Trabajo de investigación

L' « obligation de sécurité » sanctionne divers comportements portant atteinte à la santé physique ou mentale d'autrui. Parallèlement, l'assurance favoriserait le sentiment de sécurité, les assurances de responsabilité civile des professionnelles garantissent la dette de responsabilité civile contractée par l'assuré à l'égard d'un tiers.Se pose alors la question de savoir s'il est possible de garantir de manière satisfaisante le risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité dans les contrats d'assurance de responsabilité civile des professionnels.Si les « grands principes du droit des assurances » imposent une étude statistique du risque soumis à l'assurance, une étude juridique du risque est indispensable puisque seule une conception objective du risque assurable permet de déterminer si l'aléa devant préexister au contrat d'assurance est préservé. Par la suite, l'étude subjective du risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité nécessitera de déterminer l'influence du comportement de l'assuré sur l'événement aléatoire garanti par le contrat d'assurance de responsabilité civile des professionnels. Le risque identifié permettra alors d'observer l'étendue de la garantie d'assurance actuellement proposée dans les contrats d'assurance. A défaut de garantie satisfaisante dans le temps et pécuniairement, l'intervention de mécanismes supplétifs à l'assurance pourrait être une alternative pour l'indemnisation des victimes les plus gravement atteintes par la réalisation du risque issu du manquement à l'obligation de sécurité. / The " obligation of safety " punish diverse behavior striking a blow at the physical or mental health of others. At the same time, the insurance would favor the feeling of safety, the third-party insurance of the professionals guarantees the debt of civil liability contracted by the insurant towards a third. The question is to know if it is possible to guarantee in a satisfactory way the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety in the insurance contracts of civil liability of the professionals.If the "big principles of the right of the insurances" impose a statistical study of the risk subjected to the assurance, a legal study of the risk is indispensable because only an objective conception of the insurable risk allows to determine if the hazard that must preexist before the insurance contract is protected.Afterward, the subjective study of the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety will require to determine the influence of the behavior of the insurant on the unpredictable event guaranteed by the insurance contract of civil liability of the professionals. The identified risk will allow to observe the area of the guarantee of assurance at present proposed in insurance contracts. If the guarantee in the time and financially is not satisfactory, the intervention of auxiliary mechanisms in the assurance could be an alternative for the compensation of the victims most seriously affected by the realization of the risk stemming from the neglect in the obligation of safety

Il est devenu commun, pour la doctrine civiliste, de présenter la scène juridique par la summa divisio des droits réels et des droits personnels. Les premiers permettent aux personnes d'exercer leur domination sur le monde des choses, tandis que les seconds constituent des liens de droit entre personnes – des obligations. Si la structure du droit réel apparaît, ainsi, comme un lien direct entre une personne et une chose, celle du droit personnel souffre la présence d'un débiteur, contre lequel s'exerce le droit. La doctrine considère que cette opposition structurelle des droits réels et des droits personnels se traduit, concrètement, par une différence de régime au profit du droit réel : ce dernier serait supérieur au droit personnel, du fait, notamment, de la plus grande efficacité de son régime de protection. Or, la thèse donne d'abord l'occasion de constater que cette hiérarchie dans le régime de protection des droits réels et des droits personnels ne trouve aucun fondement en droit positif. En conséquence, dès lors que la différence de régime des droits réels et des droits personnels est présentée par la doctrine comme la traduction de l'opposition structurelle de ces droits, la pertinence de cette classification structurelle apparaît douteuse. Pour autant, la thèse conduira à la conservation de la summa divisio des droits réels et des droits personnels. Ce maintien requiert, néanmoins, de modifier le critère de distinction qui organise actuellement la summa divisio, à savoir la prétendue supériorité du droit réel sur le droit personnel. Le plan suivi pour cette démonstration est le suivant : I : L'origine de la summa divisio II : Les incohérences de la summa divisio III : La correction de la summa divisio / It has become common for civil law doctrinal writings to present the legal developments by a summa divisio of real rights and personal rights. The real rights allow persons to exercise their domination over the world of things, whereas personal rights constitute legal relationships between persons - obligations. Even if the structure of real right, thus, seems like a direct relationship between the person and the thing, personal