Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

This research work explored the environmental and socio-economic benefits derived, if some proportion of daily passenger trips made using private cars in Ghana could be shifted to the use of public transport. The research applied the computer software COPERT III in estimating road transport Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption in Ghana for the base year 2005 and forecast years 2010 and 2020. The research reveals that if no major change occur in policies or economic determinants in meeting road transport and energy in Ghana, then the 2005 total emissions value is expected to rise by 36% in 2010 and over double in 2020 i.e. from 4.6 to 6.25 in 2010 and to 9.77 Mt CO2e in 2020. However, if just 10% of daily passenger trips using private cars can be shifted towards the use of public transport, then the end results in reduction in emissions could earn Ghana about $USD 6.6million/year under the Kyoto Protocol CDM initiative. The research also demonstrated that with a further 10% daily passenger trip shift, the outcome could be more promising, increasing to $USD 13million/year.

The threat of global warming is bringing a new pro-environmental paradigm all over the world under the Kyoto Protocol. Addressing climate change is beneficial to all countries because environment is global public good. However, because global warming is also closely related to each country’s specific condition such as industrial development and political situation, prudent approaches considering different situations of each country are required in order prevent unintended negative consequences. This study focuses on the weakness of the current CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) in terms of impeding sustainable development in LDCs (Least Development Countries). As a case study, the Grameen Shakti Program in Bangladesh demonstrates the potential scenario of sustainable development in LDCs through CDM markets and a new financial model of CERs (Certified Emissions Reductions) is suggested to support and replicate the Grameen Shakti Program other LDCs. / text

We have released maps and data for five years of observation of the cosmic microwave background with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and I will review the main results in this talk. A simple 6 parameter cosmological model continues to be an excellent fit to the CMB data and to our data in conjunction with other astrophysical measurements. In particular a running spectral index is not supported by the data, and constraints that the Universe is spatially flat have increased in precision. Increased sensitivity and improvements in our understanding of the instrumental beam shape have allowed us to measure for the first time a cosmic neutrino background. Neutrinos de-coupled from other matter earlier than photons did. While they are expected to have a 2 Kelvin thermal distribution today, they comprised 10% of the energy density of the Universe at the epoch of photon de-coupling. The data also allow tighter constraints on the shape of the inflationary potential via the amplitude of a gravitational wave background new constraints on features of cosmic axions. Recorded at TRIUMF on Thursday April 17, 2008.

No description available.

Electricity availability and the costs thereof in South Africa were traditionally considered an abundant and low cost commodity, but in recent years this situation has changed altogether. Industries are challenged by a strained national electricity grid and tariff increases more than four times the national inflation rate over the past two years, with further tariff increases expected in subsequent years; thus, exposing industries to significant business risks that may jeopardise the sustainability of industries. With the majority of the national electricity supply derived from coal, South Africa's push to reduce carbon emissions exerts even more pressure on industries as electricity usage is inextricably linked to its carbon footprint. In addition, South Africa's reliance on cogeneration from industries for its 2010 - 2030 electricity capacity plan further promotes industries to become more self–sufficient concerning electricity generation. In view of the above, there is a need in the South African integrated iron and steel industry for a framework that collectively addresses the governing factors pertaining to electricity generation in this industry, technical and economical quantification of available technologies and implementation of these technologies. This dissertation researches the current driving/governing and the remediating factors to become more self–sufficient in terms of electricity generation. A framework for electricity generation opportunities in the integrated iron and steel industry is developed from the literature study and the researcher's own experience. The framework embodies four building blocks into a single and all–encompassing framework, which provides the necessary governing factors that quantify the potential need to pursue electricity generation/cogeneration, the technical and economical implications and, inevitably, the implementation requirements and guidelines. Validating the framework against case studies pertaining to ArcelorMittal Newcastle realised a correlation of between 84.6% to 97.6% concerning the technical parameters. In addition, the validation process also indicated that the framework is aligned with current practices applied by ArcelorMittal South Africa. The framework will enable South African integrated iron and steel industries to expand and adapt their own procedures to be specific to their operational requirements. The implementation of the framework should be tailored to address the specific needs concerning cogeneration in industry. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Electricity availability and the costs thereof in South Africa were traditionally considered an abundant and low cost commodity, but in recent years this situation has changed altogether. Industries are challenged by a strained national electricity grid and tariff increases more than four times the national inflation rate over the past two years, with further tariff increases expected in subsequent years; thus, exposing industries to significant business risks that may jeopardise the sustainability of industries. With the majority of the national electricity supply derived from coal, South Africa's push to reduce carbon emissions exerts even more pressure on industries as electricity usage is inextricably linked to its carbon footprint. In addition, South Africa's reliance on cogeneration from industries for its 2010 - 2030 electricity capacity plan further promotes industries to become more self–sufficient concerning electricity generation. In view of the above, there is a need in the South African integrated iron and steel industry for a framework that collectively addresses the governing factors pertaining to electricity generation in this industry, technical and economical quantification of available technologies and implementation of these technologies. This dissertation researches the current driving/governing and the remediating factors to become more self–sufficient in terms of electricity generation. A framework for electricity generation opportunities in the integrated iron and steel industry is developed from the literature study and the researcher's own experience. The framework embodies four building blocks into a single and all–encompassing framework, which provides the necessary governing factors that quantify the potential need to pursue electricity generation/cogeneration, the technical and economical implications and, inevitably, the implementation requirements and guidelines. Validating the framework against case studies pertaining to ArcelorMittal Newcastle realised a correlation of between 84.6% to 97.6% concerning the technical parameters. In addition, the validation process also indicated that the framework is aligned with current practices applied by ArcelorMittal South Africa. The framework will enable South African integrated iron and steel industries to expand and adapt their own procedures to be specific to their operational requirements. The implementation of the framework should be tailored to address the specific needs concerning cogeneration in industry. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

