Neste trabalho foram estudados, através de simulações numéricas e medidas de concentração de poluentes próximo à superfície, algumas situações meteorológicas que determinaram episódios de destaque com relação ao poluente ozônio que ocorreram na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) entre 1999 e 2006. Primeiramente, foram avaliados dois modelos fotoquímicos, CIT e SPM-BRAMS, quanto à formação de ozônio e a correta representação dos processos de dispersão de poluentes na região. Após a avaliação dos modelos, foram determinadas características do escoamento atmosférico durante a ocorrência de episódios críticos do ponto de vista da qualidade do ar. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a variabilidade nas concentrações do ozônio pode ser bem representada pelos modelos utilizados. Em geral, as concentrações simuladas com o SPM-BRAMS concordam bem com as observações em termos da fase do ciclo diurno, sendo os valores das concentrações um pouco subestimados com relação aos máximos observados. O modelo CIT, por sua vez, apresentou concentrações mais altas, principalmente nos horários de máximo, tendo também representado adequadamente o ciclo diurno. Nas simulações, com ambos os modelos, foi constatado que nos pontos referentes às estações de monitoramento localizadas na porção sudeste da RMSP, foram obtidos os piores resultados em termos de parâmetros estatísticos comumente utilizados na avaliação de resultados modelados. Com o SPM-BRAMS foram também realizadas simulações abrangendo o mês de janeiro de 2006, através das quais foram estudadas as condições atmosféricas em grande e mesoescala e o comportamento das concentrações de ozônio associadas. Durante este mês houve períodos de intensa atividade convectiva, relacionados a episódios de ZCAS, bem como períodos mais secos em que a atmosfera apresentava-se mais estável. Observou-se que durante episódios de chuva intensa há uma superestimativa das concentrações pelo modelo; no entanto, os resultados são bem próximos às observações em situações de céu claro e com ventos menos intensos. Os picos secundários noturnos na concentração de ozônio, observados com certa freqüência nos dados medidos, nem sempre foram bem representados pelo modelo, embora os picos máximos diurnos fossem bem representados. Os dias em que os picos noturnos foram simulados adequadamente pelo SPM-BRAMS foram caracterizados por alta pressão desde a superfície até níveis médios, com maior subsidência e estabilidade na atmosfera, favorecendo o transporte de ozônio a partir de níveis mais altos da atmosfera para a superfície. Os picos noturnos com concentrações acima de 20 ppbv foram os mais bem representados. / Throughout numerical simulations and near to surface measurements of pollutants concentrations, in this work some meteorological situations of relevance for high ozone concentrations episodes over the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP) were studied., between 1999 and 2006. Firstly, two photochemical models, CIT and SPM-BRAMS, were evaluated in the sense of the correct representation of ozone formation and the pollutant dispersion processes over the region. After the models evaluation, some characteristics of the atmospheric flow were determined during the occurrence of critical events from the air quality point of view. The results showed that the ozone concentrations variability was relatively well represented by the used models. In general, the concentrations simulated by the SPMBRAMS agree well with observations, in terms of the diurnal cycle phase, but the concentrations values were slightly underestimated compared to the observed maximum. The CIT model showed higher concentrations, especially during diurnal maximum peaks. The diurnal cycle was also adequately represented by this model. In simulations with both models, it was found that in the monitoring stations located in the southeastern portion of the MASP, the worst results were obtained in terms of statistical parameters commonly used in the evaluation of models results. The SPM-BRAMS was also used for simulations throughout the whole month of January 2006. With these simulations the atmospheric conditions in large and meso scales and the associated ozone concentrations behavior were studied. During this month periods of intense convective activity occurred, associated with SACZ episodes. Dry periods in which the atmosphere was more stable, were also observed during this month. It was observed that during episodes of intense precipitation, there is a tendency of concentration overestimation by the model; however, the results are very close to the observations in situations of clear sky and with milder winds. The nocturnal secondary peaks in the ozone concentration observed with some frequency in the measured data, were not always well represented by the model, while the maximum day time peak were well represented. The days when the nocturne peaks were properly simulated by SPM-BRAMS, were characterized by high pressure from the surface to mid-level, with more atmospheric subsidence and stability, promoting the transport of ozone from higher levels of the atmosphere to the surface. The nocturnal peaks with concentration above 20 ppbv were most well represented.

