in the English language Title: A theoretical conception of liability for harm caused by the birth of a man In many legal orders a new types of legal actions have appeared (in relation to the development of new methods of diagnosing congenital diseases). In these types of legal actions the claimant seeks damages for the negligence of the doctor in performing these tests. These claims are referred to as "wrongful birth", "wrongful conception", and "wrongful abortion". The "wrongful life" claim is most commonly used in a situation where while performing prenatal screening the doctor does not diagnose the existing congenital disease and therefore fails to give the parents an essential piece of information, which might have made the parents decide to abort the fetus. The claimant in this case is the child itself, who substantiates the claim by arguing it should have never been born. The "wrongful birth" claim arises from the same situation, but the claimants are the parents of the child. They claim damages for the emotional pain and increased expences related to giving birth and raising a disabled child. In the case of the "wrongful conception" claim, the most common reason for using this action is a negligently performed sterilization procedure. The "wrongful abortion" claim can be used in a situation...

This diploma thesis deals with the personal injury in the Czech legal order according to the current legislation in the current Civil Code and in the new Civil Code. The work is divided into six chapters. The first chapter provides a basic introduction to the legal liability. The second chapter gives an interpretation to each of the assumptions of liability and describes some of the changes that the new Civil Code brings to these legal institutions. The third chapter discusses some general institutes with damages related, as is the way and the extent of damages, limitation of the claims for the compensation with regard to the new civil code. The fourth chapter is devoted to each of the non-pecuniary claims for damage to health and life, which can be found in the Civil Code, which include pains and suffering, aggravation of social position, compensation after the death of the close person and the satisfaction provided in the case of the intervention in the right to the protection of the personality. The subject of this chapter is also the issue of compensation for personal injury and determining the amount of compensation. The fifth chapter provides interpretation of each immaterial claims according to the new Civil Code. The sixth chapter summarizes the basic changes, that the new Civil Code brings...

L’anormalité est associée de lege lata à diverses conditions du droit de la responsabilité civile comme la faute, la chose anormale ou le trouble anormal. Plus qu’une condition, elle apparaît davantage comme le fondement de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle. Toutefois, l’anormalité est progressivement devenue une véritable source de confusion : se multiplient les situations dans lesquelles la responsabilité civile existe sans anormalité et celles dans lesquelles l’anormalité s’épanouit en dehors des frontières de ce droit. En quête d’unité, la responsabilité civile doit connaître des changements majeurs. Recentrer l’anormalité dans le fait générateur de responsabilité permettrait d’en révéler la singularité. Dans cette nouvelle présentation du droit de la responsabilité civile, l’anormalité du fait générateur ne constituerait pas uniquement le critère général de la matière extracontractuelle, elle deviendrait également le principal outil de sa mise en œuvre tant dans la désignation du responsable que dans la détermination de l’étendue de la réparation. L’anormalité, en sa qualité de standard juridique, constitue un instrument de mesure à la fois souple et normatif qui permettrait une adaptation constante de la responsabilité civile aux évolutions sociales et qui guiderait ses principales fonctions normative et indemnitaire. L’anormalité serait l’outil privilégié du juge grâce auquel il rendrait une décision équitable et proportionnée aux intérêts divergents du responsable et de la victime. Néanmoins, l’anormalité au service de la responsabilité civile met ce droit à l’épreuve : si elle présente d’indéniables forces, elle peut aussi être une source d’imprévisibilité face au déploiement de la casuistique. Cet instrument de mesure devra donc faire l’objet d’un encadrement rigoureux afin d’en assurer la solidité et l’immutabilité. L’anormalité pourrait ainsi devenir le repère du droit de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle. / Abnormality is associated de lege lata with various conditions of civil liability law such as fault, an abnormal thing or abnormal disorder. More than a condition, it appears more as the basis of extra-contractual civil liability. However, the abnormality has gradually become a real source of confusion : there are many situations in which civil liability exists without abnormality, others in which abnormality spreads beyond the boundaries of this field of law. For the sake of homogeneity, civil liability must be significantly revised. Refocusing abnormality as the triggering event of civil liability would reveal its singularity. In this new presentation of the civil liability law, the abnormality of the triggering event would not only constitute the general criterion of the non-contractual matter, it would also become the main tool for its implementation both in the designation of the person responsible and in the determination of the extent of the compensation. Abnormality, as a legal standard, forms a measuring instrument that is both flexible and normative, allowing civil liability to be constantly adapted to social developments and guiding its main normative and compensatory functions. Framed that way, abnormality would be the judge's privileged tool by which he would make a decision that is fair and proportionate to the divergent interests of the person responsible and the victim. Nevertheless, the abnormality in support of civil liability have some flaws : despite its strengths, it may make the civil liability law unpredictable since case-by-case judgment becomes the norm. This tool will therefore have to be supervised by strict rules to ensure its solidity and immutability. Abnormality could become in this context the reference point of the extra-contractual civil liability law.