right suffers from the debtor's presence against whom this right is exercised. The doctrinal writings consider that this structural opposition of real rights and personal rights is concretely interpreted as a difference in the regime to the benefit of real right: the latter would be superior to personal rights particularly because of the greater efficiency of its protection regime. However, the thesis first gives an opportunity to note that this hierarchy in the protection regime of real rights and personal rights has no basis in positive law. Consequently, when the difference between the real rights and personal rights regime is presented by the doctrinal writings as a structural opposition of these rights, the relevancy of such structural classification appears doubtful. However, the thesis will lead to the safeguarding of the summa divisio of real rights and personal rights. This nevertheless requires modifying the criterion of distinction that currently organizes the summa divisio, namely the alleged superiority of real right on personal right. The plan for demonstrating the above is as follows: I: Origin of the summa divisio II: Inconsistencies in the summa divisio III: Correction of the summa divisio

Fréquente en droit pénal, jamais entreprise en droit civil ou en droit administratif, cette étude révèle l’abondante appréhension juridique de la notion de la provocation. Malgré cette richesse, aucune étude transversale n’a jamais été menée à son propos et cette notion demeure encore indéfinie. Il est pourtant apparu que, non seulement que la conceptualisation de la provocation était rendue souhaitable par son absence d’approche cohérente, mais encore que cette conceptualisation était parfaitement envisageable. A cette fin, une typologie des comportements de provocation, leur nature et leur caractérisation purent être établis. Puis, la dualité de la provocation, résultant de la nécessaire relation d’influence du provocateur sur la personne provoquée, commanda l’étude des manifestations de la provocation sur cette dernière. Il apparut, à cet égard, que la subjectivité du concept de provocation se confrontait fréquemment à l’objectivation croissante des responsabilités et expliquait, au moins en partie, le recul de son appréhension légale, notamment en droit pénal. Dès lors, cette conceptualisation s’est heurtée à de sérieuses difficultés, tant définitionnelles que conceptuelles, de notions afférentes à la provocation et inhérentes à la responsabilité, telles que la culpabilité, la volonté, l’intention, l’imputabilité ou encore la causalité et l’imputation. Sans prétendre à un renouvellement de la théorie de la responsabilité, des clarifications de ces notions se sont avérées un préalable nécessaire au travail de conceptualisation de la provocation et à son application pratique. Enfin, au constat d’une nature éminemment subjective de la provocation, s’est naturellement imposé celui d’un régime spécifique. Le régime de la provocation, à l’instar de sa nature, se révèle dual : il engage ou atténue la responsabilité selon que la personne envisagée est provoquée ou provocateur. Spécifique, dual et subjectif, le régime juridique de la provocation en révèlera l’ampleur et lui assurera une pleine effectivité. / Common in criminal law, never undertaken in civil law or in administrative law, this research shows the wide legal approach of the notion of provocation. Despite this richness, no transverse study has never been done about it. Moreover, this notion remains undefined. Nevertheless, not only the conceptualisation of provocation has been necessary, owing to the absence of coherence regarding its approach, but this conceptualisation was also not perfectly conceivable.To that purpose, the typology of provocation’s behaviours, its nature and characterisation were able to be set up. Then, the duality of provocation, which is the result of the essential influence’s relation of the provoker on the provoked person, required studying expressions of the provocation on the one who is incited. Regarding this matter, it seemed the subjectivity of the concept of provocation often faced with the increasing objectivation of liabilities and explained, at least partially, the decline of its legal approach, in particular in criminal law. Therefore, the conceptualisation of the provocation was confronted to serious difficulties, regarding both the definition and the concept, of notions relating to provocation and inherent in the legal responsibility, such as culpability, will, intention, accountability or the causal link and imputation as well. Without expecting a total renewal of the notions belonging to the theory of liability, a clarification of these ones seems to be a necessary precondition for the conceptualisation of provocation and its practical application. Eventually, to the finding of an eminently subjective nature of provocation, must be added the one of a special legal regime. The regime of provocation, following the example of its nature, turns out to be dual: it involves or reduces the legal responsibility depending on the person charged is the provoked or the provoker. Special, dual and subjective, the legal regime of the provocation will point out its extent and assure it of real efficiency.

