A infecção por tipos de HPV de alto risco oncogênico é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do carcinoma do colo uterino, uma das neoplasias mais frequentes em mulheres de todo o mundo. Este grupo de vírus também está associados a uma proporção importante de outros cânceres anogenitais e de tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Os HPVs de alto risco expressam duas oncoproteínas, E6 e E7, que agem sobre fatores celulares específicos alterando diferentes vias de vinalização. A oncoproteína E6 é capaz de unir-se à proteína supressora de tumor p53, alterar a sua capacidade funcional e promover sua degradação pela via de proteólise dependente de ubiquitina. Mais ainda, a interação da proteína E6 com várias proteínas celulares por exemplo, E6AP, TNFR1, Bak e caspase 8 confere resistência a apoptose; hADA3, p300, CARM1 e SET7 a remodulação da cromatina; NFX1-91 a ativação da telomerase; STAT-1 e TLR-9 a evasão imune, ATR, BCRA1, MCM7, MGMT. XRCC1 a estabilidade genômica; DLG1, MAGI1-3, SCRIBBLE, paxilina e fibulina a perda de polaridade celular e indução de hiperplasia. No entanto, as consequências de muitas dessas interações não têm sido bem estudadas em queratinócitos primários humanos, a célula alvo natural do HPV. No presente estudo analizamos o efeito da proteína E6 de HPV16 (alto risco) e HPV11 (baixo risco) na expressão e na atividade de fatores envolvidos na regulação/execução de apoptose induzida pelas citocinas TNF e TRAIL e pelo quimioterápico Rapamicina. Através de ensaios de proliferação/viabilidade observamos que as células que expressam E6 de ambos os tipos virais apresentam resistência às citocinas e à rapamicina, quando comparadas a culturas controle. Além disso, observamos que as células que expressam E6 apresentam diferenças no padrão de expressão de proteínas envolvidas na regulação das vias extrínseca e intrínseca da apoptose. / The infection with oncogenic HPV types is the main risk factor for the development of cervical cancer, one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide. This group of viruses is also associated with a significant proportion of other anogenital cancer and head and neck tumor. High-risk HPV express two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which act on specific cellular factors altering difefferent signaling pathways. For instance E6 oncoprotein is able to bind the p53 tumor suppressor protein and promote its degradation by the ubiquitin dependent proteolysis pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of E6 with various cellular proteins for example, E6AP, TNFR1, caspase 8 Bak and confers resistance to apoptosis; hADA3, p300, and CARM1 SET7 the reshaping of chromatin; NFX1-91 telomerase activation; STAT-1 and TLR-9 immune evasion, ATR, BCRA1, MCM7, MGMT. XRCC1 genomic stability; Dlg1, MAGI1-3, scribble, paxillin and fibulin loss of cell polarity and hyperplasia of induction. In the present study we analyzed the effect of the E6 protein of HPV (highrisk) and HPV11 (low-risk) on the expression and activity of factors involved in the regulation/execution of apoptosis induced by the cytokines TNF and TRAIL and the chemotherapeutic agent Ramaycin. Using proliferation/viability assays we observed that cells expressing E6 from either viral cytokines and Rapamycin when compared with control cells. Besides, we observed that cells expressing E6 exhibit differences in the expression pattern of protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

O câncer cervical é o segundo câncer mais comum entre as mulheres em todo o mundo. A infecção por Papilomavirus (HPV) do tipo oncogênico é causa necessária. Estudos internacionais sugerem importante papel de carotenóides e tocoferóis séricos e dietéticos na redução do risco para lesões precursoras, mas os resultados dos estudos prévios são inconsistentes. Indivíduos e métodos: O presente estudo de casos e controles de base hospitalar conduzido na cidade de São Paulo analisou a associação entre concentrações séricas de carotenóides (licopeno, β-caroteno), tocoferóis (α- e γ-), consumo alimentar e casos incidentes, com confirmação histopatológica, de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) graus 1,2,3 e câncer cervical. O estudo incluiu 453 mulheres do grupo controle (sem lesões de colo uterino) e 4 grupos de casos (NIC1, n=140; NIC2, n=126; NIC3, n=231; câncer cervical, n=108) recrutadas em dois hospitais públicos de referência entre 2003 e 2005. Resultados. A concentração sérica de licopeno foi inversamente associada à NIC1, NIC3 e câncer cervical com os seguintes Odds Ratio (OR) (intervalo de confiança de 95%), respectivamente: 0,53 (0,27-1,00; p de tendência=0,05); 