No Brasil, no transcorrer da última década tem-se aumentado a produção de energia renovável. Dessa forma, empreendimentos visando produção e distribuição de energia tem sido desenvolvidos, exemplo disto são as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs). Perda e fragmentação de habitat são consideradas fatores negativos para a conservação in situ</i/>, sendo que podem colocar em perigo de extinção numerosas espécies de vertebrados terrestres. Durante a construção de hidrelétricas, esses dois eventos podem ocorrer em um espaço de tempo curto e abranger pequenas ou grandes extensões de habitat natural dessas espécies. Dentro do âmbito ambiental, essas obras demandam a criação e desenvolvimento de programas de monitoramento e conservação, visando diminuir o impacto sobre as populações silvestres que ocorrem na área diretamente afetada pelo empreendimento, resultando no óbito de numerosos indivíduos durante o desenvolvimento das etapas desse programa. Sendo assim, visando entender quais são os fatores que podem levar à perda de um animal silvestre nesses programas se projetou acompanhar entre 2008 e 2010 as etapas do programa de monitoramento e conservação e as do centro de triagem de animais selvagens (CETAS) da PCH Anhanguera, que foi construída no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Vertebrados terrestres e aves que vieram a óbito foram submetidos à necropsia e amostras dos principais órgãos e lesões representativas foram fixadas em formalina 10% e posteriormente processadas para avaliação histopatológica. Ao final do exame necroscópico, laudo macroscópico foi elaborado e quando possível foi determinada a causa de morte. Havendo impossibilidade da determinação da causa de morte, resultados dos exames complementares foram aguardados. Foram avaliados 486 animais, entre anfíbios (81), aves (12), mamíferos (164) e répteis (229) em três momentos: monitoramento, resgate na supressão da vegetação e centro de triagem de animais silvestres. As causas de morte estiveram associadas a processos não infecciosos (64,82%), seguido por causa indeterminada (22,43%), eutanásia (9,26%), suspeita de infeccioso (2,26%) e processos infecciosos (1,23%). Acidentes por objetos contundentes durante supressão que causaram trauma foram relevantes em répteis durante a supressão (&chi;2= 23.3490; &rho;= 0.0000). Ataques por contactantes ou predação e acidentes (afogamento e hipotermia) acontecidos nas armadilhas de captura foram significativas causas de morte para mamíferos durante o monitoramento (&chi;2= 25.5620; &rho;= 0.0003). Para anfíbios, as eutanásias induzidas na supressão em decorrência de injúrias graves em tecidos moles e de tecido muscular esquelético foram a causa de morte que mais afetou esse grupo (&chi;2= 8.2437; &rho;= 0.0041). A conservação da fauna durante um programa faunístico de um empreendimento está associada ao manejo adequado dessas populações em campo e centros de triagem. Aumento da captura prévia nas áreas a serem suprimidas, das vistorias nas armadilhas de captura e propensão por uma destinação oportuna dos indivíduos capturados facilitaria a sobrevivência da fauna acometida pelo empreendimento. / In the course of the last decade Brazil has increased the production of renewable energy. Thus, projects aiming energy production and distribution have been developed such as Small Hydro Power Stations (SHPS). Loss and fragmentation of habitat are considered negative factors for in situ conservation, and can put many endangered species of terrestrial vertebrates. During the construction of dams, these two events may occur in a short space of time and cover small or large tracts of natural habitat of these species. Within an environmental framework these enterprise create and develop conservation programs in order to reduce the impact on wild populations that occur in the influence area project. Commonly, many individuals may die during the stages of the program. In order to understand what are the factors that can lead to loss of wild animals in these programs, monitoring, rescue and triage center activities, of the program of the SHP Anhanguera, were accompanied between 2008 and 2010. Dam and reservoir were built in the northeastern of São Paulo State, Brazil. Post-mortem examinations were performed in terrestrial vertebrates and birds that died. Samples of major organs were collected and representative lesions were fixed in 10% formalin and later processed to pathological evaluation. At the end of the necropsy, macroscopic report was prepared and, if possible, it was determined the cause of death. Were not possible laboratory tests were awaited. It was evaluated 486 animals, including amphibians (81), birds (12), mammals (164) and reptiles (229) in three phases: monitoring, rescue in forest clearing and triage center. Causes of death were associated with non-infectious processes (64.82%), followed by unknown causes (22.43%), euthanasia (9.26%), suspected infection (2.26%) and infectious processes (1,23%). Accidents caused by blunt objects that resulted in trauma during removal forest were relevant in reptiles (&chi;2 = 23.3490, &rho; = 0.0000). Attacks by predators or contacted and accidents (drowning and hypothermia) that occurred in the traps capture were significant causes of death of mammals during monitoring (&chi;2 = 25.5620, &rho; = 0.0003). For amphibians, euthanasia induced due to severe soft tissue and skeletal muscle injuries in the suppression, were the cause of death that most affected this group (&chi;2 = 8.2437, &rho; = 0.0041). The conservation of wildlife fauna during a conservation program of a hydroelectric enterprise is linked to the appropriate management of these populations in the affected areas and triage centers. Increase of previous captures in the areas of vegetal suppression, check of traps capture and opportune destination of captured animals facilitate the survival of wildlife affected by the project.