O presente estudo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma, e a partir de quais racionalidades, o paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica é apropriado – e uma noção de desenvolvimento sustentável é constituída - pelos atores econômicos brasileiros formuladores de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para o mercado de créditos de carbono? O primeiro pressuposto adotado neste estudo é que a difusão global da Modernização Ecológica como um paradigma para o campo das Políticas Públicas Ambientais reflete o fortalecimento da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável construída no âmbito dos acordos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança climática. O segundo pressuposto é o de que o paradigma de Modernização Ecológica, no contexto de emergência global de uma Sociedade do Risco (BECK, 1995), pode ser compreendido como uma tentativa de “modernização política”, a partir da qual há a defesa da emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, que institucionalizaria uma dimensão eminentemente ecológica nas práticas de produção e consumo. Como hipótese central tem-se que a centralidade conferida, historicamente, a estruturas econômicas degradadoras de apropriação/produção de recursos naturais no país, assim como a constituição de uma política centralizada no Estado, influenciam para uma apropriação do paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica baseada no acionamento e legitimação de uma racionalidade fundamentalmente econômica/tecnocrática. O estudo possui caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvido com base em entrevistas realizadas com consultores e um pesquisador, no ano de 2012, assim como análise documental de 41 projetos do escopo “energia renovável”, aprovados no ano de 2005 para comporem o mercado de créditos de carbono. Como método de análise, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que tanto a construção de uma nova noção de desenvolvimento, como a constituição de um paradigma próprio para o direcionamento das iniciativas econômicas e políticas no tratamento dos “riscos globais”, estão imbuídas de ambiguidades e controvérsias que são constantemente acionadas nos espaços de debate e construção de iniciativas para a promoção de uma sustentabilidade. No mesmo sentido, afirma-se que a emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, ainda que defendida no campo de uma política global, enfraquece-se nas construções argumentativas de atores locais formuladores de projetos ao mercado de créditos de carbono, dando lugar a uma legitimação eminentemente moderna do papel de atores envolvidos nas atividades e do sentido conferido às atividades em um contexto de crescente fomento a um desenvolvimento industrial e econômico. / The following study aims at answering the question: in which manner, and from which rationalities, the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization is adequate – and a notion of sustainable development is constituted – by the Brazilian economic agents that create projects of Clean Development Mechanism for the carbon credits market? The first assumption adopted in this study states that the diffusion of the Ecologic Modernization as a paradigm within the field of Environmental Public Policies reflects the consolidation of the notion of sustainable development which is built within the international agreements and negotiations about climatic change. The second assumption states that the paradigm of Ecological Modernization within the context of global emergence of a Risk Society (BECK, 1995) may be understood as an attempt of “political modernization”, from which there is the emergence of an ecological rationality, which would institutionalize an eminently ecological dimension in the practices of production and consumption. The main hypothesis is that the centrality given, historically, to degrading economical structures of appropriation/production of natural resources in Brazil, as the constitution of an Estate centralized policy influence an appropriation of the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization based on stimulus and validation of a rationality basically economic/technocratic. This study is qualitative, and it was developed based on interviews with consultants and a researcher, in 2012, as well as on documentary analysis of 41 projects of the “renewable energy” scope, which were qualified to compose the market of carbon credits in 2005. The method used is content analysis. The final results show that both the assembly of a new notion of development and the constitution of a specific paradigm to direct political and economical initiatives on the treatment of “global risks” are imbued with ambiguities and controversies which are constantly mentioned in moments of debate and production of initiatives for the promotion of sustainability. The same applies to stating that the emergence of an ecological rationality, even if it is held in the field of a global policy, is weakened on local agent’s speeches, who elaborate projects for the carbon credit markets, giving rise to an eminently modern legitimization of the roles of agents involved in the activities and of the sense conferred to the activities in a growing promotion to an industrial and economic development context.