Sans aborder une étude comparative qui amènerait à utiliser des méthodes strictes de comparaison, ce travail explique l’état actuel du système juridique français et fait des commentaires sur celui de l’actuel ordre juridique colombien. Quels avantages pourrait-il y avoir à aborder une étude du droit français touché par de commentaires en droit colombien ? L’objectif de cette approche est purement académique. Il s’agit d’informer le juriste colombien sur les aspects individuels existants dans un ordre juridique étranger qui est, depuis la fondation de l’Etat Nation colombien, un guide et une base d’inspiration. Les deux Nations sont proches sur le plan juridique. Le droit de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés n’échappe pas à cette réalité. La responsabilité civile des dirigeants reste fondée sur la faute, mais elle a connu certaines adaptations. S’agissant des professionnels de la gestion sociétaire, la responsabilité civile est accrue, la gamme des fautes s’alourdit. Le professionnel est traité par le droit d’une façon plus stricte que le simple particulier. L’existence d’une responsabilité civile professionnelle est revendiquée dans le cadre de cette étude. Le système actuellement existant dans chacun des deux pays s’est vu par ailleurs complété par des nouvelles sources, justifiées par la mondialisation, telles que les principes proposés par la doctrine anglo-saxonne du gouvernement d’entreprise. A côté des sources internes du droit de la responsabilité civile, les fondements théoriques de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés est alimenté par des sources internationales, dont l’influence accrue prend ses marques dans un phénomène mondial qui veut que les échanges ne s’arrêtent plus à l’économie ou les finances mais touchent aussi le droit. / Without addressing a full comparative approach that would lead to use stricter methods for comparison, this work explains the current state of the French legal system and comments on that of the current Colombian laws. What benefit is there be to conduct a study of French law affected by Colombian law comments? The objective is purely academic. It has been done to inform the Colombian jurist on individual aspects existing in a foreign legal system which has been a guide and a base of inspiration for the Colombian nation-state since its foundation.The two nations are close on the legal dimension. The law of civil liability of corporate directors does not escape this fact. The Civil liability of officers remains based on the fault, but it has experienced some adaptations. With regard to professionals of the management of companies, the liability is increased; the range of errors has gone up.The professional is treated by the law in a manner more stringent than the common individual. The existence of professional indemnity is claimed in this study.The current system existing in both countries was also complemented by new sources, justified by globalization, such as the principles proposed by the doctrine of Anglo-Saxon corporate governance. In addition to internal sources of civil liability law, the theoretical foundations of the civil liability for corporate executives is fed by international sources, thus the stronger influence makes its marks within a global phenomenon which seeks that the trade does not stop only at the economy or finance levels, but also at the Legal.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-09T18:32:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Miachon Tenorio.pdf: 889460 bytes, checksum: e61ef24fc9d93ea5b4160d4ed53483d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T18:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Miachon Tenorio.pdf: 889460 bytes, checksum: e61ef24fc9d93ea5b4160d4ed53483d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-12 / After the invention of the internet, new legal situations arising from this revolutionary technological advancement shown to be important for the legal world. The World Wide Web, however, has not only brought a lot of benefits, but also brought harmful effects. Privacy was one of the main victims of this technology. On the other hand, the protection on the web, has its technical peculiarities, limited to the architecture of a decentralized system, which requires specific technical knowledge of the legal system, as a way of getting a effectively protective measure in order to safeguard the privacy of the individual. The lack of internet regulations, combined with the legal