L'égalité et la justice dans la famille sont nécessaires dans la mesure où il s'agit de sauvegarder les droits fondamentaux des femmes, des hommes et des enfants à la fois en tant qu'individus et composants d'une famille. La littérature juridique nous apprend que le divorce, institution fort ancienne permettant de rompre de manière définitive le lien conjugal, est étroitement lié à l'idéologie dominante et aux fluctuations politiques du pays considéré. En France, l'histoire du divorce est marquée par des étapes d'évolutions successives d'interdiction et de rétablissement. Une fois admis, il permet de découvrir que le choix législatif fondamental s'articule autour de deux idées : diversifier les cas de divorce afin de répondre à la pluralité des situations de crise, et de dédramatiser le divorce en incitant les époux à trouver un accord sur ses conséquences. Au Liban, le divorce est admis chez les musulmans. Dans la mesure où le système de statut personnel est d'inspiration religieuse et basé sur le Coran, le droit de divorcer n'était pas soumis au développement. La question qui se pose est celle de son évolution. L'étude comparative des deux systèmes français et libanais nous a fait constater que l'égalité au sein du couple en France avait été un souci pour le législateur français, pour aboutir à une égalité dans le sujet du divorce. En revanche, on verra que cette égalité au sein de la famille libanaise est loin d'être appliquée. / Equality and justice are necessary in the family for their safeguard the fundamental of women men, children at the same as individuals and components of a family. Legal literature acknowledge that the divorce, a very old institution that tends to break severely the marriage bond, is closely related to the dominant ideology and political variations of the considered countries.The history of divorce in France was marked by successive stages of development : prohibition and restoration. Once admitted it allows to discover that the legislative fundamental choice revolves upon two ideas: diversifying divorce cases so we can find a solution for the plurality of crisis situation, dramatize divorce by encouraging spouses to agree on its consequences. ln Lebanon divorce is permissible for Muslims. To the extent that the personal statutes system is religiously inspired and based on the Koran. The right to divorce was not subject to development. The question that arises is that of evolution.The comparative study of both French and Lebanese law systems has made us that equality in marriage in France was a concern for the French legislature. To achieve equality in the subject of divorce. However, we will see this equality within the family in Lebanon is far being implemented.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-30T13:09:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulete Maria Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 5762811 bytes, checksum: 28834997c0c9ab30319d461d7b95a7bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T13:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulete Maria Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 5762811 bytes, checksum: 28834997c0c9ab30319d461d7b95a7bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-01 / Milton Valente / A presente tese busca analisar as experiências da educadora baiana Leolinda Daltro (c.1859-1935) como catequista entre os povos indígenas do Brasil central - região entre os rios Araguaia e Tocantins - e sua trajetória como mediadora e feminista, após o regresso ao Rio de Janeiro, na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Em decorrência desta percepção, optamos por, efetivamente, conceder relevo às repercussões da experiência de missão de Leolinda e sua articulação com uma ampla rede de personagens (ilustres ou não) da sociedade regional e nacional. Por esta proposição, situaremos aqui a memória individual da protagonista entendida como uma das práticas culturais dos registros de uma "produção de si". Leolinda, com certeza, sentiu, pensou e viveu experiências simultâneas e, por vezes, díspares - entre a sua atuação política em defesa da causa indígena e da emancipação da mulher -, que a colocaram como uma testemunha de tempos e espaços múltiplos nos anos que sucederam à instauração da República. Em relação a sua trajetória, esclarecemos que, após abordarmos sua atuação pela causa indígena, iremos nos deter também, mesmo que não de forma aprofundada, na fase inicial de sua atuação no Rio de Janeiro. Atuação que é tida como decisiva para alavancar o longo percurso do movimento pela emancipação feminina, especialmente, na luta pela igualdade política entre homens e mulheres e pelo pleno exercício