Foram sintetizadas novas classes de complexos Cr(III) e Ni(II) contendo ligantes tridentados. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr1, Cr2 e Cr4), baseados na unidade bispirazolil, quando ativados com MAO são capazes de oligomerizar o etileno, com atividades de até 27,2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h e formando α-olefinas lineares entre C4 e C20. Por outro lado, os complexos Cr3, Cr5 e Cr6 proporcionam a formação majoritária de polímeros, quando [Al]/[Cr] = 300, apresentando atividade de até 37,2 x 103 kg de PE/mol Cr.h. Os complexos de Cr(III) (Cr7 – Cr11), baseados na unidade imina-fenolato, mostraram-se capazes de oligomerizar o etileno quando utilizado MAO como ativador, apresentando atividade catalítica de até 52,9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, e seletividade para fração C6 variando entre 19,7 e 23,6%. Os efeitos eletrônicos dos pré-ligantes do tipo imina-fenolato influenciam o centro metálico, provocando aumento na atividade catalítica. O comportamento dos complexos de Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) na oligomerização do etileno foi investigado empregando MAO como cocatalisador. Esses precursores catalíticos apresentaram atividade de até 24,3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, com alta seletividade a 1-buteno e gerando pequenas quantidades de 2-butenos e hexenos. Os catalisadores apresentaram atividades que variaram de acordo com a estrutura do ligante. A influência de alguns parâmetros reacionais, que afetam o desempenho catalítico dos complexos Ni13 e Ni16, foi avaliada. O aumento do tempo reacional exerce influência na atividade catalítica, entretanto a seletividade não é afetada. O aumento da temperatura da reação apresentou uma diminuição na frequência de rotação. A variação na razão molar Al/Ni não exerce alterações significativas na atividade catalítica, assim como na seletividade para 1-buteno. Além disso, a ativação com EASC para o complexo Ni16 mostrou elevada FR (105,4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h). / A new classes of Cr(III) and Ni(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands was synthesized. The complexes of Cr (III) (Cr1, Cr2 and Cr4), based on the bispirazolil unit, when activated with MAO are able to oligomerize ethylene with activities up to 27.2 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h forming α- linear olefins of C4 and C20. On the other hand, complexes Cr3, Cr5 and Cr6 provide the majority forming polymers, where [Al]/[Cr] = 300, having activity to 37.2 X 103 kg PE/mol Cr.h. The complexes of Cr(III) (Cr7 - Cr11), based on the imine-phenolate unit shown able to oligomerize ethylene when using MAO as activator, having catalytic activity up to 52.9 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Cr.h, and selectivity to C6 fraction ranging between 19.7 and 23.6%. Electronic effects on of the pre-ligands imine-phenolate type influence the metal center, causing an increase in catalytic activity. The behavior of Ni(II) (Ni1 – Ni20) in ethylene oligomerization was investigated using MAO as an cocatalyst. These catalyst precursors were active up to 24.3 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h, with high selectivity to 1-butene with small amounts of 2-butenes and hexenes. The catalysts showed activities that varied according to the structure of the ligand. The influence of some reaction parameters, that affect the catalytic performance complex of Ni13 and Ni16, was evaluated. Increasing the reaction time has an influence on catalytic activity, but the selectivity is not affected. Increasing the reaction temperature showed a decrease in the frequency of rotation. The change in the molar ratio Al/Ni exerts no significant changes in the catalytic activity, as well as selectivity to 1-butene. Moreover, activation with EASC for Ni16 complex showed high TOF (105.4 x 103 mol C2H4/mol Ni.h).

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Orientadores: Elizabete Jordão, Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_FlaviaCamargoAlves_M.pdf: 2792481 bytes, checksum: 30096a0a78d59802544c5d197d9aa7ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A hidrogenação do adipato de dimetila catalisada por Pt e por Pd foi avaliada. Os catalisadores foram suportados em alumina, titânia e carvão. Os parâmetros investigados foram: a influência do suporte, a influência do metal ativo Pd quando comparado com Pt e a influência dos promotores Sn e K em alguns catalisadores. A caracterização físico-química dos sistemas catalíticos foi feita por Fisissorção de 'N IND. 2¿ ¿ BET, Quimissorção de 'H IND. 2¿, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura ¿ MEV, Redução a Temperatura Programada ¿ TPR e Espectrometria de Emissão Ótica em Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado ¿ ICP OES. A dispersão dos metais nos catalisadores mostrou-se diretamente relacionada à área superficial dos suportes, sendo que partículas bimetálicas ou parcialmente cobertas (no caso da titânia) podem estar presentes. O suporte altera o comportamento dos metais presentes na sua superfície por diferentes maneiras: efeito SMSI (titânia), acidez (aluminia) e presença de grupos funcionais oxidados (carvão). A conversão de adipato de dimetila á reduzida na presença do suporte titânia e aumenta quando o suporte é alumina, o que está relacionado à acidez deste, com a formação de uma elevada quantidade de produtos indesejáveis. Maiores valores de seletividade para a produção de 1,6 ¿ hexanodiol são observados com o uso de titânia, uma vez que espécies parcialmente reduzidas do suporte favorecem a ativação da carbonila do substrato ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The hidrogenation of dimethyl adipate catalyzed by Pt and Pd was evaluated. The catalysts were supported in 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿, 'TiO IND. 2¿ and coal. The investigated parameters were: the influence of the support, the influence of the active metal Pd when compared to Pt and the influence of Sn and K as promoters in some catalysts. The physical-chemistry characterization of the catalytic system was made by 'N IND. 2¿ sorption ¿ BET, 'H IND. 2¿ soption, Scanning Electron Microscopy ¿ SEM, Temperature Programmed Reduction ¿ TPR and Inductively coupled Plasma Optics Emission superficial area of the supports, and bimetallic particles or partially covered (in the case of the 'TiO IND. 2¿) can be present. Support modifies the behavior of metals in the surface for different ways: SMSI effect ('TiO IND. 2¿), acidity ('Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿) and presence of oxidized functional groups (coal). The conversion of dimethyl adipate is reduced in the presence of 'TiO IND. 2¿ and increases when the support is 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿. This is related to the 'Al IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿ acidity, with the formation of many undersirable products. Higher selectivity values for the production of 1,6-hexaodiol are observed with 'TiO IND. 2¿, due to the partially reduced species of the support that favor the activation of the carbonyl...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Elizabete Jordão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T11:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_MarcoAndre_M.pdf: 2253921 bytes, checksum: d4eb6e985e810b2eabeedcb40f230731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo do comportamento de catalisadores mássicos à base de Al, Ni e Cu na reação de hidrogenação do CO, avaliando-se o seu desempenho em função da temperatura de ativação (275, 385 e '500 GRAUS¿C) e da variação das condições de preparação (pH e concentração das soluções dos sais). Os testes catalíticos foram realizados em um reator tubular de leito fixo, onde os sólidos foram ativados ¿in situ¿ e a reação conduzida a '250 GRAUS¿C e 50 bar. Os resultados das análises de BET indicaram que os sistemas estudados são menos estáveis que o catalisador comercial AlCoCu. A análise dos produtos de reação indicou uma alta seletividade dos sólidos à produção de álcoois, particularmente o metanol. Testes de Hidrogenação à Temperatura Programada (HTP) realizados após a reação indicaram que a formação de espécies carbonadas sobre o catalisador não é significativa. Esses resultados mostraram experimentalmente o processo de segregação da liga Ni-Cu, descritos em estudos teóricos na literatura, ocasionado pela instabilidade termodinâmica da liga nas condições reacionais. A segregação leva à formação de uma liga enriquecida com Cu localizada na superfície do catalisador / Abstract: In this work it was studied the behaviour of bulk Al, N, and Cu based-catalysts in the CO hydrogenation reaction, evaluating their performance as a function of activation temperature (275, 385 and '500 DEGREES¿C and preparation conditions (pH and salt solutions concentration). The catalytic tests were developed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor, where the solids were activated ¿in situ¿ and the reaction was carried out at '250 DEGREES¿C and 50 bar. Results of BET analysis showed that the investigated systems are less stable than commercial catalyst