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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Ispitivanje 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanozina, produkata lipidne peroksidacije i aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima kod prekanceroznih lezija i u karcinomu grlića materice / Analysis of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, lipid peroxidation products and activity of antioxidative enzymes in precancerous lesions and in cervical cancer

Jelić Marija 21 June 2019 (has links)
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Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/ / <p>Free radicals are produced in our body under physiological conditions. Although in very low concentrations, they can show some toxic effects. While trying to bind electrons, in the chemical reaction of oxidation, they rapidly and unpredictably bind to adjacent molecules- proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids from which the structural elements of the cell are made, triggering the internal pathway of apoptosis. Antioxidants are substances that prevent or significantly reduce the oxidation of biomolecules. Oxidative stress is a condition that occurs when the production of free radicals exceeds the capacity of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize them. The antioxidant enzymes include: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Lipid Peroxidation (LP) is the process of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by free radicals. Malondialdehyde is a biochemical marker by which it is possible to measure the degree of oxidative damage of cell membranes. The oxidative modification of DNA leads to a change in DNA structure that results in genetic damage. The most commonly used marker of oxidative stress is urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxiguanosine (8-OHdG). The damage to proteins, lipids and DNA is an important basis for many diseases such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, aging, retinopathy, chronic inflammatory disease and cancer. Starting from the hypothesis that these biomolecules are different at different stages of the disease, they could represent a prognostic marker of the progression of the disease. The aim of the study was to examine whether there were differences between the control group (healthy women), the patients with precancerous lesions on the cervix (HSIL), the patients with early stage cervical cancer (FIGO Ia-Ib) and the patient with locally advanced cervical cancer (IIa - IV) in the indicators of DNA damage (determining the value of 8-OHdG), indicators of oxidative stress (by determining the lipid peroxidation intensity (TBARS)), indicators of antioxidant defense (by determining the activity of antioxidative enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)). In addition, the aim of the study was to compare the values of 8- OHdG, lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GR) within the group of patients with early stage cervical cancer divided into two subgroups- with low and high risk in relation to the relapse of the disease. The research was performed at the Clinic for operative oncology, Department of Gynecology at the Institute of Oncology of Vojvodina, Medical Faculty in Novi Sad, Department of Pharmacy and the Institute for Health Care of Novi Sad in the period from 2013 to 2017. Samples of blood and urine of the patients were collected, prepared adequately and stored at -80 &deg; until the analysis. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes as well as the lipid peroxidation were determined by spectrophotometric methods, and the concentration of 8-OHdG was determined by gas chromatography with mass detection. The approval of the Ethical Committee of the Institute for Oncology of Vojvodina was obtained before conducting the research. It has been shown that there are statistically significant differences between the control group (healthy women), patient with precancerous cervical lesions (HSIL), the patients with early stage cervical cancer (FIGO Ia-Ib) compared to a group of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (IIa-IV) in indicators of damage to DNA (concentration of 8-OHdG), indicators of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation (TBARS)), indicators of antioxidant defense (activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GST). There was no difference between the groups in activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). There were no differences in the concentration of 8-OHdG, lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, GPx and GR) within the group of patients with locally restricted cervical cancer divided into two subgroups with low and high risk in relation on relapses of the disease. CAT and GST activities were the best predictors of disease recurrence among defined groups. Based on the activities of these two oxidative enzymes, the separation of the group of patients who did not experience disease recurrence after a follow-up period from the other two groups in which recurrence of the disease occurred was possible. Based on the obtained results it is concluded that it is possible to use the studied biomarkers as diagnostic markers in patients with cervical cancer. These biomolecules can help in the patient&#39;s classification into certain groups according to the stage of the disease, and consequently the more efficient choice of appropriate treatment. In addition, CAT and GST enzyme activity have been shown to be predictors of disease recurrence in defined patient groups.</p>
132

The use of culturally related health practices and health care utilization among Hispanic women in farmworker communities.

Longoria, Jicela. Fernandez, Maria E., Piller, Linda Beth. January 2007 (has links)
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2668. Adviser: Maria E. Fernandez. Includes bibliographical references
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Prognostic factors for squamous cell cervical cancer tumor markers, hormones, smoking, and S-phase fraction /

Lindström, Annika, January 2010 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.
134

Efeitos colaterais tardios na bexiga após radioterapia por câncer de colo de útero: avaliação da associação com polimorfismos de TP53, ATM e MDM2 / Late urinary bladder side effects after radiotherapy for cervical cancer: evaluation of the association with TP53, ATM and MDM2 polymorphisms