da cidadania. / The present thesis aims to analyze the experiences from the educator Leolinda Daltro (c.1859-1935) as a catechist among the indigenous of central Brazil – a region between the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers – and her journey as a mediator and a feminist, after returning to Rio de Janeiro, in the late nineteenth century to the twentieth. As a result of this perception, we chose to effectively provide relief to the impact of the experience of mission Leolinda and its articulation with a wide network of characters (distinguished or not) of regional and national society. For this proposition, we will place here the memory of the individual protagonist understood as one of those cultural practices from records of a "self-production". Leolinda surely felt, thought and lived simultaneous experiences and sometimes disparate – among her political action in defense of indigenous cause and women emancipation – which put her as a witness for multiple spaces and times in the years followed the establishment of the Republic. Related to her journey, we clarify that after we discuss her actions for indigenous cause, we’ll also discourse, even if not deeply, the initial stage of her action in Rio de Janeiro. Action that is seen as crucial to leverage the long course of the movement for women's emancipation, especially in the struggle for political equality between men and women and the full exercise of citizenship.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Martins Correa.pdf: 1026616 bytes, checksum: 536451f8cb38e98393f5997f1d298260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current knowledge society marks the awakening of consciences of individuals and organizations. We are looking for ways to assist the transition individual to collective, the ´to have` for the "To Be" and new organizational and attitude values. Companies have a key role in this new paradigm, for beeing the base of the evolution collaborating in all spheres. And from this perspective that this study seeks to understand how companies can awaken to social responsibility, if each one is at a different level of organizational consciousness? This analysis is based on a conceptual model constructed from the theoretical propositions of Richard Barrett, author of works "Creating an Organization driven by values" and "Liberating the Corporate Soul¨. Thus, the central question of this study was: What determinants influence the organizational consciousness for Social Responsibility practices? For validation of this question was held extensive literature search, as well as empirical research exploratory qualitative aspect in the partnership between the company Alpargata-Havaianas and the Institute of Ecological Research - IPÊ tha t use the tool Cause Related Marketing. The positive intersection identified here, may contribute to the achievement of the higher stage of consciousness organizational changes in order to gain competitive landscape of contemporary capitalism / A atual sociedade do conhecimento marca o despertar de consciências das pessoas e das organizações. Estamos procurando caminhos que auxiliem a transição individual para a coletiva, do ter para o Ser e de novos valores e atitudes organizacionais. As empresas apresentam um papel essencial neste novo paradigma, pois são as bases para a evolução da competição para a colaboração em todas as esferas. E é nesta perspectiva que este estudo tem por objetivo entender como as empresas podem despertar para a responsabilidade social, sendo que cada uma se encontra em um nível diferente de consciência organizacional? Esta análise terá por base o modelo conceitual construído a partir das proposições teóricas de Richard Barrett, autor das obras Criando uma Organização dirigida por Valores e Libertando a Alma da Empresa . Assim, a pergunta central deste estudo foi: Que determinantes influenciam a consciência organizacional para práticas de Responsabilidade Social? Para validação desta pergunta realizou-se vasta pesquisa bibliográfica, assim como pesquisa empírica exploratória de vertente qualitativa, da parceria entre a empresa Alpargatas-Havaianas e o Instituto de pesquisas ecológicas - IPÊ que trabalham a ferramenta de marketing relacionado a causas. A intersecção positiva identificada pode contribuir para o alcance do estágio superior de consciência organizacional, visando conquistar transformações no cenário competitivo do capitalismo contemporâneo