0,48 (0,22-1,04; p de tendência=0,05) e 0,18 (0,06-0,52; p de tendência=0,002) quando comparado o maior com o menor tercil após ajuste por variáveis de confusão e grupos de HPV. O maior tercil de β-caroteno sérico foi inversamente associado ao câncer quando comparado ao menor: OR ajustado = 0,36 (0,13-1,03: p de tendência=0,04). Maiores concentrações de α- e γ-tocoferóis foram inversamente associadas a NIC3 com redução do risco em 50%, após ajuste por covariáveis e HPV. Maior tercil de consumo do grupo de folhas verde-escuras, legumes e frutas de cor alaranjada ou amarela escura foi inversamente associado ao risco para NIC3: OR ajustado comparado ao menor foi 0,52 (0,27-1,00; p de tendência=0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que maiores concentrações séricas de antioxidantes e o consumo de alimentos ricos em carotenóides podem reduzir o risco para NIC3 e câncer cervical em mulheres brasileiras. / Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been recognized to be a necessary cause for cervical cancer. Serum concentrations and dietary carotenoids and tocopherols have been associated with the risk for cervical dysplasia, but results from previous studies were not consistent. Subjects and methods: In this hospital-based case-control study conducted in São Paulo city, Brazil, we evaluated the association of serum carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene), tocopherols (α- and γ-), and dietary intakes with the risk of incident histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1, 2, 3, and cervical cancer. The sample included 453 controls and four groups of cases (CIN1, n= 140; CIN2, n= 126; CIN3, n= 231; invasive cancer, n=108) recruited from two major public hospital-based clinics between 2003 and 2005. Results. Concentrations of serum lycopene were negatively associated with CIN1, CIN3 and cancer, with odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of 0.53 (0.27-1.00, p trend=0.05) for CIN1, 0.48 (0.22-1.04, p trend=0.05) for CIN2 and 0.18 (0.06-0.52, p trend= 0.002) for cervical cancer adjusted for confounding variables and HPV status. The adjusted OR for cancer of the highest versus the lowest tertile of serum β-carotene was 0.36 (0.13-1.03, p trend= 0.04). Increasing concentrations of serum α- and γ-tocopherols were associated with 50% decreasing risk of CIN3, for the women in the highest compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for confounding variables and HPV. Increased dietary intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits were inversely associated with CIN3 among women in the highest compared to the lowest tertile (adjusted OR= 0.52, 95%CI = 0.27-1.00; p trend=0.05). Conclusion: These results support the evidence that high serum levels of antioxidants as well as dietary intakes may reduce the risk for CIN3 and invasive cancer in Brazilian women.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadasgracasmartinsribeiro.pdf: 16018864 bytes, checksum: 0f827aac2f701db9c7fc87f2df2cc295 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Brasil tem realizado esforços crescentes para melhorar a eficiência dos programas de prevenção e tratamento do câncer do colo do útero, visando à modificação das taxas de incidência e mortalidade por este tipo de câncer, entretanto as medidas adotadas não têm obtido os resultados esperados. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o itinerário terapêutico de mulheres com câncer de colo do útero em busca da prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento. Foi adotado, corno percurso metodológico, a abordagem qualitativa e o método "História de Vida", mediante entrevista aberta. As entrevistadas foram dez mulheres em tratamento para o câncer do colo do útero em um Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (CACON), localizado em um município de médio porte em Minas Gerais. Os dados foram analisados após categorização temática e adotado como referencial teórico analítico a interface da cultura no processo de saúde-doença e a integralidade e suas condicionantes. Evidenciaram-se diversos motivos que levaram a maioria das mulheres a não realizar a prevenção. Dentre eles, o conceito que emergiu de saúde, doença e prevenção, o desconhecimento sobre o exame preventivo, os fatores culturais e sociais frente a questões de gênero, a qualidade do atendimento e organização dos serviços de saúde. A maioria buscou o diagnóstico após perceber sinais significantes de desordem fisiológica. Algumas tiveram acesso ao serviço público, enquanto outras não tiveram acolhimento com avaliação do risco. O diagnóstico desencadeou sentimentos dolorosos de finitude e desesperança. Verificou-se