Al]/[Cr] = 300, having activity to 37.2 X 103 kg PE/mol Cr.h. The complexes of Cr(III) (Cr7 - Cr11), based on the imine-phenolate unit shown able to oligomerize ethylene when using MAO as activator, having catalytic activity up to 52.9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, and selectivity to C6 fraction ranging between 19.7 and 23.6%. Electronic effects on of the pre-ligands imine-phenolate type influence the metal center, causing an increase in catalytic activity. The behavior of Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) in ethylene oligomerization was investigated using MAO as an cocatalyst. These catalyst precursors were active up to 24.3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, with high selectivity to 1-butene with small amounts of 2-butenes and hexenes. The catalysts showed activities that varied according to the structure of the ligand. The influence of some reaction parameters, that affect the catalytic performance complex of Ni13 and Ni16, was evaluated. Increasing the reaction time has an influence on catalytic activity, but the selectivity is not affected. Increasing the reaction temperature showed a decrease in the frequency of rotation. The change in the molar ratio Al/Ni exerts no significant changes in the catalytic activity, as well as selectivity to 1-butene. Moreover, activation with EASC for Ni16 complex showed high TOF (105.4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h).

Neste trabalho, duas novas classes de complexos de CrIII contendo ligantes pirazol-éter (N^O) CrCl3[(3-fenoxipropil)pirazol] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)- (3,5-dimetil-pirazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-(3-fenil-pirazol)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-3,5-bis(trifluormetil)pirazol] (Cr4) e ligantes imina-tioéter (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Cr9) e uma nova classe de complexos de NiII contendo ligantes imina-tioéter tais como NiBr2[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Ni5), foram sintetizados e caracterizados por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia eletrônica (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) e análise elementar (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). Esta classe de catalisadores de cromo (Classe I), quando ativados com metilaluminoxano (MAO), foram capazes de oligomerizar etileno com frequências de rotação (FRs) entre 6.500 e 97.200 h−1 com boa seletividade para AOL. O complexo Cr3 apresentou maior seletividade a hexenos e octenos com boa atividade (FR = 17.000 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais como solvente, razão molar [Al/Cr], tipo/procedência de cocatalisador, tempo e temperatura). Em condições ótimas ([Cr3] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 1500) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 97.200 h-1 com 15,7% de hexenos e 13,6% de octenos com 95 e 91% de AOL, respectivamente. Resultando no sistema mais ativo encontrado na literatura. A Classe II de complexos de CrIII quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR entre 3.300 e 970.000 h-1 com boa seletividade para produção de AOL. O complexo Cr5 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 27.400 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 970.800 h-1 com 17,9% de hexenos e 16,9% de octenos com 95% de AOL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que estes sistemas (Classe I e Classe II) preferencialmente atuam pelo mecanismo de inserção ao invés do mecanismo de expansão do ciclo, pela alta produtividade de butenos, olefinas de massa molecular elevada (>C12) e polietileno. A Classe II de ligantes foi utilizada para formação de novos complexos de NiII que, quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 com alta seletividade para buteno-1. O complexo Ni3 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 39.600 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Ni3] = 10 mol, diclorometano, 30C, tempo = 20 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Ni] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 412.000 h-1 com 87,2% de buteno, sendo 51,3% de buteno-1. / In this work, two new classes of chromium complexes bearing pyrazole-ether bidentate ligands (N^O) CrCl3[(3-phenoxypropyl)pyrazole] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)- (3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-(3-phenyl-pyrazole)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)pyrazole] (Cr4) and