Tese de mestrado. Science. Cranfield Institute of Technology. 1988

Dissertation submitted for obtain the degree of Doctor, at the Cranfield Institute of Technology

The Critical Incident Team (CIT) training program equips police officers with knowledge regarding mental illness and practical skills for effectively interacting with a mentally ill suspect. In addition to improving officer and suspect safety by decreasing the number of violent encounters between police and the mentally ill, CIT goals include reducing the number of mentally ill individuals who are arrested and providing them with assistance through community resources. However, there is a lack of empirical research on whether CIT training decreases arrest rates and increases diversion rates for mentally ill subjects. The purpose of this quantitative study was to measure the effects of CIT training on arrest and diversion rates of mentally ill subjects. The theoretical foundation for the study was evidence-based policing. Reports from a single police department in the southwestern United States were reviewed, and arrest and diversion incidents from 6-months pre and post CIT training for 30 police officers were collected. A paired-samples t test was used to analyze the data, which indicated that there was not a statistical difference in arrest rates or diversion rates between pre and post CIT training. Results corroborated the findings of other studies showing that arrest and diversion rates are not affected by CIT programs. Law enforcement agencies that currently have or are looking to implement a CIT program may find the study useful, as it reports an increase in resources being provided to mentally ill subjects following contact with a CIT officer. Recommendations include additional research into the effectiveness of the CIT program as well as the continuation of collaboration between community mental health organizations and police, both of which may lead to positive social change.

This thesis develops a multi-faceted picture of competency based training and the impact it is having on vocational education. The thesis is a personal attempt to act agentically by deconstructing the discourse of vocational education within which I am positioned in my working life. It is an attempt to push back the boundaries of the discourse and to explore and create spaces for contestation. In order to do this I undertake three different readings of a set of texts. The texts come from two sources. The first is a set of documents identified in the Framework for the Implementation of Competency Based Training and which represent the official government position on competency based training. The second is a set of interviews I undertook with teachers at the Canberra Institute of Technology regarding their views about competency based training. Details of the texts are provided in Section 2 of the thesis. The body of the thesis is a set of three readings of these texts. The particular view of 'reading' used in the thesis is a post structuralist one. Each of the readings brings into play the understanding of the texts created within a particular discourse. I draw on the work of Michel Foucault for the understanding of discourse used in the thesis. The first reading is from within the discourse. It is a reading which seeks to understand competency based training in its own terms, and in relation to the critical debates within the literature of vocational education. I argue in this reading that competency based training emerges as a grand but flawed vision for the future of vocational education. The second reading takes the viewpoint of the work of Michel Foucault, and in particular his book Discipline and Punish. It uses the metaphor of the panopticon to explore the nature of power/knowledge within competency based training and the regime of truth which it brings into being. The final reading is from a feminist post structuralist position. I argue in this reading that the discourse of competency based training is phallocentric. I explore the liberatory claims of the discourse and conclude that the claims are limited because they do not challenge the fundamental and powerful dualisms through which competency based training is constituted. Finally in the conclusion I briefly explore whether I have achieved the aim of the thesis. I question what it means to act agentically and whether the type of thesis I have undertaken constructs the possibility of doing so.

The provision of work experience opportunities for students at the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT) is an important feature in promoting the practical application of theory learned in the classroom. At the outset of this study, the variety and scope of work experience programs at CIT was not known and there were no apparent efforts to co-ordinate this activity. The effectiveness of these programs was not known, and there were no strategies in place to measure their worth. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe work experience programs, to analyse existing evaluation methods and to propose a Model of Evaluation appropriate to the maximum number of programs. The review of related literature resulted in the selection of Stake's comprehensive Countenance Model (1967), chosen for its consideration of the complexities of purpose and the wide variety of experiences which students may encounter. A significant part of the application of Stake's Model was the development of an Evaluation Kit for Work Experience Co- Ordinators at CIT and the subsequent trial on the Work Placement subject of the Certificate in Travel course in the School of Tourism and Hospitality. Stake's Countenance Model of Evaluation appears to embody an appropriate structure to measure the worth of programs. Recommendations for future directions include the wider trial of the Kit in a greater number of programs to further establish its usefulness to decision-makers, and the need to remain alert to emerging issues and trends in work experience practice in Australia.