Juliana Castro Dourado Pinezi 13 October 2014 (has links)
Introdução: Na prática clínica se observa que há diferenças na incidência de efeitos colaterais entre pacientes submetidos ao mesmo esquema terapêutico de radioterapia. Tais diferenças podem ser entendidas como uma radiossensibilidade individual determinada geneticamente. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos tardios na bexiga em pacientes com câncer do colo uterino tratadas com radioterapia, com ou sem cirurgia, e o valor prognóstico de três polimorfismos genéticos de base única com relação ao desenvolvimento de cistite actínica. Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de 50 pacientes com carcinoma cervical tratadas entre 1999 e 2004, com um mínimo de 6,5 anos de seguimento. A dose de radioterapia na bexiga foi considerada como a soma da dose da radioterapia externa com a dose de braquiterapia no ponto de bexiga definido pelo ICRU 38 (Relato número 38 da Comissão Internacional de Unidades e Medidas em Radiação). Para as correlações entre dose e efeito, foi calculada a dose biológica efetiva (BED) para cada caso. Para a avaliação dos efeitos tardios em bexiga, além dos dados descritos em prontuário, foi feito um questionário específico dirigido aos sintomas urinários, foi realizada cistoscopia em todas as pacientes e a escala LENTSOMA (efeitos tardios no tecido normal/ subjetivo-objetivo tratamento e exames) foi aplicada, utilizando o pior grau do efeito encontrado nos diferentes métodos de avaliação. Variantes genéticas do códon 72 da p53 (Arginina / Prolina), MDM2 SNP309 T/G e ATMex39 5557 G>A foram identificadas usando o método de genotipagem de SNP ABI SNaPshot e os resultados foram correlacionados com a incidência e grau de cistite actínica. Resultados: Complicações clínicas tardias da bexiga foram registradas em 17 (34%) pacientes usando dados coletados dos prontuários e em 41 (82%) pacientes pelo questionário de existência e gravidade dos efeitos tardios da irradiação. Essas complicações foram diretamente correlacionadas com a BED. Vinte e oito pacientes (56%) desenvolveram cistite diagnosticada por cistoscopia (16% Grau 2-4). MDM2 SNP309 TT associado a TP53 (P72R) GG foram relacionados com o aumento da incidência de cistite. Conclusões: Cistite actínica, em grau 2 ou maior, foi elevada nessa população e apresentou uma maior incidência quando realizado um questionário específico para tal. Houve associação com maior dose de radioterapia (BED Gy3 > 100 Gy) e com MDM2 SNP309 TT associado a TP53 (P72R) GG. / Introduction: In clinical practice it is observed that there are differences in the incidence of side effects among patients undergoing the same regimen of radiotherapy. Such differences can be understood as a genetically determined individual radiosensitivity. Purposes: This study aimed to evaluate urinary bladder late effects in patients with uterine cervix cancer treated with radiotherapy with or without surgery and the prognostic value of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to radiation cystitis. Material and methods: retrospective analysis of 50 patients with cervical carcinoma treated between 1999 and 2004 with a minimum of 6.5 years of follow-up was performed. The radiation dose in the bladder was considered as the dose delivered by external beam irradiation plus the brachytherapy dose in the ICRU Report 38 (International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements report number 38) bladder point. For dose-effect correlations the biological effective dose (BED) was calculated for each case. For evaluation of bladder late effects, besides the data collected from the charts review, a specific query directed to urinary symptoms was applied to the patients and also a cystoscopy was performed in all of them. The LENTSOMA (late effects of normal tissues/subjective-objective management analytic) scale for bladder late effects was applied. Genetic variants of p53 codon72 (arginine/proline) polymorphism, MDM2 SNP309 T/G and ATMex39 5557G>A were identified by using ABI SNaPshot SNP genotyping method. And the results were correlated with the incidence and grade of radiation cystitis. Results: Clinical late bladder complications were recorded in 17 (34%) patients using data collected from the charts and in 41 (82%) patients by the questionnaire for the existence and severity of late irradiation effects. These complications were directly related with the BED. Twenty eight patients (56%) developed cystitis diagnosed by cystoscopy (16% Grade 2-4). MDM2 SNP309 TT associated with TP53 (P72R) GG was related with increased incidence of cystitis. Conclusions: Late radiation cystitis grade 2 or greater were high in this population and presented a higher incidence when a specific questionnaire was used. Higher radiation dose (BED Gy3 > 100 Gy) and MDM2 SNP309 TT associated with TP53 (P72R) GG were correlated with bladder late effects
135

Polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene p53 e risco de infecções persistentes por papiloma vírus humano (HPV) e neoplasia do colo uterino / Polymorphism of codon 72 of the p53 gene and risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical neoplasia