Holčapek, T., Evidence in Civil Litigation with Emphasis on Disputes Arising from Medical Care, doctoral thesis, Charles University in Prague, Law Faculty, 2010. The doctoral thesis focuses on the issues of fact-finding in general and evidence in particular, all within the framework of rules of civil proceedings and with regard to lawsuits that result from the providing of medical care. It analyses the factual prerequisites which need to be found (proven) in order to establish liability of the health care provider for personal injury or interference with personality rights of the patient, and discusses who bears the evidentiary burden in their respect, how persuasive the proof has to be and what techniques for the lightening of such burden (e. g. factual presumptions or utilisation of loss of chance or other concept of proportional liability) are employed by various legal systems. The thesis builds on the comparison between Czech law and rules used in other legal areas, including both continental law and common law countries. Keywords: health, medical care, civil liability, civil proceedings, evidence

Obligation to compensate for personal injury in connection with provision of health care This dissertation is focused on the obligation to compensate for personal injury in connection with the provision of health care. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse relevant general elements of the obligation to compensate for personal injury as well as relevant special elements of such obligation. The dissertation surveys the interpretation of conceptual changes related to the recodification of Czech private law in the area of tort law in connection with the provision of health care. Legal basis of the doctor-patient relationship will also be analysed because such analysis is crucial for determination which elements of the obligation to compensate for personal injury will regularly be applied in this field. Therefore, the first chapter is devoted to the legal nature of the doctor-patient relationship. The second chapter deals with the obligation to compensate for personal injury caused by the provision of health care, i.e. with the definition and analysis of relevant elements of such obligation in this field. The third chapter is focused on the wrongfulness as one of the significant elements of the obligation to compensate for personal injury; substantial attention of this chapter is aimed at the...

Civil Liability for Bodily Injury in Medical Disputes The aim of this thesis is to map and analyze civil liability for bodily injury caused to a patient while providing health care. This topic is specific and current, especially considering the fact that the new Civil Code came into effect on 1. 1. 2014. Where required, there is comparison between the current and previous legislation. This thesis also offers a glimpse into the German legal system and features institutes similar to ones in the Czech legal system as well as institutes the Czech legal system does not offer. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter describes domestic legislation with elements of medicine. This includes sources of law that have the form of law, professional rules and case law. The second chapter deals with civil liability in the health sector and its individual cases that lie in the objective liability of the health care provider. At the same time, contractual and and tort liability is pointed out. The third chapter discusses the elements of civil liability and further maps out and takes into account its individual attributes, that are necessary to form civil liability. The third chapter also further examines non-lege artis procedures that result in said bodily injury. This chapter marginally looks...