imine-thioether (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzyliden)aniline] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Cr9) and a new class of NiII complexes bearing imine-thioether ligands such as NiBr2[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylideno)aniline] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Ni5) were synthesized and characterized by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) and elemental analysis (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). The first class of Chromium precatalysts (Class I), when activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), promoted the oligomerization of ethylene with Turnover Frequencies (TOF) between 6.500 and 97.200 h−1 with good selectivities for LAO. The complex Cr3 showed the best selectivity for hexenes and octenes with good activity (TOF = 17.000 h-1), and this complex was selected for further optimization of reaction conditions, such as solvent, molar ratio [Al/Cr], cocatalyst type/origin, time and temperature. Under optimal conditions ([Cr3] = 10 mol, toluene, 80C, time = 15 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 1500) this precatalyst showed TOF = 97.200 h-1 with 15,7% selectivity for hexenes and 13,6% for octenes, with 95 and 91% of LAO selectivity in each case, respectively. This system was the most active found in the literature. The chromium complexes of Class II under MAO activation, displayed TOF between 3.300 and 970.000 h-1 with good selectivities for LAO. The precatalyst Cr5 showed the best activity (TOF = 27.400 h-1, in the inicial screening), and therefore selected for further process optimization. In the best conditions ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar of ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 2000) this precatalyst showed TOF = 970.800 h-1 and 17,9% selectivity for hexenes and 16,9% for octenes with 95% of LAO for the both. The results indicate that these systems (Class I and Class II) act by insertion mechanism rather cycle expansion mechanism, because there are high productivity for butenes, high molecular weight olefins (>C12) and polyethylene. The N^S ligand class was used to synthesize a new class of NiII complexes, which after MAO activation, exhibited TOF = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 with high selectivities for 1-butene. Ni3 exhibited the best activity (TOF = 39.600 h-1), and than under optimized conditions, ([Ni3] = 10 mol, dichloromethane, 30 C, time = 20 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Ni] = 2000) the system led to TOF = 412.000 h-1 with 87,2% selectivity for butene and 51,3% of 1-butene.

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-12T17:57:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Márcio C dos Santos.pdf: 2650132 bytes, checksum: 144b6a5bac24a7d7b4c8cc8ca7be2fc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by NUBIA OLIVEIRA (nubia.marilia@ufba.br) on 2016-09-12T18:22:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Márcio C dos Santos.pdf: 2650132 bytes, checksum: 144b6a5bac24a7d7b4c8cc8ca7be2fc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T18:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Márcio C dos Santos.pdf: 2650132 bytes, checksum: 144b6a5bac24a7d7b4c8cc8ca7be2fc2 (MD5) / CNPq / Neste trabalho, catalisadores a base de níquel suportados em MCM-41 e preparados por impregnação por via úmida foram avaliados na reforma do metano com dióxido de carbono. Foram estudados o efeito do teor de níquel, do suporte e a influência da adição de rutênio. O suporte MCM-41 sintetizado foi impregnado com diferentes teores de níquel: 5%,10%, 15% e 20%. Todos os catalisadores apresentaram elevada atividade e seletividade, sendo que o catalisador Ni/MCM-41 com 10% níquel exibiu o melhor desempenho catalítico. Análises de quimissorção indicaram que o catalisador Ni-MCM-41 20% apesar da maior área metálica e maior dispersão em relação aos demais, apresentou menor conversão, implicando numa menor atividade por sítio metálico. Isto significa que elevados teores de níquel nestes sistemas conduziram a formação de partículas com arranjo geométrico desfavorável à atividade catalítica intrínseca. Os resultados de TOF obtidos sugerem que os catalisadores Ni-MCM-41 apresentam uma considerável sensibilidade à estrutura. O estudo da