que as mulheres possuíam insuficiência de conhecimento sobre a doença, estadiamento, tratamento, possibilidades terapêuticas, e pouco preparo para lidar com os efeitos adversos e/ou consequências da terapêutica, intensificando a insegurança, angústia, incerteza e medo, contudo a religiosidade foi suporte neste momento difícil. Apesar dos avanços na legislação, na prática as mulheres enfrentaram várias dificuldades frente ao câncer do colo do útero, desde a sua prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento, principalmente aquelas mais carentes de recursos financeiros e de informação. Dificuldades estas que foram agravadas pela agressividade dos tratamentos e pelas questões culturais que envolvem a doença, bem como aquelas traduzidas por um atendimento fragmentado, realizado muitas vezes de forma fria, impessoal e carente de informações onde o direito ao acesso nem sempre foi garantido. Percebe-se que a questão da prevenção não é simplesmente uma escolha, mas uma decisão envolvendo emoções, experiências, conhecimento e circunstâncias mediadas pelo contexto social, cultural, político, econômico e por avaliações das respostas obtidas no serviço, sendo realizada dentre as possibilidades acessíveis. Ficou evidente que a acessibilidade, o acolhimento e a humanização são princípios ainda não incorporados em todos os serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde. Obstáculos estes que poderiam ser atenuados por uma melhor gestão das políticas de saúde e dos processos de trabalhos envolvendo a educação permanente dos profissionais e a educação em saúde para as mulheres, no sentido de garantir a legalidade ao acesso e a integralidade nas ações. / Brazil has made increased efforts to improve the efficiency of prevention programs and treatment of cancer of the cervix, aiming to modify the high incidence and mortality from this cancer, however the measures taken have not achieved the expected results. The study aimed to analyze the therapeutic itinerary of women with cervical cancer in the search for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It was adopted as methodological approach, the qualitative approach and the method "Life Story" by open interviews. The interviewees were women in treatment for cancer of the cervix in a hospital specializing in cancer treatment, located in a municipality of Minas Gerais. The data were analyzed after categorization issue. It was adopted as a theoretical analysis to support the concepts of integrity and interface culture / health / disease. Became evident several reasons why most women do not prevention. Among them, we emphasize the concept that emerged out of health, disease and prevention, lack of knowledge about preventive examinations, the cultural and social factors against gender, quality of care and organization of health services. Most sought diagnosis after realizing significant signs of physiological disorder. Some had access to public services, while others did not have the appropriated care regarding risk evaluation. The diagnosis sparked painful feelings of hopelessness and finitude. Religiosity was support at this difficult time. It appeared that women had insufficient knowledge about the disease, staging, treatment, therapeutic possibilities, and little preparation for dealing with side effects and/or therapeutic consequences, creating insecurity, anxiety, uncertainty and fear. Despite advances in legislation, in practice, women face many difficulties in coping with cancer of the cervix, since its prevention, diagnosis and treatment, especially those most in need of financial resources and information; situation aggravated by the aggressiveness of treatment and the cultural issues surrounding the disease. These difficulties are translated by a fragmented service, without the integration of actions and treatment, provided many times in a impersonal way, without access to information and being their health needs not always guaranteed. It is felt that the issue of prevention is not just a choice but a decision involving .emotions, experiences, knowledge and circumstances, mediated by social, cultural, political, and economic evaluations of the responses obtained in the service, being held among the possibilities available. It was evident that accessibility, reception and humanization, are principles not yet embedded in all services of the Unified Health System. These difficulties could be alleviated by better management of work processes involving the continuing education of professionals and health education for women, besides better management of health policies in order to comply with the law, ensuring access and integrality in the actions.

Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas 560 kvinnor av livmoderhalscancer och 700 kvinnor av äggstockscancer varje år. Detta påverkar kvinnornas livsvärld samt relationerna till sina närstående men även den intima relationen till partnern. Cancern har en negativ påverkan på kvinnornas välbefinnande och därför är det viktigt att de får ett bra stöd från vårdpersonal. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med livmoderhalscancer eller äggstockscancer. Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes för att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med livmoderhalscancer eller äggstockscancer. Datainsamlingen bestod av åtta utvalda bloggar, där en analys av narrativer användes. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra olika teman: Blandade känslor kring sjukdomen, förändrad existens, cancerns påverkan på kvinnornas relationer samt att hantera det nya livet. Utifrån dessa teman skapades underteman som beskrev mer djupgående kring kvinnornas upplevelser av cancern. Slutsats: Kvinnorna upplever att deras livsvärld påverkas i samband med cancern och att ovisshet och rädsla är ständigt närvarande. Ett behov av information och uppföljning från vårdpersonal anses viktigt för att öka kvinnornas välbefinnande. / Background: In Sweden, 560 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 700 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer every year. This has an effect of the women’s lifeworld and their relationships toward their close relatives. It has also an impact of the intimate relationship with their partners. The cancer affects the women’s wellbeing in a negative way and therefore it is of great importance for them to get good support from the healthcare professionals. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of living with cervical cancer or ovarian cancer. Results: In the result four sections where identified: Mixed feelings about the diseases, changed existence, the cancers impact on women’s relationships and to manage the new life. Out of these sections subsections emerged describing more deeply about the women’s experiences of the cancer. Conclusion: Women experienced that their lifeworld is affected by the cancer and that uncertainty and fear are constantly present. A need for information and follow-up from healthcare professionals is considered important to increase women’s well-being.

Introducción El sistema Bethesda se utiliza para clasificar los resultados de la prueba de Papanicolaou. Entre los resultados se tienen a las células ASC-US (células escamosas atípicas de significancia indeterminada) y ASC-H (células escamosas atípicas que no pueden descartar lesión intraepitelial). Se ha relacionado a estas células con neoplasia de cuello uterino; sin embargo, su asociación no ha sido muy estudiada en Perú. Objetivos Calcular la probabilidad de displasia severa, carcinoma in situ y cáncer de células escamosas, en mujeres con hallazgo citológico de ASC-H y ASC-US. Métodos Estudio observacional, transversal realizado en un hospital nivel IV en Lima-Perú, entre el 2012 y 2013, en el cual se evaluaron a 1060 pacientes con resultado de la prueba de Papanicolaou, Se realizó análisis bivariado y regresión logística binomial múltiple para evaluar la asociación. Se usó Chi cuadrado y se consideró el valor de p <0,05 como significativo. Resultados Se analizaron 1060 pruebas de Papanicolaou. La edad media fue 46,4 (DE: 13,2) años y 64,9% fueron menores de 50 años. La prevalencia de ASC-US fue 3,45% y la de ASC-H 0,32%. De 175 biopsias, el 22,9% presentó displasia moderada a severa o carcinoma escamoso. Se encontró asociación entre el hallazgo de ASC- H y la presencia de displasia moderada/severa (NIC 2/3), carcinoma in situ y carcinoma de células escamosas, en el estudio histopatológico (PR=2,39; IC(95%):1,49-3,81). Conclusión Dada la asociación encontrada, las mujeres con hallazgo de ASC-H, deben ser estudiadas de manera más profunda, con el fin de buscar displasia moderada/severa (NIC 2/3) o carcinoma de células escamosas. / Background The Bethesda system is used to classify Pap smear results. Some of the results are ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) and ASC- H cells (atypical squamous cells cannot exclude intraepithelial lesion). It has been found an association between these results with cervical neoplasia; however they have not been well studied in Peru. Objectives To calculate the probability of severe dysplasia in situ or squamous cell cancer in women with cytology results of ASC-H and ASC-US. Methods An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out in a reference higher complexity health establishment in Lima, Peru (4th level), from 2012 to 2013, in which 1060 data of patients was analyzed. Bivariate and multiple binomial logistic regression analysis were performed. Chi square test was used and p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results 1060 Pap smears were evaluated. Mean age was 46,4 (SD: 13,2) years and 64,9% were under 50 years old. ASC-US prevalence was 3,45% and ASC-H 0,32%. Out of 175 biopsies, 22,9% had moderate to severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ or squamous carcinoma. There was an association between ASC-H finding and the presence of moderate/severe dysplasia (CIN 2/3), carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma (PR=2,39; CI(95%):1,49-3,81). Conclusion Given the association found, women with ASC-H findings should be further and thoroughly studied in order to look for moderate/severe dysplasia (CIN2/3) or squamous cell carcinoma.