A presente tese tem como objeto regulamentar as situações em que a interferência de terceiro dificulta ou impossibilita o cumprimento das obrigações, especialmente as contratuais. Inicialmente, são analisados os casos em que a legislação regulamenta expressamente a matéria. Delineado o tratamento do tema no ordenamento jurídico e identificado o objeto da pesquisa, foram feitas incursões no direito estrangeiro com o intuito de aproveitar os esforços doutrinários e jurisprudenciais em temas como: oponibilidade (França); nexo de causalidade, com especial destaque para o estudo dos casos paradigmáticos Superga e Meroni (Itália) e teoria do abuso de direito (Portugal). Também foi tratada com minúcia a regulamentação do tema no Draft Common Frame of Reference, de modo que se possibilite a verificação do posicionamento atual não só em vários ordenamentos estrangeiros, mas também no âmbito de esforço europeu de unificação. Após o estudo do direito estrangeiro, trata-se sobre a fundamentação da responsabilidade de terceiro por interferência na relação obrigacional no direito brasileiro. Em termos de teoria geral do direito contratual, destaca-se a diferenciação entre relatividade dos efeitos contratuais, oponibilidade e responsabilidade civil de terceiro. Na sequência, indicam-se os pressupostos para responsabilização de terceiro por violação ao direito de crédito, sempre com a preocupação de fixar parâmetros para aplicação dos artigos 186 e 927 do Código Civil. Após essas passagens centrais, são abordados temas paralelos, mas não de menor importância como: os momentos de aplicação da responsabilidade de terceiro, a solidariedade entre contratante inadimplente e terceiro, bem como os limites de aplicação de cláusula penal e compromissória nos contratos descumpridos. Com a configuração de todo o arcabouço teórico, conclui-se a tese com a análise de casos paradigmáticos. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the regulation of situations in which the interference of a third party creates difficulty for or renders impossible the performance of obligations, particularly the contractual ones. Initially, it is analyzed legal provisions that expressly regulates the matter. Once outlined the treatment of the matter by the legislation and identified the situations for which there are no express provisions, the foreign legislation is assessed with the purpose of taking hold from the matured doctrine and case laws on the following matters: effects against third parties (France); causation, with special highlight for the study of paradigmatic cases of Superga and Meroni (Italy) and the theory of abuse of right (Portugal). It is also addressed in detail the regulation of the subject in the Draft Common Frame of Reference, in order to verify the current understanding about the matter, not only in various foreign legal systems but also within the context of a collective effort for unification of the European regulation. After studying foreign legal systems, it is also analyzed the Brazilian Law on the third party responsibility due to its interference in a contractual relationship. In terms of general theory of contractual law, it is studied the difference between the relativity of the contractual effects, the effects against third party and the civil liability of a third party. Afterwards, it is pointed out the requirements for holding a third party liable, always having in mind the concern of establishing parameters for the application of the Civil Code provisions (Articles 186 and 927). Additionally, parallel but equally important themes are also addressed, as it follows: the moment of applying the liability of the third party, the joint responsability between a principal that is in default and a third party, as well as the limits of applying liquidated-damages clause and of an arbitration clause when provided in breached contracts. Once the entire theoretical structure is presented, this thesis is concluded with the assessement of some paradigmatic cases on the matter.

O estudo da responsabilidade civil dos administradores de companhias abertas na doutrina nacional trata usualmente dos deveres fiduciários, do ato regular de gestão e da teoria ultra vires, da culpa ou dolo do administrador, das ações ut universi e ut singuli e da solidariedade entre a responsabilidade do administrador e a da companhia. Poucos abordam as causas extintivas dessa responsabilidade, e raro são os que tratam da hipótese de exclusão de responsabilidade do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76. Como a disciplina dos deveres fiduciários prevista na lei societária brasileira tem forte influência do Direito norte-americano, buscou-se na legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência daquele país os fundamentos necessários à melhor interpretação e aplicação da regra de exclusão e, em especial, na business judgment rule, doutrina que protege os administradores contra responsabilização por prejuízos à companhia decorrentes de decisões por eles adotadas, proteção esta também conferida pela hipótese do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76, ao administrador leal e de boa-fé. / The study of corporate directors civil liability in national doctrine usually deals with fiduciaries duties, regular management act and the ultra vires theory, directors malpractice or deceit, ut universi and ut singuli actions and solidarity between directors and companies responsibility. Few address the extinctive causes of such liability, and rare are those who address the liability exclusion hypothesis of the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76. Whereas that the fiduciary duties discipline provided for in Brazilian corporate law has strong influence of American law, was sought in the legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence of that country the fundamentals for a better understanding and application of the exclusion rule and, particularly, in the business judgment rule, a doctrine that protects directors against liability for damages to the company arising from their acts, protection also afforded by the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76, to the loyal and good faith director.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Brum.pdf: 1402887 bytes, checksum: dac04b249363575ab2e96fa33ec57f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / In this work, attention is directed to the compatibility of the civil liability structure in situations of potential injury to the moral sphere of those insured under social security. The nature of social risks covered up by the state welfare structure was considered during the characterization of the social security authority s duty to compensate the insured. The field of analysis was restricted to benefits that were rejected by public administration and afterwards reviewed by the judiciary, through the verification of the illegality of such acts, with the aim of providing the benefit to the insured in court. Compensatory damages are not characterized by the mere improper rejection of benefits, because they are not in re ipsa compensatory damages. On the other hand, it was criticized the understanding which exempts from responsibility the public entity, under the argument of regular exercise of law, when the administrative act is emanated from within a certain margin of interpretative reasonableness of the social security rule. Permeating the criteria and assumptions of civil liability by public administration, it was concluded that the duty to reimburse compensatory damages regarding social security requires the attendance of a normative cause. Grounded on that theory, considering that welfare activity decreases the risks to which the insured is exposed, the losses are only attributable to social security when its operations frustrate the legal expectations of the insured. To characterize this frustration, it is required that public administration misuses the interpretation/application of social security rules. In turn, the parameters of public administration s operation can be objectively evaluated considering the situation of the insured in view of their legal position within the social security system / No presente trabalho, a atenção está dirigida à compatibilização da estrutura da responsabilidade civil em situações de potencialidade lesiva à esfera moral do segurado da Previdência Social. Considerou-se a natureza dos riscos sociais encobertos pela estrutura previdenciária estatal, quando da constatação dos pressupostos de caracterização do dever de indenizar da autarquia previdenciária. Delimitou-se o campo de análise aos atos de concessão de benefícios indeferidos administrativamente que venham a ser revistos pelo Poder Judiciário, verificando a ilegalidade desses atos, com o fito de determinar o reconhecimento do segurado à prestação de benefício em sede judicial. Afastou-se a caracterização dos danos morais tão somente pela simples negativa indevida dos benefícios, por não se tratarem de danos morais in re ipsa. De outra parte, criticou-se a corrente jurisprudencial que exime de responsabilidade o ente público, sob a excludente da ilicitude caracterizada como exercício regular de direito, quando o ato administrativo é emanado dentro de certa margem de razoabilidade interpretativa da norma previdenciária. Perpassando pelos critérios e pressupostos de responsabilidade civil extracontratual da Administração Pública, concluiu-se que o dever de indenizar os danos morais no âmbito previdenciário exige a presença do liame normativo verificado pelo nexo de imputação. Embasada na teoria de que o liame imputacional está inserido no âmbito de causalidade normativa, a esfera de risco da atividade previdenciária, por abrandar os riscos sociais a que expostos os segurados, torna imputáveis os prejuízos extrapatrimoniais ao ente previdenciário somente quando a sua atuação resultar em frustração das expectativas legitimamente depositadas pelos segurados. Para caracterização dessa frustração, entendeu-se necessária a constatação do abuso de poder-dever administrativo na interpretação/aplicação da norma previdenciária. Os critérios de aferição dessas margens de razoabilidade de atuação, por sua vez, podem ser objetivamente avaliados considerando a situação do segurado em face da posição jurídica no âmbito do sistema previdenciário