Tatiana Rabachini 20 December 2002 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, inúmeros estudos epidemiológicos evidenciaram a forte associação entre o carcinoma do colo uterino e a infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV). Esta associação deriva do reconhecimento de que estes vírus codificam oncoproteínas, dentre as quais E6 e E7, que apresentam propriedades transformantes. O produto do gene E7 se liga ao produto do gene retinoblastoma que perde a sua função de regular negativamente o ciclo celular. O produto do gene E6 se liga ao produto do gene supressor de tumor p53 levando a sua degradação pela via de proteólise dependente de ubiquitina. O gene p53 é um supressor tumoral com função de regulação do ciclo celular que apresenta vários polimorfismos distintos em diversos grupos étnicos e tem sido amplamente estudado tanto em tecidos normais quanto em tecidos tumorais. O polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene i>p53 é o mais estudado e pode apresentar três alelos diferentes na população. Um alelo codifica arginina (Arg), um codifica prolina (Pro) e outro, raramente encontrado, codifica cisteína (Cys). Em 1993 foi iniciado um estudo epidemiológico da história natural da infecção por HPV e neoplasia da cérvice uterina em uma população feminina de baixa renda em São Paulo (Brasil), uma das áreas de maior risco em todo o mundo. O estudo focaliza a infecção persistente por tipos oncogênicos de HPV como evento precursor que leva à carcinogênese do colo do útero e visa entender os atributos da história natural da infecção viral e das doenças associadas ao colo uterino. Um dos objetivos deste estudo é avaliar se o polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene p53 pode, ou não, ser utilizado como marcador de predisposição ao câncer do colo do útero uma vez que um estudo inicial relatou que pacientes portando o genótipo p53Arg homozigoto seriam 7 vezes mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de neoplasia da cérvice uterina que pacientes contendo o genótipo p53Pro e heterozigoto p53Pro/ Arg. Contudo, vários estudos posteriores contradizem e corroboram esses achados. O presente projeto teve como objetivos, portanto, verificar se o polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene p53 poderia estar associado a infecções persistentes por HPV e ao risco de neoplasia do colo do útero, além de comparar metodologias de detecção utilizadas por outros estudos, visando esclarecer se os motivos que levam à discordância dos resultados podem ser atribuídos a ocorrência de erros classificatórios metodológicos. Ao todo, sete metodologias de detecção foram comparadas. Apenas uma delas, PCR alelo-específica, apresentou resultado discordante das demais utilizadas. Coincidentemente, essa metodologia foi amplamente utilizada por muitos estudos que encontraram associações tanto positivas quanto negativas. Isso poderia nos dar indícios de que os erros classificatórios dependentes de metodologia poderiam influenciar os resultados de correlação entre o polimorfismo do códon 72 e o risco de neoplasia do colo do útero. As correlações observadas por este trabalho entre este polimorfismo do códon 72 e o risco de neoplasia do colo uterino não mostraram associação deste polimorfismo com o risco de infecções persistentes por HPV e as lesões precursoras do carcinoma do colo uterino. / In recent years, a number of epidemiological studies have pointed toward a strong association between cervical cancer and infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). This association derives from the discovery that these viruses code for oncoproteins, among them E6 and E7 that have transforming properties. The E7 gene product associates with the retinoblastoma gene product, causing the latter to lose its function as a negative regulator of the cell cycle. The E6 gene product interacts with the tumor suppressor p53 gene product, resulting in its degradation via ubiquitin dependent proteolysis. The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor that funcions in the regulation of the cell cycle. It presents a number of distinct polymorfisms in diverse ethnic groups, and has been widely studied, both in normal and tumor tissues. The polymorfism of codon 72 is the most studied, and may present three different alleles in the population. One allele codes for arginine (Arg), another codes for proline (Pro), and a third, rarely found, codes for cystein (Cys). In 1993 an epidemilogical study of the natural history of infection by HPV and its possible association with cervical neoplasia was initiated in a population of low income females in São Paulo, Brazil, one of the areas of greatest risk in the world. The study focuses on persistent infection by oncogenic types of HPV as a precursor to carcinogenesis of the cervix, and seeks to understand the attributes of the natural history of viral infection and of illnesses associated with the cervix. One of the objectives of the study is to evaluate if the polymorfisms of codon 72 of p53 can or not be used as a marker of predisposition to cervical cancer, given the finding in the initial study that patients who were homozygous for the p53Arg genotype were 7 times more susceptible to developing cervical neoplasias than those patients who were homozygous for p53Pro, or heterozygous p53 Pro/ Arg. Previous studies have been realized both supporting and disputing these findings. The current study had two main objectives: to verify if the polymorfism of p53 codon 72 could be associated with persistent infections of HPV and the risk of cervical neoplasia, as well as to compare methods of detection used by other studies, in an attempt to clarify if the discording results of past studies could be due to methodological classification errors. Seven detection methods were compared. Only one of these, allele specific PCR, presented discording results from the rest. Coincidentally, this method was widely used in a number of studies which found both positive and negative associations. This might indicate that the method-dependent classification errors could influence the results of correlation between codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of cervical neoplasia. The correlations observed by this study did not demonstrate an association between codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of persistent HPV infection and precursor lesions of cervical cancer.
136

Desempenho de enfermeiros na coleta de material para o exame de papanicolau / Performance of nurses in the collection of material for the examination of Papanicolaou