Adaptive video streaming is perpetually influenced by unpredictable network conditions, whichcauses playback interruptions like stalling, rebuffering and video bit rate fluctuations. Thisleads to potential degradation of end-user Quality of Experience (QoE) and may make userchurn from the service. Video QoE modelling that precisely predicts the end users QoE underthese unstable conditions is taken into consideration quickly. The root cause analysis for thesedegradations is required for the service provider. These sudden changes in trend are not visiblefrom monitoring the data from the underlying network service. Thus, this is challenging toknow this change and model the instantaneous QoE. For this modelling continuous time, QoEratings are taken into consideration rather than the overall end QoE rating per video. To reducethe user risk of churning the network providers should give the best quality to the users. In this thesis, we proposed the QoE modelling to analyze the user reactions change over timeusing machine learning models. The machine learning models are used to predict the QoEratings and change patterns in ratings. We test the model on video Quality dataset availablepublicly which contains the user subjective QoE ratings for the network distortions. M5P modeltree algorithm is used for the prediction of user ratings over time. M5P model gives themathematical equations and leads to more insights by given equations. Results of the algorithmshow that model tree is a good approach for the prediction of the continuous QoE and to detectchange points of ratings. It is shown that to which extent these algorithms are used to estimatechanges. The analysis of model provides valuable insights by analyzing exponential transitionsbetween different level of predicted ratings. The outcome provided by the analysis explains theuser behavior when the quality decreases the user ratings decrease faster than the increase inquality with time. The earlier work on the exponential transitions of instantaneous QoE overtime is supported by the model tree to the user reaction to sudden changes such as video freezes.

Les données manquantes sont fréquentes dans les études médicales. Dans les modèles de régression, les réponses manquantes limitent notre capacité à faire des inférences sur les effets des covariables décrivant la distribution de la totalité des réponses prévues sur laquelle porte l'intérêt médical. Outre la perte de précision, toute inférence statistique requière qu'une hypothèse sur le mécanisme de manquement soit vérifiée. Rubin (1976, Biometrika, 63:581-592) a appelé le mécanisme de manquement MAR (pour les sigles en anglais de « manquant au hasard ») si la probabilité qu'une réponse soit manquante ne dépend pas des réponses manquantes conditionnellement aux données observées, et MNAR (pour les sigles en anglais de « manquant non au hasard ») autrement. Cette distinction a des implications importantes pour la modélisation, mais en général il n'est pas possible de déterminer si le mécanisme de manquement est MAR ou MNAR à partir des données disponibles. Par conséquent, il est indispensable d'effectuer des analyses de sensibilité pour évaluer la robustesse des inférences aux hypothèses de manquement.Pour les données multivariées incomplètes, c'est-à-dire, lorsque l'intérêt porte sur un vecteur de réponses dont certaines composantes peuvent être manquantes, plusieurs méthodes de modélisation sous l'hypothèse MAR et, dans une moindre mesure, sous l'hypothèse MNAR ont été proposées. En revanche, le développement de méthodes pour effectuer des analyses de sensibilité est un domaine actif de recherche. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était de développer une méthode d'analyse de sensibilité pour les données longitudinales continues avec des sorties d'étude, c'est-à-dire, pour les réponses continues, ordonnées dans le temps, qui sont complètement observées pour chaque individu jusqu'à la fin de l'étude ou jusqu'à ce qu'il sorte définitivement de l'étude. Dans l'approche proposée, on évalue les inférences obtenues à partir d'une famille de modèles MNAR dits « de mélange de profils », indexés par un paramètre qui quantifie le départ par rapport à l'hypothèse MAR. La méthode a été motivée par un essai clinique étudiant un traitement pour le trouble du maintien du sommeil, durant lequel 22% des individus sont sortis de l'étude avant la fin.Le second objectif était de développer des méthodes pour la modélisation de risques concurrents avec des causes d'évènement manquantes en s'appuyant sur la théorie existante pour les données multivariées incomplètes. Les risques concurrents apparaissent comme une extension du modèle standard de l'analyse de survie où l'on distingue le type d'évènement ou la cause l'ayant entrainé. Les méthodes pour modéliser le risque cause-spécifique et la fonction d'incidence cumulée supposent en général que la cause