AlCoCu.). The catalytic tests were developed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor, where the solids were activated ¿in situ¿ and the reaction was carried out at '250 DEGREES¿C and 50 bar. Results of BET analysis showed that the investigated systems are less stable than commercial catalyst AlCoCu. Reaction products analysis indicated a high selectivity of these solids to alcohol, particularly methanol. Temperature Programmed hydrogenation tests (HTP), performed after reaction, indicated that the surface carbon formation is not significant. These results showed experimentally that the segregation process of the Ni-Cu alloy, described in theoretical studies in the literature, is caused by alloy thermodynamic instability at reaction conditions. The segregation leads to an alloy enrichment in Cu, located on the catalyst surface / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Elizabete Jordão, Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T23:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fontana_Juliane_M.pdf: 5044648 bytes, checksum: 2a0b462b72496e9b47267e9b9f42175d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência dos suportes La2O3, TiO2, SiO2 e Nb2O5 na hidrogenação do adipato de dimetila (ADM) para obtenção do 1,6-hexanodiol por catalisadores a base de rutênio na presença do promotor estanho. Reações de hidrogenação de ácidos e ésteres dicarboxílicos são tidas como complexas devido à possibilidade de ocorrência de inúmeros produtos relacionados a reações laterais. Geralmente, os processos industriais são conduzidos sob condições de pressão e temperatura de 150 atm e 250°C. Assim, torna-se interessante o desenvolvimento de catalisadores específicos e que atuem em condições mais brandas de processo. Os catalisadores foram preparados pelo método de co-impregnação, calcinados e reduzidos a 400°C. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados a 255°C e 50 atm. Os produtos da reação foram quantificados e identificados por CG e CG-MS. Análises de difração de raios X (DRX) revelaram a titânia utilizada é da fase rutilo e, portanto menos suscetível ao efeito SMSI. Além disso, identificou-se a presença de La(OH)3 no óxido de lantânia, também evidenciada por análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os testes catalíticos e as análises por redução a temperatura programada (TPR) revelam grande influência do suporte sobre a formação da fase ativa, assim como na redutibilidade das espécies metálicas, que foi atribuído a diferentes níveis de interação dos metais com os suportes. No sistema RuSn/La2O3, a interação metal-suporte prevaleceu, dificultando a redução dos metais, não favorecendo o desempenho do catalisador, que apresentou baixa atividade e seletividade ao diol (9,7%). Tal comportamento é explicado pela supressão da formação de espécies iônicas de Sn que contribuiriam na ativação da ligação C=O, além do possível recobrimento dos sítios metálicos não ativos de óxidos de estanho, diminuindo a taxa de hidrogenação. Nos sistemas RuSn/TiO2, os resultados indicam a criação de uma nova fase, possivelmente uma liga metálica, apresentando conversão de 51,5%, porém com seletividade ao diol de 19%. Já os catalisadores suportados em SiO2 e Nb2O5 apresentaram seletividades ao diol bastante promissoras 59 e 50%, com conversões de 57 e 28%, respectivamente, indicando que as fases ativas criadas na interface metal-suporte são adequadas à hidrogenação do grupo éster no ADM. A presença de espécies positivamente carregadas de estanho atuando como sítios ácidos de Lewis pode ser considerada responsável pela interação com o oxigênio das carbonilas. Desse modo, verifica-se que um efeito sinérgico entre promotor e suporte é fundamental para contribuir com a produção do diol. / Abstract: The present work evaluates the influence of RuSn catalyst supported on La2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and N2O5 at dimethyl adipate (DMA) hydrogenation to obtain 1,6-hexanodiol. Diols are obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of dicarboxilic acids and their esters. The relative low polarity of carbonyl groups in such compounds and the possibility of a wide range of intermediate products formation reveal the reaction complexity. Commonly, the manufacturing diol processes require drastic conditions of pressure and temperature, about 240°C and 150 atm. The development of a more active catalyst under mild reaction conditions has been getting attention. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, calcined and reduced at 400°C. The reactions were carried out in liquid phase in a PARR high pressure reactor at 255°C and 50 atm. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography. X-ray diffraction (XDR) indicates a rutile phase on titania that is less susceptible to SMSI effect. It also identified the presence of La(OH)3 in lanthanium oxide, by termogravimetric analyses (TGA), too. Catalytic test and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) show great support influence on active phase formation, as well as on the reducibility of metallic species, which was attributed to different kinds of interaction among metals and support. To the RuSn/La2O3 catalyst, the metal-support interaction is more important, difficulting the metal reduction at lower temperatures and the catalyst performance, that presented low activity and diol selectivity (9,7%). This behaviour is explained by suppression of ionic tin formation that could contribute to C=O bond activation, besides the possibility of recovering of metallic sites with not active tin oxides. The results with RuSn/TiO2 indicate the creation of a new phase, possibly a RuSn alloy, with conversion of 51,5%, but 19% of diol selectivity. On the other hand, the catalysts supported on SiO2 and Nb2O5 show higher selectvities to diol, 59 and 50% and conversion of 57 and 28%, respectively, indicating that the new active phases formed at metalsupport interface are able to hydrogenate the DMA ester group. The presence of positively charged tin species acting as Lewis acid sites could be considered as responsible for the carbonyl activation. It is also verified that a synergic effect between promoter and support is extremely important to the 1,6-hexanodiol formation. / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Mario de Jesus Mendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T16:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_OneliaAparecidaAndreodos_D.pdf: 7187494 bytes, checksum: 59d061919a5fb51e361e142fe73559c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Foram preparados pelo método da mistura química (sol-gel) catalisadores de rutênio-alumina, rutênio-estranho-alumina, e rutênio-ferro-alumina, e pelo método da impregnação catalisadores de rutênio, rutênio-estanho e platina suportados em dióxido de titânio, para uso na hidrogenação do ácido oléico, em fase líquida. Os catalisadores preparados foram caracterizados pro Medida de Área superficial (B.E.T.), Análise Termogravionétrica (TGA), Redução a Temperatura Programada (TPR) e Análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados da Análise Termogravionétrica mostraram que os catalisadores sol-gel apresentam uma perda lenta e contínua de massa, por decomposição dos precursores e sobretudo dos resíduos orgânicos, até temperaturas de calcificação de cerca '900 GRAUS¿C, enquanto que nos catalisadores suportados este processo de perda de massa termina a temperaturas muito baixas. Os resultados da Medida da Área Superficial mostraram que os catalisadores sol-gel calcinados suportados em óxido de titânia, também calcinados, possuem áreas superficiais especificas baixas, da ordem de 15 'm POT. 2¿/g, devidas á baixa porosidade do suporte. Estes resultados estão de acordo com os dados da literatura, e são confirmados pelos resultados da análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, segundo os quais os catalisadores sol-gel são formados por micropartículas (porosas) aglomeradas em macropartículas com dimensões da ordem de 30 'mu¿m e com uma estrutura macroporosa... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Ruthenium-alumina, ruthenium-tin-alumina and ruthenium-iron-alumina catalysts, prepared by the complexing agent-assisted sol-gel (chemical mixing) method, and ruthenium, ruthenium-tin and platinum catalysts, supported on titanium dioxide, prepared by impregnation method, were used in the liquid phase hydrogenation of oleic acid. The prepared catalysts were characterized by Surface Area Measurements (B.E.T.), Thermogravimeric Analysis (TGA), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM). The results of the Thermogravimetric Analysis show that the sol-gel catalysts present a slow and continuous loss of mass, due decomposition of the precursors and mainly of the organic residues. This loss of mass occourred until calcinations temperatures of about ¿900 DEGREES¿C, while that in the supported catalysts the loss of mass loss finished at lower temperatures. The results of the surface area measurements showed that the sol-gel calcined catalysts present specific surface area of the order of 400 'm POT. 2¿/g. However calcined catalysts supported on oxide titanium showed a lower specific surface areas (15 'm POT. 2¿/g), due to the low porosity the support. These results are in accordance with results given in literature, and were confirmed by the results of the scanning electronic microscopy analysis, demonstrating that the sol-gel catalysts have a macroporous structure which is formed by microparticles (porous) agglomerated in macroparticles with size around of 30 'mu¿m... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Antonio Jose Gomez Cobo, Gilberto Marques da Cruz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T02:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SoaresNeto_TuribioGomes_D.pdf: 6349003 bytes, checksum: d1523b1c1768b3377b9c7df6bce40b7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Catalizadores Ir/'Al IND. 2¿'O IND. 3¿, com teores metálicos de 12,5%, 22% e 30% foram preparados pelo método das impregnações sucessivas incipientes, a partir de três aluminas, sintetizadas no LCP ¿ INPE, apresentando estruturas porosas diferentes. Uma solução de 'H IND. 2¿Ir'Cl IND. 6¿.0,6N HCl foi utilizada como precursor metálico. Durante as etapas sucessivas de impregnação acompanhou-se a evolução de propriedades texturais do suporte e dos materiais intermediários, tais como área específica total, volume específico e distribuição de poros, área metálica específica, tamanhos de partículas metálicas e resistência mecânica. Os catalisadores contendo 30% de metal foram avaliados na reação de decomposição de hidrazina, em um sistema micropropulsivo para satélite, verificando-se a influencia das diferentes propriedades texturais desses materiais sobre os seus desempenhos. Comparou-se os resultados destes testes com o do catalisador comercial Shell 405. A porosidade e cristalinidade do suporte alumina apresentaram um papel importante na evolução das propriedades destes catalisadores, durante os testes no microcompulsor. Dos métodos de preparação das aluminas utilizando neste trabalho, aquele que conduziu ao melhor compromisso ente desempenho do catalisador e evolução de suas propriedades foi o da síntese com adição de polímeros. Catalisadores bimetálicos Ir-Ru//'Al IND. 2¿'O IND. 3¿, com teores de 2 a 10% de metal, foram preparados pelo método da coimpregnação incipiente, a partir de um alumina comercial e de soluções precurssoras metálicas de 'H IND. 2¿Ir'Cl IND. 6¿ e Ru'Cl IND. 3¿ ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Ir/'Al IND. 2¿'O IND. 3¿catalysts with 21,5%, 22% and 30% fo metal loading were prepared by usisng sucessive impregnations incipient wetness method from three alumina with different porous structures, made at the INPE-LCP laboratory. A 'H IND. 2¿Ir'Cl IND. 6¿.0,6N HCl solution was utilized as metal procursor. During the sucessive imprognations incipient wetness step, the texture specific surface, specific volume of porous and distribution, metallic specific surface, size of metallic particles and mechanic resistance. The catalysts with 30% of metal loading were evaluated in satellite thrust in the hydrazine decomposition reaction, and verifying the influence or different texture properties of theses materials, in the thrust test performance. The test results were compared with performance of a Shell 405 catalyst. The alumina porosity and crystallinity have a important role in the evolution of the catalysts properties, during he thrust test. Among the preparation methods of aluminas that was used in this work, the one that led to the best correlation between caralysts performance and properties evooution, its was the polymer addition method. Ir-Ru//'Al IND. 2¿'O IND. 3¿ bimetallic catalysts with 2% and 10 % of metal loading were prepared by using co-impregnation incipient wetness method, from commercial alumina and de 'H IND. 2¿Ir'Cl IND. 6¿ and Ru'Cl IND. 3¿.was utilized as metal procecursor ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Catalytic CO2 transformation signified a paradigm shift towards the fabrication of contemporary chemical energy. The abundance of CO2 and the impending storage of fossil building blocks, has led to the proposal that CO2 should be the C1‐building block of the future. This doctoral thesis based on the development of an efficient homogeneous Ru‐catalytic system in ionic liquids, and its exploitation for Ru‐catalyzed carbonylations reactions with CO2 as CO source. Primarily synthesized task‐specific ionic Liquids for the generation of an active homogeneous Ru‐catalytic system by reacting with Ru3(CO)12 precursor. Then reaction was optimized for the Ru‐catalyzed selective hydroformylation of alkenes with CO2, and also investigated the mechanistic insight (Chapter‐ 3). The