adição de rutênio aos catalisadores a base de níquel suportado em MCM-41, evidenciou que os sistemas Ni-Ru são ativos e que a adição de rutênio, aumenta a seletividade a hidrogênio e a resistência à desativação pela formação de coque. A influência do suporte na atividade catalítica para os catalisadores a base de níquel suportados em MCM-41 e em sílica também foi investigada e os perfis de TPR-CH4 revelaram que ocorre redução de diferentes espécies de níquel a depender do suporte. Todos os catalisadores apresentaram elevadas conversões, mas o catalisador Ni-MCM-41 20% foi o mais seletivo a hidrogênio. / This work presents a study of nickel based catalysts supported in MCM-41 and prepared by wet impregnation in the dry reforming of methane. The effect of the nickel content and of the support has been studied, as well as the influence of the ruthenium addition. Synthesized support MCM-41 impregnated with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% nickel contents were considered. The catalysts presented high activity and selectivity, with Ni/MCM-41 10% nickel catalyst having shown the optimum catalytic performance. Chemisorption analysis indicated that the catalyst Ni-MCM-41 20% presented the lowest conversion, which implies in a lower activity per metallic site, in spite of its highest metallic area and highest dispersion. This means that high nickel content in these systems lead to the formation of particles with a geometric arrangement that is unfavorable to the intrinsic catalytic activity. The results of TOF suggest that the Ni- MCM-41 catalysts present considerable structure sensitivity in this reaction. The study of the addition of ruthenium to the nickel supported in MCM-41 catalysts evidenced that the Ni-Ru systems are active and that the addition of ruthenium increases the selectivity for hydrogen and the resistance to the deactivation due to coke formation. The influence of the support on the catalytic activity of the nickel based catalysts supported in MCM-41 and in silica was also investigated and the TPR-CH4 profiles indicated that reduction of different types of nickel species occurs, depending on the support. All the catalysts presented high conversions, but the Ni-MCM-41 20% catalyst was the most hydrogen selective

Neste trabalho, duas novas classes de complexos de CrIII contendo ligantes pirazol-éter (N^O) CrCl3[(3-fenoxipropil)pirazol] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)- (3,5-dimetil-pirazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-(3-fenil-pirazol)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-fenoxipropil)-3,5-bis(trifluormetil)pirazol] (Cr4) e ligantes imina-tioéter (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Cr9) e uma nova classe de complexos de NiII contendo ligantes imina-tioéter tais como NiBr2[(E)-2-metil-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)propan-2-amina] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxi-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(feniltio)benzilideno)anilina] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)-2-metilpropan-2-amina (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butiltio)benzilideno)anilina (Ni5), foram sintetizados e caracterizados por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia eletrônica (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) e análise elementar (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). Esta classe de catalisadores de cromo (Classe I), quando ativados com metilaluminoxano (MAO), foram capazes de oligomerizar etileno com frequências de rotação (FRs) entre 6.500 e 97.200 h−1 com boa seletividade para AOL. O complexo Cr3 apresentou maior seletividade a hexenos e octenos com boa atividade (FR = 17.000 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais como solvente, razão molar [Al/Cr], tipo/procedência de cocatalisador, tempo e temperatura). Em condições ótimas ([Cr3] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 1500) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 97.200 h-1 com 15,7% de hexenos e 13,6% de octenos com 95 e 91% de AOL, respectivamente. Resultando no sistema mais ativo encontrado na literatura. A Classe II de complexos de CrIII quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR entre 3.300 e 970.000 h-1 com boa seletividade para produção de AOL. O complexo Cr5 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 27.400 