d'évènement est connue pour tous les individus, ce qui n'est pas toujours le cas. Certains auteurs ont proposé des méthodes de régression gérant les causes manquantes sous l'hypothèse MAR, notamment pour la modélisation semi-paramétrique du risque. Mais d'autres modèles n'ont pas été considérés, de même que la modélisation sous MNAR et les analyses de sensibilité. Nous proposons des estimateurs pondérés et une approche par imputation multiple pour la modélisation semi-paramétrique de l'incidence cumulée sous l'hypothèse MAR. En outre, nous étudions une approche par maximum de vraisemblance pour la modélisation paramétrique du risque et de l'incidence sous MAR. Enfin, nous considérons des modèles de mélange de profils dans le contexte des analyses de sensibilité. Un essai clinique étudiant un traitement pour le cancer du sein de stade II avec 23% des causes de décès manquantes sert à illustrer les méthodes proposées. / Missing data are a common occurrence in medical studies. In regression modeling, missing outcomes limit our capability to draw inferences about the covariate effects of medical interest, which are those describing the distribution of the entire set of planned outcomes. In addition to losing precision, the validity of any method used to draw inferences from the observed data will require that some assumption about the mechanism leading to missing outcomes holds. Rubin (1976, Biometrika, 63:581-592) called the missingness mechanism MAR (for “missing at random”) if the probability of an outcome being missing does not depend on missing outcomes when conditioning on the observed data, and MNAR (for “missing not at random”) otherwise. This distinction has important implications regarding the modeling requirements to draw valid inferences from the available data, but generally it is not possible to assess from these data whether the missingness mechanism is MAR or MNAR. Hence, sensitivity analyses should be routinely performed to assess the robustness of inferences to assumptions about the missingness mechanism. In the field of incomplete multivariate data, in which the outcomes are gathered in a vector for which some components may be missing, MAR methods are widely available and increasingly used, and several MNAR modeling strategies have also been proposed. On the other hand, although some sensitivity analysis methodology has been developed, this is still an active area of research. The first aim of this dissertation was to develop a sensitivity analysis approach for continuous longitudinal data with drop-outs, that is, continuous outcomes that are ordered in time and completely observed for each individual up to a certain time-point, at which the individual drops-out so that all the subsequent outcomes are missing. The proposed approach consists in assessing the inferences obtained across a family of MNAR pattern-mixture models indexed by a so-called sensitivity parameter that quantifies the departure from MAR. The approach was prompted by a randomized clinical trial investigating the benefits of a treatment for sleep-maintenance insomnia, from which 22% of the individuals had dropped-out before the study end. The second aim was to build on the existing theory for incomplete multivariate data to develop methods for competing risks data with missing causes of failure. The competing risks model is an extension of the standard survival analysis model in which failures from different causes are distinguished. Strategies for modeling competing risks functionals, such as the cause-specific hazards (CSH) and the cumulative incidence function (CIF), generally assume that the cause of failure is known for all patients, but this is not always the case. Some methods for regression with missing causes under the MAR assumption have already been proposed, especially for semi-parametric modeling of the CSH. But other useful models have received little attention, and MNAR modeling and sensitivity analysis approaches have never been considered in this setting. We propose a general framework for semi-parametric regression modeling of the CIF under MAR using inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation ideas. Also under MAR, we propose a direct likelihood approach for parametric regression modeling of the CSH and the CIF. Furthermore, we consider MNAR pattern-mixture models in the context of sensitivity analyses. In the competing risks literature, a starting point for methodological developments for handling missing causes was a stage II breast cancer randomized clinical trial in which 23% of the deceased women had missing cause of death. We use these data to illustrate the practical value of the proposed approaches.