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgeluistavaresdeoliveira.pdf: 1915583 bytes, checksum: 1dd0c5e4947234b8435ef2baf3097ca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa do tipo exploratória e descritiva, cujo objeto consiste nas intervenções de enfermeiros na atenção primária à saúde para prevenção do câncer de colo de útero, embasado no Modelo de Promoção de Saúde de Nola Pender. Os objetivos da pesquisa são: identificar as intervenções realizadas pelos enfermeiros na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero na atenção primária à saúde; classificar as intervenções em comportamentais, cognitivas e sociais e analisar as intervenções realizadas pelos enfermeiros na atenção primária à saúde que podem proporcionar mudanças de comportamentos, hábitos e estilos de vida na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero e promoção da saúde. O cenário da pesquisa foram duas unidades de atenção primária à saúde, em um município da Zona da Mata Mineira. As participantes foram dezoito mulheres cadastradas e assistidas na estratégia da saúde da família das unidades de atenção primária à saúde que estavam na faixa etária de 25 a 64 anos e que foram atendidas por enfermeiros para prevenção do câncer de colo de útero. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista estruturada com aplicação de um questionário contendo questões fechadas e abertas. Foram gravadas em gravador digital e transcritas na íntegra para posterior análise das informações. Foram atendidas todas as exigências da Resolução 466/2012, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. O processo de análise foi baseado nos pressupostos do diagrama do Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender. Os dados foram organizados em quatro categorias apriorísticas: Características (Comportamento Anterior e Fatores Pessoais); Comportamento Específico (Benefícios, Barreiras, Percepções e Influências); Resultado do Comportamento e Experiências Individuais e a Enfermagem na Prevenção do câncer de colo de útero: Intervenções Comportamentais, Cognitivas e Sociais. Foi possível identificar que o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender é capaz de iluminar a relação entre as dificuldades, facilidades e as percepções das mulheres para a prevenção do câncer de colo de útero, assim como, apontar e reforçar as ações do enfermeiro no rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero e promoção da saúde da mulher. / This is a qualitative exploratory and descriptive research focusing nursing interventions in primary health care for cervical cancer prevention based on health promotion model proposed by Nola Pender. The aims of the research are: identify nursing interventions to prevent cervical cancer in primary health care; classify interventions in behavioral, cognitive and social levels and analyze the interventions performed by nurses in primary health care especially those that may lead to changes in behaviors, habits and lifestyles in health promotion and prevention regarding cervical cancer. Research setting was two primary health care units in a city of Zona da Mata Mineira. The participants were eighteen women enrolled and assisted in family health strategy performed at primary health care units. These women were aged 25-64 years and they were assisted by nurses focusing cervical cancer prevention. Data were collected through structured interviews with a questionnaire with open and closed questions. These interviews were recorded with digital recorder and transcribed for further analysis. All requirements of the Resolution 466/2012 from National Health Council have been met. The analysis process was based on the assumptions from the diagram of Health Promotion Model by Nola Pender. Data were organized into four a priori categories: Characteristics (Previous Behavior and Personal Factors); Specific behavior (Benefits, Barriers, Perceptions and Influences); Result of the Behavior and Individual Experiences and Nursing in the Prevention of cervical cancer: Behavioral, Cognitive and Social Interventions. It was possible to identify that Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model may clarify the relationship between difficulties, facilities and women perceptions for cervical cancer prevention. It may also indicate and enhance nursing actions in cervical cancer screening and health promotion among women.

Cette recherche s'inscrit dans la perspective générale de mieux comprendre les déterminants sociaux de retard ou de non participation aux dépistages des cancers gynécologiques des femmes. Par déterminants sociaux nous entendons les dimensions sociodémographiques et psychosociales des femmes pouvant avoir un impact sur cette participation. Nous nous sommes en effet particulièrement intéressés à l'impact de l'origine migratoire des femmes de l'agglomération parisienne et à leur absence de lien social sur ce défaut de participation Ce travail a permis, à partir des données de la cohorte SIRS recueillies en 2010, de confirmer la présence d'un important gradient social relatif au défaut de participation aux dépistages des femmes interrogées mais a également permis de montrer que les femmes issues de l'immigration se situaient dans une position intermédiaire entre les femmes nées françaises de deux parents français et les femmes étrangères quant au risque de retard ou de non participation aux dépistages. Nous avons pu également montrer l'importance du soutien social dans cette participation aux dépistages. / This study inscribes itself in the general scheme of better knowing the social determinants of delayed or no lifetime participation of gynecological cancer screening. Social determinants here refer to the sociodemographic and psychosocial dimensions which can have an impact on this participation. We particularly looked at the impact of migration origin and social contact of women. Based on the data collected by the SIRS cohort study in 2010, this work leads to confirm the existence of an important social gradient with regard to the participation of women but leads to demonstrate that women of immigrant origin are in an intermediary position between French women born from two French parents and foreign women regarding the delayed or no lifetime participation on cancer screening. We also have showed the importance of social contact in this participation.