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Cr] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 970.800 h-1 com 17,9% de hexenos e 16,9% de octenos com 95% de AOL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que estes sistemas (Classe I e Classe II) preferencialmente atuam pelo mecanismo de inserção ao invés do mecanismo de expansão do ciclo, pela alta produtividade de butenos, olefinas de massa molecular elevada (>C12) e polietileno. A Classe II de ligantes foi utilizada para formação de novos complexos de NiII que, quando ativados com MAO, apresentaram FR = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 com alta seletividade para buteno-1. O complexo Ni3 apresentou maior atividade (FR = 39.600 h-1), sendo o complexo selecionado para a otimização das condições reacionais. Em condições ótimas ([Ni3] = 10 mol, diclorometano, 30C, tempo = 20 min, 20 bar de etileno, [Al/Ni] = 2000) o pré-catalisador apresentou FR de 412.000 h-1 com 87,2% de buteno, sendo 51,3% de buteno-1. / In this work, two new classes of chromium complexes bearing pyrazole-ether bidentate ligands (N^O) CrCl3[(3-phenoxypropyl)pyrazole] (Cr1), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)- (3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol)] (Cr2), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-(3-phenyl-pyrazole)] (Cr3), CrCl3[1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)pyrazole] (Cr4) and imine-thioether (N^S) CrCl3[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Cr5), CrCl3[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzyliden)aniline] (Cr6), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Cr7), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Cr8), CrCl3[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Cr9) and a new class of NiII complexes bearing imine-thioether ligands such as NiBr2[(E)-2-metyl-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)propan-2-amine] (Ni1), NiBr2[(E)-4-metoxy-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylideno)aniline] (Ni2), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(phenylthio)benzylidene)aniline] (Ni3), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)-2-methylpropan-2-amine (Ni4), NiBr2[(E)-N-(2-(terc-butylthio)benzylidene)aniline (Ni5) were synthesized and characterized by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4) and elemental analysis (Cr1, Cr2, Cr3). The first class of Chromium precatalysts (Class I), when activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), promoted the oligomerization of ethylene with Turnover Frequencies (TOF) between 6.500 and 97.200 h−1 with good selectivities for LAO. The complex Cr3 showed the best selectivity for hexenes and octenes with good activity (TOF = 17.000 h-1), and this complex was selected for further optimization of reaction conditions, such as solvent, molar ratio [Al/Cr], cocatalyst type/origin, time and temperature. Under optimal conditions ([Cr3] = 10 mol, toluene, 80C, time = 15 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 1500) this precatalyst showed TOF = 97.200 h-1 with 15,7% selectivity for hexenes and 13,6% for octenes, with 95 and 91% of LAO selectivity in each case, respectively. This system was the most active found in the literature. The chromium complexes of Class II under MAO activation, displayed TOF between 3.300 and 970.000 h-1 with good selectivities for LAO. The precatalyst Cr5 showed the best activity (TOF = 27.400 h-1, in the inicial screening), and therefore selected for further process optimization. In the best conditions ([Cr5] = 10 mol, tolueno, 80C, tempo = 15 min, 20 bar of ethylene, [Al/Cr] = 2000) this precatalyst showed TOF = 970.800 h-1 and 17,9% selectivity for hexenes and 16,9% for octenes with 95% of LAO for the both. The results indicate that these systems (Class I and Class II) act by insertion mechanism rather cycle expansion mechanism, because there are high productivity for butenes, high molecular weight olefins (>C12) and polyethylene. The N^S ligand class was used to synthesize a new class of NiII complexes, which after MAO activation, exhibited TOF = 3.700 - 412.000 h-1 with high selectivities for 1-butene. Ni3 exhibited the best activity (TOF = 39.600 h-1), and than under optimized conditions, ([Ni3] = 10 mol, dichloromethane, 30 C, time = 20 min, 20 bar ethylene, [Al/Ni] = 2000) the system led to TOF = 412.000 h-1 with 87,2% selectivity for butene and 51,3% of 1-butene.