Nancy Costa de Oliveira 20 January 2007 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O exame de Papanicolaou tem reconhecimento mundial enquanto estratÃgia segura para detectar o cÃncer de colo uterino precocemente. Envolve trabalho manual, da coleta do material atà a emissÃo do resultado. Portanto, o desempenho dos recursos humanos contribui para a seguranÃa ou nÃo dos resultados. Este exame à realizado por mÃdicos e enfermeiros que compÃem as equipes do Programa SaÃde da FamÃlia (PSF), todavia, predominantemente, pelos enfermeiros. Neste contexto, decidiu-se pela realizaÃÃo deste estudo que teve por objetivo geral avaliar a coleta de material para o exame de Papanicolaou por enfermeiras e como objetivos especÃficos verificar o conhecimento e a prÃtica dessas profissionais com relaÃÃo à coleta citolÃgica; identificar a disponibilidade dos recursos materiais necessÃrios à realizaÃÃo da coleta e avaliar adequabilidade do material coletado baseado no laudo laboratorial. Trata-se de um pesquisa avaliativa, com carÃter exploratÃrio-descritivo. Realizou-se em unidades do Programa SaÃde da FamÃlia (PSF) de Maranguape-CE, cujos dados foram coletados de agosto a outubro de 2006 por observaÃÃo estruturada direta e participativa junto Ãs 21 (100%) enfermeiras, em seus sÃtios de atuaÃÃo, e atravÃs da revisÃo dos laudos laboratoriais de 63 lÃminas coletadas. A observaÃÃo estruturada seguiu o Instrumento de Reconhecimento da Qualidade da Metodologia Proquali, sendo os dados anotados mediante sistema de checagem. Dados da observaÃÃo participativa foram registrados em diÃrio de campo. Os resultados foram apresentados nos itens: caracterizaÃÃo das enfermeiras; formaÃÃo, acesso a manuais tÃcnicos e conhecimentos para lidar com a coleta citolÃgica; desempenho das enfermeiras na coleta de material para o exame (medidas de biosseguranÃa, conforto e seguranÃa das mulheres durante exame e tÃcnica de coleta); disponibilidade de recursos para a realizaÃÃo do procedimento; e adequabilidade das lÃminas. A maioria das enfermeiras tinha entre nove e 11 anos de formadas. Dezessete (81%) se auto-avaliaram seguras para realizar o procedimento e 16 (76%) demonstraram ter conhecimento adequado sobre o local da coleta citolÃgica. O acesso à prÃtica de coleta citolÃgica na GraduaÃÃo foi referida por somente 7 (33%) das enfermeiras. Apenas 4 (19%) lavaram as mÃos antes do procedimento, 21 (100%) utilizaram luvas de procedimento nas duas mÃos e o descarte do lixo mostrou-se inadequado em todas as unidades. O conforto da usuÃria avaliado sob o ponto de vista de certificar-se se a mulher havia esvaziado a bexiga antes do exame e explicÃ-lo para usuÃria foi atendido por 2 (9,5%) e 4 (19%) das enfermeiras, respectivamente. A privacidade, avaliada pelos critÃrios de cobrir a mulher, manter a porta do consultÃrio fechada e impedir o âentra e saiâ de pessoas durante o exame foi alcanÃado por 20 (95%), 17 (81%) e 14 (67%), respectivamente. A tÃcnica da coleta foi satisfatÃria entre 90,5% ou mais dos enfermeiros em sete dos 11 itens avaliados e a adequabilidade das lÃminas mostrou-se satisfatÃria em 100% dos 63 laudos. O desempenho das enfermeiras foi o ideal esperado em termos de garantir lÃminas de qualidade ao rastreamento do cÃncer de colo, todavia, lavagem das mÃos, descarte adequado do lixo, conforto e seguranÃa da usuÃria e entrevista sobre condiÃÃes da mulher para a realizaÃÃo da coleta precisam melhorar. Risco de dessecamento, presenÃa de sangue e material hipocelular foram observados, porÃm nÃo geraram lÃminas insatisfatÃrias, sobre o que se sugere que estudos sejam realizados com o objetivo de avaliar recomendaÃÃes desnecessÃrias ou excessivas à coleta. / The Pap test has world-wide recognition as a safe strategy to detect cervical cancer early. Its execution includes manual work, from the material collection to the result emission. Thus, the performance of human resources contributes to the security or not of the results. This is carried out by doctors and nurses that compose the teams of Health Family Program (PSF), but mainly by nurses. In this context, it was decided to carry out this study which had as a general objective to evaluate the material collection for the Pap test by nurses and as specific objectives to verify knowledge and practice of these professionals in relation to cytological collection; to identify the availability of material resources which are necessary for the execution of the collection and to evaluate if the collected material is adequate based on the laboratorial report. It is an evaluative research, with descriptive exploratory character. It was executed in units of the Family Health Program (PSF) in Maranguape-CE, whose data was collected from August to October, 2006, through the direct and participative structured observation made with 21 (100%) nurses, in their area, and through the review of the laboratorial reports of 63 collected slides. The structured observation followed the Instrument of Quality Recognition of Proquali Methodology, and the data was annotated using checking system. The participative observation data was registered in field books. The results were presented under nurse characterization; formation, access to technical handbooks and knowledge to deal with cytological collection; performance of nurses in the material collection for the exam (biosecurity measures, comfort and security of women during exam and collection technique); availability of resources for the execution of the procedure and; suitability of the slides. Most nurses were graduated for 9 to 11 years and had 8 years of experience with cytological collection. Seventeen (81%) evaluated themselves as secure to execute the procedure and sixteen (76%) showed to have the adequate knowledge about the exact localization of the cytological collection. The access to the practice of cytological collection at college was referred by only 7 (33%) of them. Only 4 (19%) washed the hands before the procedure, 21 (100%) used procedure gloves in both hands and the discard of the trash was inadequate in all the units. Usersâ comfort was evaluated according to the standpoint of making sure if the woman had emptied the bladder before the exam and of explaining it to the user and was achieved by 2 (9,5%) and 4 (19%) of the nurses respectively. The privacy was evaluated by the criteria of covering the woman, maintaining the officeâs door closed and preventing peopleâs getting in and out during the exam. It was achieved by 20 (95%), 17 (81%) and 14 (67%), respectively. The collection technique was satisfactory with 90,5% or more of the nursed in 7 of the 11 evaluated items and the suitability of blenders was satisfactory in 100% of the 63 reports. The nursesâ performance was the ideal expected in terms of guaranteeing slides with good quality to search cervical cancer. However, practice at college, washing of hands, adequate discard of the trash, usersâ comfort and security and the interview about womenâs conditions for the execution of the collection need improvement. It was observed risk of desiccation, presence of blood and hypocelular material, but unsatisfactory slides were not generated. It is suggested that studies need to be carried out with the objective of evaluating unnecessary or excessive recommendations for the collection.
137