Les inégalités de participation au dépistage du cancer du col de l’utérus (CCU) sont multifactorielles et la prévention primaire du CCU par la vaccination contre les papillomavirus humains (HPV) oncogènes pourrait présenter des similarités. Médecin de premier recours de l’ensemble de la population, le médecin généraliste (MG) pourrait avoir une place importante dans la limitation de ces inégalités et nous voulions l’explorer avant l’implémentation du dépistage organisé national français (DONF) du CCU.La comparaison des données de remboursement de deux départements français dont l’un participait à l’expérimentation de dépistage organisé, a mis en évidence une participation au dépistage plus importante dans le département d’expérimentation. Le gradient de participation diminuant avec l’augmentation du niveau de défavorisation était plus fort dans le département d’expérimentation, et plus encore en milieu rural. Nos données ne nous ont pas permis d’explorer ces aspects pour la vaccination contre les HPV.Interrogés sur leurs préférences pour limiter ces inégalités dans le cadre du DONF, gynécologues et MG étaient favorables au ciblage des femmes non dépistées, par invitations centralisées impliquant le médecin traitant déclaré ou en leur fournissant la liste des femmes non dépistées de leur patientèle. Le ciblage des femmes de plus de 50 ans ou défavorisées, de même que les autoprélèvements de dépistage des HPV, étaient rejetés par les praticiens.L’ensemble de nos travaux confirmaient l’importance d’un universalisme proportionné lors de l’implémentation du DONF. L’adhésion des praticiens, dont les MG, nécessitera une information sur la motivation des mesures proposées. / Unequal participation in uterine cervical cancer screening (UCC) is multifactorial and primary prevention of UCC by vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) may have similarities. As primary care physicians for the overall population, general practitioners (GPs) could be a major contributor in limiting these inequalities. We aimed to explore these contributions before the implementation of the French national organized screening (FNOS) of UCC.The comparison of reimbursement data from two French departments, one of which experimented a regional organized screening, revealed a greater participation in screening in the experimental department. The participation gradient decreasing with the increase of deprivation was stronger in the experimental department, and moreover in rural areas. Our data did not allow us to explore these aspects for HPV vaccination.Asked about their preferences to limit these inequalities when implementing the FNOS, gynecologists and GPs were in favour of targeting unscreened women, by centralized invitations involving the declared attending physician, or by providing them with a list of unscreened women among their patients. Targeting women over 50 years old or deprived women, as well as HPV self-sampling, were options rejected by practitioners.Our results confirmed the importance of a proportionate universalism when implementing the FNOS. The involvement of practitioners, including GPs, will require information on the rational of the proposed measures.

Thesis (MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Background Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer in women globally representing 13% of female cancers and accounting for 11% of the total cancer deaths (Ahmedin et al.2011). Several studies demonstrated the association between HIV and HPV. In Zimbabwe the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is high and cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women of all age groups. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of HIV infected women on cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening at Musiso Hospital, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. Methods 208 self administered questionnaires were used with a 100 per cent response rate. Quantitative data were analysed using STATA statistical package version 12 for descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-squared tests were done for hypothesis testing at 5 per cent level of significance and 95 per cent confidence level. Multiple variable logistic regressions models were also used to assess association between outcomes of interest and socio-demographic characteristics. All open ended questions were analysed using qualitative methods. Results Out of the 208 participants, 45 (21.6 per cent) respondents claimed to know what cervical cancer is. About 55.3 per cent said cervical cancer is preventable. The majority (92.8 per cent) did not know any screening tests. Just above three quarters (77.3 per cent) of the respondents believed they were at risk of having cervical cancer. About 9 per cent (18) of all participants had screened for cervical cancer before and 95.8 per cent respondents reported would like to screen for cervical cancer in the future. Conclusion HIV infected women at Musiso mission hospital were found to be having inadequate knowledge, positive attitude and inadequate practices on cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. There is need to equip these women with knowledge on cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening to increase cervical cancer screening uptake. Key Concepts: knowledge, attitude, practice, screening, cervical cancer

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