reaction of 1methyl3nbutylimidazolium chloride [BMI•Cl], or 1nbutyl2,3dimethyl limidazolium Chloride [BMMI•Cl] with Ru3(CO)12 generates Ru‐hydride‐carbonylcarbene species insitu that are efficient catalysts for Reverse Water Gas‐Shift (RWGS) / hydroformylation / hydrogenation cascade reaction. The addition of H3PO4 increases the catalytic activity of the first step (i.e., the reduction of CO2 to CO). Under optimized reaction conditions (120 ºC and 60 bar CO2/H2 (1:1) for 17 h), cyclohexene and 2,2‐disubstituted alkenes were easily functionalized to alcohols via a sequential hydroformylation‐carbonyl reduction by hydride transfer and protonolysis. These active Ru‐hydride‐carbonyl‐carbene species further strongly catalyzed the selective hydroaminomethylation of alkenes, and Nformylation amines with CO2 as CO source (Chapter‐4). Addition of P(OEt)3 and H3PO4 substantially and selectively formed hydroaminomethylation of alkenes, and N‐fomylation of amines, while N‐methylation of amines was not observed. The Insitu generated Ru‐hydride‐cabonyl‐carbene species are more efficient towards carbonylations of alkenes as compared to N‐formylation of amines. Furthermore mechanistic studies revealed hydroaminomethylation of alkenes involve in a sequence of RWGSR / hydroformylation / reductive amination by hydrogenation of imines and enamines intermediates. Interestingly, in the presence of stable phosphine additives the same catalytic system promoted N‐methylation of amines, and hydrogenation of alkenes. These findings of the CO2 transformation provided a new and highly valuable opportunity to get advantage of abundant CO2 as CO source for important industrial carbonylation processes, such as for the production of fragrances, and useful chemicals. Furthermore, the thesis work included the synthesis of well‐distributed Pd‐NPs (ca. 3.7 nm) deposited onto active carbon by magnetron‐sputtering process. Subsequently the catalytic performances were evaluated in the super hydrogenation of model of model substrates (i.e., nitrobenzene, 1,3‐cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene) at 75ºC under 4 bar dihydrogen (H2). The catalytic results revealed improved efficiencies in terms of activity and selectivity to those displayed by commercially available catalyst. Disproportion of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene were revealed also as active processes under reaction conditions.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento catalítico dos complexos β-dicetonatos: Fe(acac)3, Cr(acac)3 e Cu(acac)2, e do complexo [Ni(MeCN)6](BF4h, empregados na reação de formação de uretanos a partir do hexametilenodiisocianato (HDI) e dos álcoois: etanol (EtOH), propionato de 2-hidroxietila (P2HE) e propionato de 2-hidroxipropila (P2HP). O desempenho destes complexos foi comparado em relação ao dos catalisadores comerciais. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o complexo Fe(acac)3 que produz essencialmente o produto diuretano (seletividade ≥ 90%) com frequências de rotação que atingem 74,0 h-1 em 150 minutos de reação do HDI com EtOH, enquanto que o catalisador comercial dibutildilaurato de estanho (DBTDL), apresenta quantidades equivalentes de ambos os produtos (monouretano e diuretano) e frequências de rotação em torno de 29,0 h-1 para o mesmo sistema reacional. Os resultados catalíticos permitiram propôr mecanismos reacionais diferenciados. Nas condições experimentais empregadas, o estudo cinético dos sistemas catalíticos mais ativos permitiu determinar que as reações seguem um comportamento cinético de pseudo-1ª ordem. / The catalytic performance of metal-p-diketonate complexes: Fe(acac)3, Cr(acac)3, Cu(acac)2, and [Ni(MeCN)6](BF4h complex are described in the urethanes formation reactions from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and the alcohols (ethanol (EtOH), ethyl-2-hydroxipropionate (P2HE) and propyl-2-hydroxipropionate(P2HP)). The best results were obtained in the case HDI and EtOH catalysed by the Fe(acach complexo The diurethane adduct seletivity was ≥ 90% and turnover frequency reached 74.0 h-1 for a reaction time 150 minutes. Similar experiments using a commercial catalyst (butyltin dilaurate, DBTDL) showed no diurethane adduct seletivity and lower turnover frequency (29. O h-1). The catalytic results permited to propose a reaction mechanism. For experimental conditions used, the kinetic studies of the most active catalytic systems showed that the reactions follow a pseudo-first order behaviour.

Orientador: Deyse Elisabeth Ortiz Suman Carpenter. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química.