PrevalÃncia de HPH e lesÃes intraepiteliais escamosas em gestantes / Prevalence by HPV and squamous intraepithelial lesions in pregnant women

Elizabeth Dell Orto Vieira 18 December 2008 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Estudo de prevalÃncia (estudo transversal) sobre infecÃÃo por HPV em colo uterino de gestantes, avaliando o(s) subgrupo(s) de HPV mais prevalentes e a associaÃÃo quanto ao desenvolvimento de lesÃes intraepiteliais escamosas. A metodologia constituiu-se de questionÃrio aplicado diretamente a 272 gestantes, independente da idade gestacional e de estarem sintomÃticas ou nÃo na primeira consulta de prÃ-natal, alÃm da coleta de material cÃrvico-vaginal (paredes vaginais, ectocÃrvice e endocÃrvice) para realizaÃÃo de Citologia oncÃtica convencional pelo mÃtodo de coloraÃÃo proposto por Papanicolaou e do teste de Captura HÃbrida IIÂ. Procedeu-se a seguir a identificaÃÃo das lesÃes intraepiteliais escamosas e da presenÃa do vÃrus HPV de alto, baixo e mÃdio risco oncogÃnico. Os achados da Captura HÃbrida IIÂ foram correlacionados com os achados citolÃgicos, comparando-se a freqÃÃncia dos resultados anormais nos dois mÃtodos. Procedeu-se tambÃm a associaÃÃo com aspectos biossociais que pudessem interferir na infecÃÃo produzida pelo HPV e no possÃvel desenvolvimento de lesÃes intraepiteliais escamosas. Realizaram-se anÃlises de correlaÃÃo univariada e bivariada, com cÃlculo do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e valor p< 0,05. Utilizou-se tambÃm de regressÃo logÃstica para estimar a magnitude das associaÃÃes. A prevalÃncia de infecÃÃo por HPV e citologias oncÃticas anormais foi de 32,3% e 14,0 % respectivamente. Os subgrupos de HPV de alto risco foram mais prevalentes (27,6%) do que os de baixo e mÃdio risco (18,4%) e a sua associaÃÃo mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). A associaÃÃo da infecÃÃo genital por HPV de alto risco com lesÃes intraepiteliais escamosas descritas na Citologia oncÃtica convencional foi mais prevalente (8,5%) do que com HPV de baixo de mÃdio risco (5,6%) e teve significÃncia estatÃstica (p<0,05) / This work studies the prevalence (cross sectional) on infection by HPV in uterine cervical of pregnant women evaluating the subgroups of HPV more prevalents and the association in relation to the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions. The methodology was constituted of questionary applied to 272 pregnant women independent of pregnant age and of being symptomatic or not in the first medical advice of prenatal besides the collect of cervico vaginal material (vaginal walls, ectocervix and endocervix) to the achievement of conventional oncotic cytology by the method of coloration proposed by Papanicolaou and the test of Capture Hybrid IIÂ. Then it was proceeded the identification of squamous intraepithelial lesions and the presence of HPV virus of high, low and medium oncogenic risk. The results of Capture Hybrid IIÂ were correlated with the cytologic discoveries comparing the frequency of anormal results in both methods. It was also proceeded the association with biosocial aspects which could interfere in the possible development of squamous intraepithelial lesions. The analysis of univariable and bivariable correlations were accomplished with calculus of Qui-squared of Pearson and value p<0,05. The logistic regression was used to estimate the importance of associations. The prevalence of infection by HPV and anormal oncotic cytologies was about 32,3% and 14,0% respectively. The sub groups of HPV of high risk were more prevalent (27,6%) than the ones of low and medium risk. (18,4%) and their association showed to be statistically significant (p< 0,05). The association of genital infection by HPV of high risk with squamous epithelial lesions described on conventional oncotic cytology was more prevalent (8,5%) than with HPV of low and medium risk (5,6%) and had statistical importance (p< 0,05)
138

Análise de custo-efetividade de estratégias de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Brasil / Cost-effectiveness analysis of cervical cancer screening strategy in Brazil