O presente estudo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma, e a partir de quais racionalidades, o paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica é apropriado – e uma noção de desenvolvimento sustentável é constituída - pelos atores econômicos brasileiros formuladores de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para o mercado de créditos de carbono? O primeiro pressuposto adotado neste estudo é que a difusão global da Modernização Ecológica como um paradigma para o campo das Políticas Públicas Ambientais reflete o fortalecimento da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável construída no âmbito dos acordos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança climática. O segundo pressuposto é o de que o paradigma de Modernização Ecológica, no contexto de emergência global de uma Sociedade do Risco (BECK, 1995), pode ser compreendido como uma tentativa de “modernização política”, a partir da qual há a defesa da emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, que institucionalizaria uma dimensão eminentemente ecológica nas práticas de produção e consumo. Como hipótese central tem-se que a centralidade conferida, historicamente, a estruturas econômicas degradadoras de apropriação/produção de recursos naturais no país, assim como a constituição de uma política centralizada no Estado, influenciam para uma apropriação do paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica baseada no acionamento e legitimação de uma racionalidade fundamentalmente econômica/tecnocrática. O estudo possui caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvido com base em entrevistas realizadas com consultores e um pesquisador, no ano de 2012, assim como análise documental de 41 projetos do escopo “energia renovável”, aprovados no ano de 2005 para comporem o mercado de créditos de carbono. Como método de análise, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que tanto a construção de uma nova noção de desenvolvimento, como a constituição de um paradigma próprio para o direcionamento das iniciativas econômicas e políticas no tratamento dos “riscos globais”, estão imbuídas de ambiguidades e controvérsias que são constantemente acionadas nos espaços de debate e construção de iniciativas para a promoção de uma sustentabilidade. No mesmo sentido, afirma-se que a emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, ainda que defendida no campo de uma política global, enfraquece-se nas construções argumentativas de atores locais formuladores de projetos ao mercado de créditos de carbono, dando lugar a uma legitimação eminentemente moderna do papel de atores envolvidos nas atividades e do sentido conferido às atividades em um contexto de crescente fomento a um desenvolvimento industrial e econômico. / The following study aims at answering the question: in which manner, and from which rationalities, the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization is adequate – and a notion of sustainable development is constituted – by the Brazilian economic agents that create projects of Clean Development Mechanism for the carbon credits market? The first assumption adopted in this study states that the diffusion of the Ecologic Modernization as a paradigm within the field of Environmental Public Policies reflects the consolidation of the notion of sustainable development which is built within the international agreements and negotiations about climatic change. The second assumption states that the paradigm of Ecological Modernization within the context of global emergence of a Risk Society (BECK, 1995) may be understood as an attempt of “political modernization”, from which there is the emergence of an ecological rationality, which would institutionalize an eminently ecological dimension in the practices of production and consumption. The main hypothesis is that the centrality given, historically, to degrading economical structures of appropriation/production of natural resources in Brazil, as the constitution of an Estate centralized policy influence an appropriation of the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization based on stimulus and validation of a rationality basically economic/technocratic. This study is qualitative, and it was developed based on interviews with consultants and a researcher, in 2012, as well as on documentary analysis of 41 projects of the “renewable energy” scope, which were qualified to compose the market of carbon credits in 2005. The method used is content analysis. The final results show that both the assembly of a new notion of development and the constitution of a specific paradigm to direct political and economical initiatives on the treatment of “global risks” are imbued with ambiguities and controversies which are constantly mentioned in moments of debate and production of initiatives for the promotion of sustainability. The same applies to stating that the emergence of an ecological rationality, even if it is held in the field of a global policy, is weakened on local agent’s speeches, who elaborate projects for the carbon credit markets, giving rise to an eminently modern legitimization of the roles of agents involved in the activities and of the sense conferred to the activities in a growing promotion to an industrial and economic development context.