I ett samhälle där det råder allt större konkurrens mellan företag och produkter, och då kunderna blir allt mer krävande, har Cause Related Marketing (CRM) blivit något av en unik win-win strategi. CRM innebär att ett företag tillsammans med en välgörenhetsorganisation skapar ett samarbete för att marknadsföra och sälja en produkt för välgörande ändamål och därmed nå ömsesidig vinst.Syftet med uppsatsen är att se vilka effekter CRM kan ha i jämförelse med traditionell marknadsföring. Vi har valt att undersöka varför företag väljer att engagera sig i välgörenhet och om man kan använda ett sådant samarbete som ett marknadsföringsverktyg.Den metod vi använt för studien är en kvalitativ metod. Till vår hjälp har vi använt oss av tidigare forskning inom ämnet samt genomfört intervjuer med företag som varit relevanta för studien. Företagen som medverkar är verksamma inom detaljhandel eller dagligvaruhandel och samtliga har valt att engagera sig i Rosa Bandet.Slutsatser som dragits genom studien är att CRM är en strategi som alla företag inom detaljhandel och dagligvaruhandel kan använda sig av. Vi har kommit fram till att CRM bör användas i kombination med traditionell marknadsföring för att optimera de positiva effekterna. Genom ett samarbete med en välgörenhetsorganisation kan ett företag nå effekter som ökad försäljning, merförsäljning, större lojalitet från kunderna och kan stärka sitt varumärke. Vi anser att strategin kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling, vilket är något som är högaktuellt på dagens marknad.In a world where competition between companies and products is constantly increasing and consumers are becoming more demanding, Cause Related Marketing (CRM) has become somewhat of a unique win-win strategy. This means that a company collaborates with a charitable organization to promote and sell a product to make a mutual profit.The purpose of this thesis is to point out the potential effects of CRM in comparison to traditional marketing. We have chosen to investigate why companies choose to engage in charity and if this type of collaboration can work as a tool for a better marketing strategy.The method we have used to write this thesis is a qualitative method. We have used previous research within the subject as well as interviewed companies relevant to the study. The companies that have participated are in the retail business and they have all engaged in the Pink Ribbon charity.Through the study, we have been able to draw the conclusion that CRM is a useful strategy to any company in the business of manufacturing and selling of goods. However, CRM should be used in combination with traditional marketing to optimize the positive effects. Through a collaboration with a charitable organization a company can increase sales, gain loyalty from their customers an strengthen it’s brand. We believe that the strategy contributes to a globally sustainable development, which currently is a hot topic on today’s market. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Arruda Grostein.pdf: 779348 bytes, checksum: 8718e47b1f8e4942068cd6f63e472cff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This research was developed in the field of the History of Science, by the hypothesis that psychoanalysis cannot be fully included in science, because there would be something in the transmission of this area of knowledge that would have remained attached to certain tradition, more particularly in the way it would be in magic. The original research motto came from an invitation prepared by Jacques Lacan (1901-1981) who summoned psychoanalysts to take an interest in magic theme. The study started from the influence of linguistics on the notion of science in Lacan, sought to articulate this approach the importance of magic to psychoanalysis, from the Freudian considerations and vision of structural anthropology. The result of the clearance of the differences between the concept of science and the importance of magic directed research into the function of the cause. It can be said then that the detailed search of the cause in psychoanalysis function, with variations, since the cause of madness until the cause of desire, helped to clarify, at least in one aspect, the importance of magic to psychoanalysis, which is to allows the psychoanalyst to be better located both in their position in the clinic and in teaching and transmitting the psychoanalysis / A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito da História da Ciência, a partir da hipótese de que a psicanálise não se incluiria integralmente no campo da ciência, pois haveria algo na transmissão desta área do conhecimento que teria se mantido ligada a certa tradição, mais particularmente à maneira como se daria na magia. O mote original da pesquisa