Juliana Yukari Kodaira Viscondi 22 November 2017 (has links)
O câncer do colo do útero é o quarto tipo de câncer mais frequente em mulheres em todo mundo. No Brasil, estima-se que cerca de 16 mil novos casos ocorrem por ano. A redução deste tipo de câncer ao longo dos anos deve-se ao rastreamento das lesões intraepiteliais cervicais por meio do exame citológico de Papanicolaou. Em 2014, o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) introduziu a vacina contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) como prevenção primária deste câncer, uma vez que este vírus é uma causa necessária para o surgimento desta malignidade. A vacinação não substitui o rastreamento, visto que não há proteção contra todos os tipos de HPV de alto risco e nem imunização de toda a população. A incorporação do programa de vacinação interfere nos resultados do programa de rastreamento, pois leva a diminuição dos casos de câncer e lesões precursoras. Desta forma, existe a necessidade de explorar novas estratégias de rastreamento, considerando também outras tecnologias existentes. Objetivo: desenvolver um modelo do tipo Markov para realizar uma análise de custo-efetividade de estratégias de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero para hipotéticas coortes imunizadas e não imunizadas contra o vírus do HPV no Brasil na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: A primeira parte é a exploração e avaliação qualitativa de estudos de avaliação econômica sobre estratégias de rastreamento para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero que utilizaram um modelo do tipo Markov feita por meio de uma revisão sistemática. A reunião das várias abordagens utilizadas e das principais características destes modelos poderá auxiliar a construção de um modelo em cenários onde há poucos profissionais capacitados com esta técnica. Baseando-se nesta revisão e nas consultas a especialistas das áreas de ginecologia, virologia e epidemiologia, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático de análise de decisão estático do tipo Markov que simula a história natural do câncer do colo do útero considerando a imunização contra o HPV. Este modelo simula o seguimento de uma coorte de mulheres, dos 10 anos até o óbito, cujos parâmetros foram estimados a partir de dados secundários (revisão da literatura, sistemas de informação em saúde e inquéritos populacionais) nacionais específicos do rastreamento e calibrados de forma a refletir as condições reais de rastreamento encontradas no Brasil. Resultados: A revisão dos modelos de Markov para avaliação econômica de estratégias de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero mostrou que a declaração do problema e a descrição das estratégias a serem comparadas foram muito bem relatados. Em contrapartida, os itens de avaliação da incerteza e consistência do modelo e a consistência precisam melhorar o relato. Os resultados obtidos por meio da calibração do modelo se mostraram satisfatórios, pois alcançaram uma boa concordância com os dados empíricos. A análise do caso base sugeriu que a melhor estratégia foi o Teste HPV-DNA como triagem para o encaminhamento da citologia ou da colposcopia, com repetição a cada 5 anos, para mulheres entre 30 e 70 anos. Esta estratégia promove um ganho de 9,5 dias ao longo dos anos e detecta, a cada 100 mil mulheres, 6 casos a mais de câncer e 16 de NIC II/III. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) foi de R$16.056,94 por ano de vida ganho, na perspectiva do sistema de saúde. Conclusão: Estudos futuros devem considerar metodologias que levem em conta a incerteza, a heterogeneidade e a consistência no modelo de decisão e utilizar diretrizes validadas para o relato do estudo / Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. In Brazil, it is estimated that around 16,000 new cases occur per year. The reduction of this type of cancer over the years owes to cervical intraepithelial lesions screening through pap smears. In 2014, the National Immunization Program (NIP) introduced a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) as the primary prevention of this cancer, since this virus is a necessary cause for the onset of this malignancy. Vaccination does not replace screening because there is no protection against all types of high risk HPV nor immunization of the entire population. Incorporation of the vaccination program interferes with the results of the screening program, leading to a decreased number of cancer cases and precursor lesions. In this way, there is a need to explore new screening strategies, also considering other existing technologies. Objective: Determining a Markov based model to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of cervical cancer screening strategies for hypothetical immunized and non-immunized cohorts against the HPV in Brazil from the perspective of the Unified Health System (UHS). Methods: The first part is a qualitative appraisal and assessment of economic evaluation studies on screening strategies for cervical cancer prevention using a Markov based model done through a systematic review. The combination of different approaches and of the main features of these models can be auxiliary in the construction of a model in scenarios where there are few professionals trained with this technique. Based on this review and consultations with specialists in the areas of gynecology, virology and epidemiology, a Markov model for decision analysis was developed, which simulates the natural history of cervical cancer considering immunization against HPV. This model simulates the follow-up of a cohort of women, from 10 years-old to death, whose parameters were estimated from secondary data, particular to screening and calibrated in order to reflect real screening conditions found in Brazil. Results: A review of Markov models for economic evaluation of cervical cancer screening strategies showed that the report of the problem statement and the description of the compared strategies were well conducted. In contrast, the uncertainties of the model and the consistency were the worst items. The results obtained by calibration of the model were satisfactory, since a good agreement with empirical data was achieved. The baseline case analysis suggested that the best strategy was the HPV-DNA Test as triage for cytology or colposcopy referral, repeated every 5 years, for women between 30 and 70 years-old. This strategy promotes a gain of 9.5 days over the years and detects, every 100,000 women, 6 cases of cancer and 16 of CIN 2/3. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was R$16,056.94 per life years gained from the health system perspective. Conclusion: Future studies should consider methodologies that take into account uncertainty, heterogeneity and consistency in the decision model and use validated guidelines for the study report
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Fatores determinantes do acesso ao papanicolaou por mulheres idosas no município de Juiz de Fora-MG