O presente estudo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma, e a partir de quais racionalidades, o paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica é apropriado – e uma noção de desenvolvimento sustentável é constituída - pelos atores econômicos brasileiros formuladores de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para o mercado de créditos de carbono? O primeiro pressuposto adotado neste estudo é que a difusão global da Modernização Ecológica como um paradigma para o campo das Políticas Públicas Ambientais reflete o fortalecimento da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável construída no âmbito dos acordos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança climática. O segundo pressuposto é o de que o paradigma de Modernização Ecológica, no contexto de emergência global de uma Sociedade do Risco (BECK, 1995), pode ser compreendido como uma tentativa de “modernização política”, a partir da qual há a defesa da emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, que institucionalizaria uma dimensão eminentemente ecológica nas práticas de produção e consumo. Como hipótese central tem-se que a centralidade conferida, historicamente, a estruturas econômicas degradadoras de apropriação/produção de recursos naturais no país, assim como a constituição de uma política centralizada no Estado, influenciam para uma apropriação do paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica baseada no acionamento e legitimação de uma racionalidade fundamentalmente econômica/tecnocrática. O estudo possui caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvido com base em entrevistas realizadas com consultores e um pesquisador, no ano de 2012, assim como análise documental de 41 projetos do escopo “energia renovável”, aprovados no ano de 2005 para comporem o mercado de créditos de carbono. Como método de análise, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que tanto a construção de uma nova noção de desenvolvimento, como a constituição de um paradigma próprio para o direcionamento das iniciativas econômicas e políticas no tratamento dos “riscos globais”, estão imbuídas de ambiguidades e controvérsias que são constantemente acionadas nos espaços de debate e construção de iniciativas para a promoção de uma sustentabilidade. No mesmo sentido, afirma-se que a emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, ainda que defendida no campo de uma política global, enfraquece-se nas construções argumentativas de atores locais formuladores de projetos ao mercado de créditos de carbono, dando lugar a uma legitimação eminentemente moderna do papel de atores envolvidos nas atividades e do sentido conferido às atividades em um contexto de crescente fomento a um desenvolvimento industrial e econômico. / The following study aims at answering the question: in which manner, and from which rationalities, the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization is adequate – and a notion of sustainable development is constituted – by the Brazilian economic agents that create projects of Clean Development Mechanism for the carbon credits market? The first assumption adopted in this study states that the diffusion of the Ecologic Modernization as a paradigm within the field of Environmental Public Policies reflects the consolidation of the notion of sustainable development which is built within the international agreements and negotiations about climatic change. The second assumption states that the paradigm of Ecological Modernization within the context of global emergence of a Risk Society (BECK, 1995) may be understood as an attempt of “political modernization”, from which there is the emergence of an ecological rationality, which would institutionalize an eminently ecological dimension in the practices of production and consumption. The main hypothesis is that the centrality given, historically, to degrading economical structures of appropriation/production of natural resources in Brazil, as the constitution of an Estate centralized policy influence an appropriation of the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization based on stimulus and validation of a rationality basically economic/technocratic. This study is qualitative, and it was developed based on interviews with consultants and a researcher, in 2012, as well as on documentary analysis of 41 projects of the “renewable energy” scope, which were qualified to compose the market of carbon credits in 2005. The method used is content analysis. The final results show that both the assembly of a new notion of development and the constitution of a specific paradigm to direct political and economical initiatives on the treatment of “global risks” are imbued with ambiguities and controversies which are constantly mentioned in moments of debate and production of initiatives for the promotion of sustainability. The same applies to stating that the emergence of an ecological rationality, even if it is held in the field of a global policy, is weakened on local agent’s speeches, who elaborate projects for the carbon credit markets, giving rise to an eminently modern legitimization of the roles of agents involved in the activities and of the sense conferred to the activities in a growing promotion to an industrial and economic development context.