Foram sintetizadas novas classes de complexos Cr(III) e Ni(II) contendo ligantes tridentados. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr1, Cr2 e Cr4), baseados na unidade bispirazolil, quando ativados com MAO são capazes de oligomerizar o etileno, com atividades de até 27,2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h e formando α-olefinas lineares entre C4 e C20. Por outro lado, os complexos Cr3, Cr5 e Cr6 proporcionam a formação majoritária de polímeros, quando [Al]/[Cr] = 300, apresentando atividade de até 37,2 x 103 kg de PE/mol Cr.h. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr7 – Cr11), baseados na unidade imina-fenolato, mostraram-se capazes de oligomerizar o etileno quando utilizado MAO como ativador, apresentando atividade catalítica de até 52,9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, e seletividade para fração C6 variando entre 19,7 e 23,6%. Os efeitos eletrônicos dos pré-ligantes do tipo imina-fenolato influenciam o centro metálico, provocando aumento na atividade catalítica. O comportamento dos complexos de Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) na oligomerização do etileno foi investigado empregando MAO como cocatalisador. Esses precursores catalíticos apresentaram atividade de até 24,3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, com alta seletividade a 1-buteno e gerando pequenas quantidades de 2-butenos e hexenos. Os catalisadores apresentaram atividades que variaram de acordo com a estrutura do ligante. A influência de alguns parâmetros reacionais, que afetam o desempenho catalítico dos complexos Ni13 e Ni16, foi avaliada. O aumento do tempo reacional exerce influência na atividade catalítica, entretanto a seletividade não é afetada. O aumento da temperatura da reação apresentou uma diminuição na frequência de rotação. A variação na razão molar Al/Ni não exerce alterações significativas na atividade catalítica, assim como na seletividade para 1-buteno. Além disso, a ativação com EASC para o complexo Ni16 mostrou elevada FR (105,4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h). / A new classes of Cr(III) and Ni(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands was synthesized. The complexes of Cr (III) (Cr1, Cr2 and Cr4), based on the bispirazolil unit, when activated with MAO are able to oligomerize ethylene with activities up to 27.2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h forming α- linear olefins of C4 and C20. On the other hand, complexes Cr3, Cr5 and Cr6 provide the majority forming polymers, where [Al]/[Cr] = 300, having activity to 37.2 X 103 kg PE/mol Cr.h. The complexes of Cr(III) (Cr7 - Cr11), based on the imine-phenolate unit shown able to oligomerize ethylene when using MAO as activator, having catalytic activity up to 52.9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, and selectivity to C6 fraction ranging between 19.7 and 23.6%. Electronic effects on of the pre-ligands imine-phenolate type influence the metal center, causing an increase in catalytic activity. The behavior of Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) in ethylene oligomerization was investigated using MAO as an cocatalyst. These catalyst precursors were active up to 24.3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, with high selectivity to 1-butene with small amounts of 2-butenes and hexenes. The catalysts showed activities that varied according to the structure of the ligand. The influence of some reaction parameters, that affect the catalytic performance complex of Ni13 and Ni16, was evaluated. Increasing the reaction time has an influence on catalytic activity, but the selectivity is not affected. Increasing the reaction temperature showed a decrease in the frequency of rotation. The change in the molar ratio Al/Ni exerts no significant changes in the catalytic activity, as well as selectivity to 1-butene. Moreover, activation with EASC for Ni16 complex showed high TOF (105.4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h).

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-02-26T13:53:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARTINS_2014 - Final - revisado - pos-defes.pdf: 3568727 bytes, checksum: e8f2127b046db4f89f3a66365dff536f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-03-01T17:08:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARTINS_2014 - Final - revisado - pos-defes.pdf: 3568727 bytes, checksum: e8f2127b046db4f89f3a66365dff536f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T17:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARTINS_2014 - Final - revisado - pos-defes.pdf: 3568727 bytes, checksum: e8f2127b046db4f89f3a66365dff536f (MD5) / A reforma a vapor de etanol é uma via promissora de obtenção de hidrogênio devido ao alto rendimento de hidrogênio, à baixa toxicidade do etanol e à baixa produção de monóxido de carbono. A produção de hidrogênio, a partir dessa tecnologia, é