A presente dissertação de mestrado visa a estudar a responsabilidade civil por danos decorrentes da prática de cartel, a qual é considerada como a mais grave infração à ordem econômica. No primeiro capítulo, o fenômeno do cartel é estudado sob a perspectiva econômica, analisando-se as principais características e efeitos da conduta. No segundo capítulo, examina-se a disciplina jurídica do cartel no direito brasileiro, estudando-se as normas que preveem a responsabilização pela prática de cartel na lei concorrencial e na esfera penal. O terceiro capítulo pretende analisar os objetivos e o papel da responsabilidade civil no contexto mais amplo da política de defesa da concorrência. O quarto capítulo estuda a reparação civil dos danos decorrentes do cartel no direito federal norte-americano e no direito comunitário europeu. O quinto capítulo examina a responsabilidade civil por danos decorrentes da prática de cartel no direito brasileiro. Nesse contexto, são examinados os pressupostos da reparação civil (ato ilícito, culpa, nexo causal e dano), a legitimidade ativa e passiva para as ações indenizatórias, a interação entre a responsabilidade civil e o programa de leniência, bem como a prescrição da pretensão indenizatória. No sexto capítulo, são analisadas algumas propostas de reforma do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para aperfeiçoamento do sistema de reparação civil em matéria de cartel. Finalmente, a conclusão procura expor de maneira sistematizada as principais ideias apresentadas ao longo do trabalho, bem como avaliar o estágio atual da responsabilidade civil por danos decorrentes da prática de cartel no direito brasileiro. / This dissertation aims to study the civil liability for damages arising from cartel behavior, which is considered the most serious antitrust violation. The first chapter studies the cartel from an economic perspective, analyzing the key features and effects of the conduct. The second chapter examines the legal framework regarding cartel behavior under Brazilian law, by studying the rules that provide for the responsibility for cartel under antitrust law and at the criminal level. The third chapter aims to analyze the objectives and the role of civil liability in the broader context of antitrust policy. The fourth chapter studies the civil liability for damages arising from cartel behavior in US federal law and European Community law. The fifth chapter examines the civil liability for damages resulting from cartel behavior in Brazilian law. In this context, the chapter examines the requisites for civil liability (tort, fault, causation and damage), standing to sue and to be sued, the interaction between the indemnification claims and the leniency program, as well as the statute of limitations. The sixth chapter discusses some proposals to reform the Brazilian legal framework with the purpose of improving the system of civil liability concerning cartel behavior. Finally, the conclusion seeks to expose in a systematic way the main ideas presented throughout the work, and to assess the current state of civil liability for damages resulting from cartel behavior in Brazilian law.