Freitas, Mônica Cristina Marzullo de 08 March 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T15:53:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacristinamarzullodefreitas.pdf: 8277023 bytes, checksum: 8771c9d54989bc29d385f49365c7a6b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T12:46:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacristinamarzullodefreitas.pdf: 8277023 bytes, checksum: 8771c9d54989bc29d385f49365c7a6b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T12:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacristinamarzullodefreitas.pdf: 8277023 bytes, checksum: 8771c9d54989bc29d385f49365c7a6b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O Brasil passa por um processo de envelhecimento populacional e, com isso, seu quadro epidemiológico tende a se modificar, com aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas, especialmente o câncer, em detrimento das infecciosas. Entre as mulheres, incluindo as mais idosas, o câncer de colo de útero caracteriza-se como um problema de saúde pública. Sendo o Papanicolaou o instrumento utilizado para o rastreio precoce da doença, torna-se de extrema relevância a realização de estudos transversais acerca da prevalência do acesso por parte da população idosa feminina a este serviço de saúde e seus fatores de associação, em Juiz de Fora – MG. Em 2010, inserido no Inquérito de Saúde realizado na zona norte do município de Juiz de Fora, foi conduzido um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, usando amostragem por conglomerado e simples, com mulheres a partir de 60 anos de idade. O presente estudo fez uso de quatro instrumentos para a coleta de dados: Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), escala para avaliação da capacidade funcional para realização das Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária (ABVD’s) e escala para avaliação da capacidade funcional para realização das Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD’s), além de questionário semi-estruturado subdividido em características sociodemográficas, questões referentes ao estado de saúde geral da idosa, e finalmente, questões relacionadas ao histórico de realização ou não de exames preventivos em saúde da mulher. Do total de questionários aplicados, 252 (90%) mulheres responderam ao desfecho de interesse. Foi construído um modelo teórico hierarquizado agrupando as variáveis distais, referentes às características sociodemográficas, intermediárias, com questões acerca do estado geral de saúde das idosas, e as variáveis proximais, reunidas num terceiro bloco, correspondentes às práticas preventivas em saúde da mulher. A prevalência de realização do exame preventivo de Papanicolaou foi de 84,1% (IC95% 79% - 88,4%). Na regressão multivariada, três variáveis apresentaram significativa associação (p 0,05) à realização do exame de Papanicolaou: entre as variáveis do nível mais distal (Bloco 1 do organograma), a situação conjugal “sem companheiro” (idosas solteiras, viúvas, separadas ou divorciadas), com RPajustada = 3,642 (IC95% 1,465; 9,057). No segundo bloco, a independência para a realização das AIVD’s, com RPajustada = 6,932 (IC95% 2,022; 23,764). Já no terceiro bloco, referente às práticas preventivas em saúde da mulher, a realização da mamografia foi a variável de maior associação à realização do exame de Papanicolaou, com RPajustada = 2,112 (IC95% 1,140; 3,913). Na análise interblocos estas variáveis continuaram significativamente associadas com a variável de desfecho. O presente estudo sugere que o maior acesso ao exame preventivo pelas idosas apresentou-se associado mais fortemente ao grupo composto por solteiras, viúvas, separadas ou divorciadas, independentes para as AIVD’s e que também realizam ou que já realizaram mamografia. O envelhecimento populacional deve levar à reflexão quanto ao direcionamento de políticas públicas. No caso do câncer de colo de útero, deve haver incentivo à prática do Papanicolaou, a fim de se implementar uma rotina de prevenção secundária às idosas, mesmo não sendo a população alvo do rastreio atualmente. / Brazil is going through a process of population aging, and thus, its epidemiological profile tends to change, with increased prevalence of chronic diseases, especially cancer, over infectious ones. Among women, including older women, cervical cancer is characterized as a public health problem. Since the Pap test is the instrument for early detection of the disease, it is thus extremely relevant to carry out crosssectional studies on the prevalence, for elderly women, of access to this health service, and to investigate the factors associated with screening in Juiz de Fora - MG. In 2010, included in the Health Survey conducted in the northern district of the city of Juiz de Fora, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted, using cluster and simple sampling, with women aged 60 or over. This study made use of four instruments for data collection: a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a scale to assess functional capacity to perform the Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADLs) and a scale to assess functional capacity to perform the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), and a semi-structured questionnaire divided into sociodemographic characteristics, questions concerning the general health of the elderly woman, and finally, questions related to the history of whether or not having been screened for cervical cancer and breast cancer. Of the total questionnaires administered, 252 women responded to the outcome of interest. A hierarchical theoretical model was built grouping the distal variables, related to sociodemographic characteristics, the intermediate variables, related to questions about the general health of the elderly women, and the proximal variables, gathered into a third block, corresponding to preventive practices in women's health. The prevalence of Pap test screening was 84.1% (CI95% 79% - 88.4%). In the multivariate regression, three variables showed significant association (p 0.05) with getting Pap testing: among the more distal level variables (Block 1 of the chart), the marital status of single, widowed, separated, or divorced, with PRadjusted (CI95% = 3.642 CI95% 1.465; 9.057). In the second block, the functional capacity of carrying out IADLs, with PRadjusted (CI95% = 6.932 CI95% 2.022; 23.764). And, in the third block, regarding preventive practices in women's health, mammography screening was the variable with the highest association with getting Pap testing, with PRadjusted (CI95% = 2.112 CI95% 1.140; 3.913). In the interblock analysis these variables remained significantly associated with the outcome variable. The present study suggests that increased access to preventive screening for elderly women was associated most strongly with the group composed of single, widowed, separated, or divorced, able to perform IADLs, and who also are or had been getting mammography screening. The aging of the population should lead to reflection about the direction of public policy. In the case of cervical cancer, there must be incentives for Pap test screening in order to implement a secondary prevention routine (early diagnosis and prompt treatment) for elderly women, although not the target population of screening today.
140