partiu de um convite elaborado por Jacques Lacan (1901-1981) que convocava os psicanalistas a se interessarem pelo tema da magia. O estudo partiu da influência da linguística na noção de ciências em Lacan, buscou-se articular a esta abordagem a importância da magia para a psicanálise, a partir das considerações freudianas e da visão da antropologia estrutural. O resultado da depuração das diferenças entre a noção de ciência e a importância da magia direcionou a pesquisa para a função da causa. Pode-se dizer, então, que a pesquisa detalhada da função da causa em psicanálise, com variações, desde a causa da loucura até a causa do desejo, permitiu elucidar, ao menos em um aspecto, a importância da magia para a psicanálise, qual seja permitir ao psicanalista melhor situar-se tanto em sua posição na clínica quanto em sua postura frente ao ensino e transmissão da psicanálise

Para avaliar os aspectos necrológicos do envelhecimento, este estudo investigou as características relacionadas às mortes de moradores da cidade de São Paulo os quais foram submetidos à necropsia no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital (SVOCSP) no período de Junho de 2004 a Novembro de 2005. A casuística foi constituída por 402 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos, divididos em dois grupos quanto à causa mortis: por causa encefálica (CE) e por outras causa (OC), que foram estudados quanto ao gênero, idade, cor, altura, peso, estado civil, presença de benefício social, presença de vícios (tabagismo e/ou alcoolismo), causa mortis e causas associadas ao óbito. Dentre os que apresentaram causas encefálicas (CE) de óbitos, foram mais prevalentes o enfarto cerebral isquêmico (50,7%) e as causas hemorrágicas centrais (32,3%) com predomínio dos óbitos no sexo feminino, enquanto que dentre os falecimentos por outras causas (OC) o enfarto agudo do miocárdio (27,9%), as demais cardiopatias (23,9%) e as neoplasias (11,9%) foram às causas mais freqüentes, com predomínio no sexo masculino cuja idade, ao morrer, foi inferior às mulheres. Em ambos os grupos, as evidências de aterosclerose disseminada foram muito prevalentes. O processo do envelhecimento em moradores da cidade de São Paulo é caracterizado pelo predomínio e prevalência das mortes por doenças cardiovasculares no sexo masculino e das cerebrovasculares no sexo feminino / For evaluating the obituary aspects of aging, this study investigated the characteristics related to deaths in residents of São Paulo who underwent autopsy in the Department of autopsies in the Capital (SVOC-SP) in the period from June 2004 to November 2005. The sample was consisted of 402 individuals aged over 50 years, divided into two groups as the cause of death: encephalic causes (EC) and other causes (OC), that were studied in relation to gender, age, color, height, weight, marital status, presence of social benefit, the presence of addictions (smoking and / or alcoholism), causa mortis and causes associated to death. Among those who died by encephalic causes (EC) were the most prevalent the ischemic cerebral infarction (50.7%) and central hemorrhagic causes (32.3%) with predominance of deaths in females, while among the deaths by other causes (OC) to acute myocardial infarction (27.9%), other heart diseases (23.9%) and neoplasm (11.9%) were the most frequent causes, with predominance in males, whose age was lower than women. In both groups, the evidence of widespread atherosclerosis was very prevalent. The aging process in residents of São Paulo is characterized by the dominance and prevalence of cardiovascular deaths in males and strokes in women

No Brasil, no transcorrer da última década tem-se aumentado a produção de energia renovável. Dessa forma, empreendimentos visando produção e distribuição de energia tem sido desenvolvidos, exemplo disto são as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs). Perda e fragmentação de habitat são consideradas fatores negativos para a conservação in situ</i/>, sendo que podem colocar em perigo de extinção numerosas espécies de vertebrados terrestres. Durante a construção de hidrelétricas, esses dois eventos podem ocorrer em um espaço de tempo curto e abranger pequenas ou grandes extensões de habitat natural dessas espécies. Dentro do âmbito ambiental, essas obras demandam a criação e desenvolvimento de programas de monitoramento e conservação, visando diminuir o impacto sobre as populações silvestres que ocorrem na área diretamente afetada pelo empreendimento, resultando no óbito de numerosos indivíduos durante o desenvolvimento das etapas desse programa. Sendo assim, visando entender quais são os fatores que podem levar à perda de um animal silvestre nesses programas se projetou acompanhar entre 2008 e 2010 as etapas do programa de monitoramento