Disruptions can cause projects to fail. Within the project management literature, approaches to managing disruptions consist of uncertainty, risk, opportunity, change, and crisis management. These approaches focus on developing strategies to manage perceived threats and also work towards predicting risk, therefore, reducing vulnerability. This vulnerability-reduction only focus is limiting because it takes the focus away from the development of a general capacity for readiness and for responding to uncertain situations. A resiliency approach enables a simultaneous focus on vulnerability reduction, readiness and response and thus ensures recovery. Given the context and discipline specific nature of the resilience concept, and the little or no attention in projects, this thesis conceptualises resilience in projects. This conceptualisation is to enable the identification of factors to consider and indicators to ensure overall project recovery, through the identification of dimensions and antecedents of resilience respectively. The aim of this study therefore, is to develop a framework to conceptualise resilience in projects. To achieve this aim, three case studies, namely; building, civil engineering and engineering construction projects were investigated. Within each case study, the critical incident technique was employed to identify disruptions and their management through direct observations of human activities, narration of critical incidents and review of documents on disruption. Following this, a comparative analysis and synthesis of the case studies was carried out and findings revealed definition, dimensions, antecedents and consequences of resilience in projects. Specifically, resilience in projects is defined as; the capability of a project to respond to, prepare for and reduce the impact of disruption caused by the drifting environment and project complexity. The dimensions of resilience are; proactivity, coping ability, flexibility and persistence. Proactivity can be defined as an anticipatory capability that the project takes to influence their endeavours whilst coping ability can be defined as the capability to manage and deal with stress caused by disruptions within the projects. Furthermore, flexibility can be defined as the capability of a project to manage disruption by allowing change but ultimately making sure that the aim is maintained and persistence is the capability to continue despite difficult situations. Several antecedents of these dimensions of resilience are identified. For proactivity these include contract, training, monitoring, contingency and experience. For coping ability these include the contract, training, contingency and experience. For flexibility these include open-mindedness, planning, continual monitoring and continual identification of ideas and for persistence these include continual monitoring, planning and negotiation. Also, the consequence of resilience in projects is recovery through response, readiness and vulnerability reduction. This conceptualisation of resilience is then synthesised into a validated framework for resilience in projects. Theoretically, this research provides definition, dimensions, antecedents and consequence for resilience in projects and a theoretical starting point for the concept of resilience in projects. The significance of this research to practice is the identification and development of a more holistic perspective of managing disruptions in projects through the identified dimensions, antecedents and consequences. These dimensions, antecedents and consequences provide clarity for the roles of project managers and team members in managing disruptions and thus, expand the eleventh knowledge area; project risk management, of the Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK). In addition, the dimensions, antecedents and consequences of resilience in projects contribute to the curriculum development in project management and thus, provide factors and indicators that project managers require in managing disruptions.

Syftet med vår studie är att utifrån förskolepedagogernas perspektiv undersöka mobbningsincidenter, åtgärder och förebyggande metoder för att motverka mobbning bland barn i yngre åldrar. Metodansatsen vi tillämpar är inspirerad av en Critical Incident Technique där vi följer upp kritiska mobbningsincidenter. Empirin samlades in genom intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. Resultatet har analyserats med stöd av ramfaktorteorin. Studiens resultat visar att det förekommer mobbningsincidenter i förskoleklass. Resultatet visar även att brister gällande förebyggande arbete förekommer. Studien är användbar för alla som arbetar inom skolverksamheten då den belyser vilka åtgärder och förebyggande metoder som finns tillgängliga.

No description available.

This study was designed to determine the ability of the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) to advise changes to training regiments offered to Resident Advisers (RAs). The CIT was devised as a tool in the field of organizational psychology. Its purpose is to assist in analyzing the success of individual team members by examining the self-reported occurrence of incidents on the job, which are deemed critical. The Critical Incident Technique has been implemented with success in business and military applications. This powerful tool allows researchers to make valuable observations about the realities faced by individuals on the job. These observations make it possible to devise and improve existing training methods capitalizing on these realities. Data for this study came from an examination of incident reports (IRs). RAs generate IRs in response to different kinds of issues faced working with resident college students. Three regional institutions agreed to participate in this study and helped to diversify the data collected. This study addresses the following questions: What are the critical incidents RAs experience most often on the job? Is there a difference between the critical incident types reported in residence halls by institutional type? Is there a difference between the critical incident types reported by hall types? Is there a difference between the critical incident types reported by gender? What implications do the findings have for future RA training? Four types of demographic information were collected from the IRs: institution type (large public, midsize public, and small private), hall type (male, female, or coed), RA gender, and incident type. Conducting a survey of the literature concerning RA training and the CIT, generated five general categories of incidents on which RAs report. Crisis situations Policy enforcement Facilities management Administrative procedures Advising Specific measures including coding, and excision of sensitive information (such as sexual assaults sexual identity situations) from documents were used to protect the confidentiality and anonymity of the parties involved. When data collection was complete, a chi-squared test of significance was used to examine the relationships between the incident types reported and each of the other three variables (gender, institution type, and hall type). After analyzing the data using the statistical research methods described above, it was possible to make recommendations for future RA training. This study examines the impact of institutional environment, department philosophy, and personal bias on the training of RAs. The results suggest that each of these factors influences the success of RAs, and defines the environments in which resident students live. / Master of Arts