conduzida em presença de um catalisador, destacando-se aqueles baseados em níquel suportado em alumina. Apesar de diversas vantagens, existe a demanda pela melhoria desses sistemas, no que se refere à atividade, seletividade e resistência ao depósito de coque. Neste contexto, foram desenvolvidos catalisadores de níquel modificados para a reforma a vapor de etanol, visando a obter sistemas mais ativos, seletivos e com elevada resistência à formação de coque, quando comparados aos tradicionais catalisadores de níquel suportado em alumina. Com este objetivo, neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito do método de preparação, teor de magnésio e incorporação de dopantes (Ni/M 30; M= Cu, Pt, Ir, Ru) sobre as propriedades de catalisadores baseados em níquel (15%), alumínio e magnésio (Al/Mg= 5 e 2). Os catalisadores foram preparados por diferentes métodos, caracterizados por diversas técnicas e avaliados na reforma a vapor de etanol a 500 °C, com razão água/etanol 3. Em todos os casos, foram obtidos catalisadores constituídos por -alumina contendo magnésio, aluminato de níquel, óxido de níquel e, possivelmente, aluminato de magnésio. Todos os sólidos foram macroporosos contendo mesoporos interparticulares e com áreas superficiais específicas próximas entre si. Entretanto, as propriedades redutoras, ácidas e básicas das amostras, assim como as suas propriedades catalíticas na reforma a vapor do etanol, foram alteradas pelo método de preparação, teor de magnésio e presença de dopantes. Entre as variáveis estudadas, o método de preparação foi a mais relevante, produzindo as modificações mais significativas nos sólidos. Todos os catalisadores foram ativos na reforma a vapor do etanol e pouco seletivos a acetaldeido, éter etílico e propanona. Os rendimentos a hidrogênio, monóxido e dióxido de carbono, metano e eteno variaram de acordo com o método de preparação do catalisador, teor de magnésio e presença de metais dopantes. Entre os catalisadores obtidos, o mais promissor foi aquele preparado por impregnações sucessivas do magnésio e níquel sobre alumina, que levou a um elevado valor da razão H2/CO (161) e a um baixo rendimento a eteno. Dessa forma, esse sistema é promissor para a produção de hidrogênio de alta pureza, especialmente para uso em células a combustível do tipo membrana trocadora de prótons (PEM), na qual a presença de monóxido de carbono é indesejável. / Steam reforming of ethanol is a promising route of obtaining hydrogen due to the high hydrogen yield, low toxicity of ethanol and low carbon monoxide production. Hydrogen production from this technology is performed in the presence of a catalyst, mainly those based on alumina-supported nickel. Although advantageous, there is a demand for improving systems, concerning activity, selectivity and resistance to deposits of coke. In this context, modified nickel catalysts for steam reforming of ethanol were developed aiming to get more active and selective catalysts with higher resistance to coke formation, when compared to traditional alumina-supported nickel catalysts. With this goal, the effect of the preparation method, of magnesium content and of the incorporation of dopants (M = Cu, Pt, Ir, Ru Ni / M = 30) on the properties of nickel (15%), magnesium and aluminum (Al / Mg = 5 and 2) based catalysts was evaluated in this work, The catalysts were prepared by different methods, characterized by various techniques and evaluated in the steam reforming of ethanol at 500 ° C with water / ethanol= 3. In all cases, catalysts made of -alumina containing magnesium, nickel aluminate, nickel oxide and possibly magnesium aluminate were obtained. All solids were macroporous with interparticle mesopores and with specific surface areas close to each other. However, reducing, acidic and basic properties of the samples, as well as their catalytic properties in the steam reforming of ethanol, were changed by the preparation method, magnesium content and the presence of dopants. Among these variables, the preparation method was the most important one in producing the most significant changes in the solids. All catalysts were active in steam reforming of ethanol and showed low selectivity to acetaldehyde, ethyl ether and propanone. The hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide methane and ethane yields varied according to the preparation method of the catalyst, magnesium content and the presence of dopant metals. Among the obtained catalysts, the most promising is the one prepared by successive impregnations of magnesium and nickel on alumina, which led to a high value of H2/CO (161) and a low ethene yield. Thus, this system is promising for producing hydrogen of high purity, especially for use in the cell type proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel, in which the presence of carbon monoxide is undesirable.

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.