e conservação e as do centro de triagem de animais selvagens (CETAS) da PCH Anhanguera, que foi construída no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Vertebrados terrestres e aves que vieram a óbito foram submetidos à necropsia e amostras dos principais órgãos e lesões representativas foram fixadas em formalina 10% e posteriormente processadas para avaliação histopatológica. Ao final do exame necroscópico, laudo macroscópico foi elaborado e quando possível foi determinada a causa de morte. Havendo impossibilidade da determinação da causa de morte, resultados dos exames complementares foram aguardados. Foram avaliados 486 animais, entre anfíbios (81), aves (12), mamíferos (164) e répteis (229) em três momentos: monitoramento, resgate na supressão da vegetação e centro de triagem de animais silvestres. As causas de morte estiveram associadas a processos não infecciosos (64,82%), seguido por causa indeterminada (22,43%), eutanásia (9,26%), suspeita de infeccioso (2,26%) e processos infecciosos (1,23%). Acidentes por objetos contundentes durante supressão que causaram trauma foram relevantes em répteis durante a supressão (&chi;2= 23.3490; &rho;= 0.0000). Ataques por contactantes ou predação e acidentes (afogamento e hipotermia) acontecidos nas armadilhas de captura foram significativas causas de morte para mamíferos durante o monitoramento (&chi;2= 25.5620; &rho;= 0.0003). Para anfíbios, as eutanásias induzidas na supressão em decorrência de injúrias graves em tecidos moles e de tecido muscular esquelético foram a causa de morte que mais afetou esse grupo (&chi;2= 8.2437; &rho;= 0.0041). A conservação da fauna durante um programa faunístico de um empreendimento está associada ao manejo adequado dessas populações em campo e centros de triagem. Aumento da captura prévia nas áreas a serem suprimidas, das vistorias nas armadilhas de captura e propensão por uma destinação oportuna dos indivíduos capturados facilitaria a sobrevivência da fauna acometida pelo empreendimento. / In the course of the last decade Brazil has increased the production of renewable energy. Thus, projects aiming energy production and distribution have been developed such as Small Hydro Power Stations (SHPS). Loss and fragmentation of habitat are considered negative factors for in situ conservation, and can put many endangered species of terrestrial vertebrates. During the construction of dams, these two events may occur in a short space of time and cover small or large tracts of natural habitat of these species. Within an environmental framework these enterprise create and develop conservation programs in order to reduce the impact on wild populations that occur in the influence area project. Commonly, many individuals may die during the stages of the program. In order to understand what are the factors that can lead to loss of wild animals in these programs, monitoring, rescue and triage center activities, of the program of the SHP Anhanguera, were accompanied between 2008 and 2010. Dam and reservoir were built in the northeastern of São Paulo State, Brazil. Post-mortem examinations were performed in terrestrial vertebrates and birds that died. Samples of major organs were collected and representative lesions were fixed in 10% formalin and later processed to pathological evaluation. At the end of the necropsy, macroscopic report was prepared and, if possible, it was determined the cause of death. Were not possible laboratory tests were awaited. It was evaluated 486 animals, including amphibians (81), birds (12), mammals (164) and reptiles (229) in three phases: monitoring, rescue in forest clearing and triage center. Causes of death were associated with non-infectious processes (64.82%), followed by unknown causes (22.43%), euthanasia (9.26%), suspected infection (2.26%) and infectious processes (1,23%). Accidents caused by blunt objects that resulted in trauma during removal forest were relevant in reptiles (&chi;2 = 23.3490, &rho; = 0.0000). Attacks by predators or contacted and accidents (drowning and hypothermia) that occurred in the traps capture were significant causes of death of mammals during monitoring (&chi;2 = 25.5620, &rho; = 0.0003). For amphibians, euthanasia induced due to severe soft tissue and skeletal muscle injuries in the suppression, were the cause of death that most affected this group (&chi;2 = 8.2437, &rho; = 0.0041). The conservation of wildlife fauna during a conservation program of a hydroelectric enterprise is linked to the appropriate management of these populations in the affected areas and triage centers. Increase of previous captures in the areas of vegetal suppression, check of traps capture and opportune destination of captured animals facilitate the survival of wildlife affected by the project.