Uso terapêutico de vacinas contra HPV em mulheres com lesão de colo de útero

Fernandes, Carolaine Bitencourt Ferreira 28 August 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-09T18:26:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolainebitencourtferreirafernandes.pdf: 1669281 bytes, checksum: 34f68a915c16a0c85f114101af871242 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-14T17:07:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolainebitencourtferreirafernandes.pdf: 1669281 bytes, checksum: 34f68a915c16a0c85f114101af871242 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-14T17:07:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolainebitencourtferreirafernandes.pdf: 1669281 bytes, checksum: 34f68a915c16a0c85f114101af871242 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / O câncer de colo do útero é o segundo tumor mais frequente na população feminina e a segunda causa de morte por neoplasia entre mulheres. A infecção persistente pelo vírus HPV é condição necessária para o aparecimento da doença, bem como de suas lesões precursoras. O uso da vacinação profilática contra o HPV tem se mostrado efetivo na prevenção da doença e, devido ao mecanismo de desenvolvimento do câncer a partir da infecção viral, novas partículas vacinais vêm sendo desenvolvidas com o objetivo de uso terapêutico, ou seja, na vigência de lesões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o uso de vacinas terapêuticas contra o HPV e sobre as novas partículas utilizadas com este fim. Foi feita uma consulta às bases de dados MEDLINE, PUBMED e LILACS, às coleções SciELO e à BIBLIOTECA COCHRANE, utilizando-se as palavras-chave “papillomavirus humano”, “”HPV”, “vacina”, “vacinação”, “terapêutico” e “imunoterapia” em diferentes combinações, sem limite de data. Dos 713 artigos encontrados inicialmente, 352 foram excluídos por estarem repetidos nas diferentes bases de dados, 217 por serem artigos de revisão, 86 por serem realizados em animais, 24 publicados em idiomas que não o inglês, português e espanhol, 15 de outras localizações anatômicas que não o colo do útero, 2 em pacientes HIV positivos, 1 em homens, 2 cujas pacientes possuíam apenas infecção pelo vírus, mas não lesão no colo e 1 realizado in vitro. Um último artigo foi excluído pois utilizava a vacina após a retirada da lesão do colo das pacientes. Desta forma foram selecionados 12 artigos para esta revisão sistemática. Estes são artigos de fase I e II, realizados com poucas pacientes e apenas 2 deles são randomizados e cegados. Não se pôde atribuir nenhuma medida estatística aos resultados, visto a heterogeneidade das publicações. Os estudos analisados utilizaram partículas vacinais baseadas nas proteínas E6, E7 e E2 do HPV, concluindo que a proteína E7 é a mais promissora para uso nas vacinas terapêuticas. Esta revisão concluiu que o uso das vacinas baseadas na proteína E7 de HPV é potencialmente benéfico no tratamento das lesões de colo uterino, sendo um campo de estudo promissor, mas esta conclusão deve ser analisada com cautela devido à ausência de estudos realizados com maior número de pacientes e com critérios metodológicos mais rígidos. / Cancer of the cervix is the second most common tumor in the female population and the second cause of death from cancer among women. Persistent infection by HPV is a necessary condition for the onset of the disease and its precursor lesions. The use of prophylactic vaccination against HPV has been shown to be effective in preventing disease and mechanism of cancer development from the viral infection, new particle vaccine have been developed with the aim of therapeutic use, in other words, in the presence of injuries. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of therapeutic vaccines against HPV and the new particles used for this purpose. Was made a query to the databases MEDLINE, PUBMED and LILACS, SciELO and the collections COCHRANE LIBRARY, using the key words "human papillomavirus", "" HPV "," vaccine "," vaccination "," therapeutic " and "immunotherapy" in different combinations, without a time limit. Of the 713 articles found initially, 352 were excluded because they were repeated in different databases, 217 to be review articles, 86 were conducted in animals, 24 published in other languages than English, Portuguese and Spanish, 15 other anatomical locations than the cervix, 2 in HIV-positive patients, 1 in men, 2 whose patients had only infection, but not injury lap and 1 conducted in vitro. One last item was deleted because the vaccine used after removal of the lesion of the cervix patients. Thus 12 articles were selected for this systematic review. These articles are phase I and II, realized with few patients and only two of them are randomized and blinded. We were unable to assign any statistical measure the results, since the heterogeneity of publications. The analyzed studies used particle vaccine based on proteins E6 and E7 of HPV E2, concluding that the E7 protein is the most promising for use in therapeutic vaccines. This review concluded that the use of vaccines based on HPV E7 protein is potentially beneficial in the treatment of lesions of the cervix, being a promising field of study, but this finding should be considered with caution due to the lack of studies with larger numbers of patients and strict methodological criteria.

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