practitioners´ lack of knowledge, including herein the Judiciary itself, results in an unfair practical application to the relations between companies and web users, which does not collaborate with social appeasement. The purpose of this project is to present a list of normative and legal guardianship able to protect and preserve privacy in the information society, outlining the responsibilities of the main internet service providers and hoping to contribute to a more balanced and innovative web. / Com o surgimento da internet, novas situações jurídicas advindas deste revolucionário avanço tecnológico revelaram-se importantes para o direito. A rede mundial de computadores, todavia, não trouxe apenas benefícios. A privacidade foi uma das principais vítimas desta tecnologia. A tutela na rede mundial de computadores tem suas peculiaridades técnicas, condicionadas à arquitetura de um sistema descentralizado, que demanda conhecimentos técnicos específicos do sistema jurídico, como forma de obter uma medida protetiva eficiente capaz de salvaguardar a privacidade do indivíduo. A falta de regulamentação da internet, aliada à falta de conhecimento dos profissionais do direito, incluindo-se aí o próprio Poder Judiciário, resultam, por vezes, na aplicação de um direito prático injusto às relações entre empresas e usuários da web, que em nada colaboram à pacificação social. O presente trabalho tem como intuito apresentar um rol de tutelas normativas e jurisdicionais aptas a proteger e preservar a privacidade de maneira eficiente no âmbito cibernético, delimitando as responsabilidades dos principais provedores de serviço de internet, na esperança de contribuir para uma web mais equilibrada e inovadora.

El presente artículo científico tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios para considerar la obligatoriedad de la aplicación de la jurisdicción comunal a los hechos que originan responsabilidad civil en la jurisdicción del Poder Judicial en el Perú. A través de la metodología cualitativa, se utilizó la técnica del fichaje, la revisión documental y el análisis de datos; entre los instrumentos, las fichas textuales, de resumen y el análisis documental. A partir de ello, se obtuvo que, a las Comunidades Campesinas, Nativas y Rondas Campesinas, les corresponde la aplicación de la facultad jurisdiccional regulada por el art. 149 de la Constitución Política, respaldada a nivel nacional e internacional por la legislación, jurisprudencia y doctrina; lo cual, surte efectos trascendentales para la vida comunal. Además, la realidad sociocultural denota necesaria su intervención y el ejercicio de la función jurisdiccional frente a los hechos acontecidos dentro del perímetro comunal, por la inacción del Estado e insuficiencia administrativa de sus autoridades. De tal forma que, si el recorrido histórico de nuestro país exige velar por una cultura de integridad en las zonas rurales, se debe establecer criterios de obligatoriedad como hilos conductores de la justicia para resolver conflictos que originan responsabilidad civil dentro de la comunidad, aunando que dentro de sus facultades están las de conciliar, garantizar el complimiento de los deberes de los miembros comuneros e intervenir en la solución pacífica de los conflictos. / The purpose of this scientific article is to establish the criteria to consider the mandatory application of the communal jurisdiction to the facts that originate civil liability in the jurisdiction of the Judicial Power in Peru. Through the qualitative methodology, the technique of the fichaje, documentary review and data analysis was used; among the instruments, the textual and summary cards and documentary analysis. From this, it was obtained that the Peasant Communities, Native Communities and Peasant Patrols have the application of the jurisdictional power regulated by art. 149 of the Political Constitution, supported at national and international level by legislation, jurisprudence and doctrine; which has transcendental effects for communal life. In addition, the socio-cultural reality denotes the need for its intervention and the exercise of the jurisdictional function in the face of the facts occurred within the communal perimeter, due to the inaction of the State and the administrative insufficiency of its authorities. In such a way that, if the historical path of our country demands to watch over a culture of integrity in rural areas, it is necessary to establish criteria of obligatory nature as the guiding threads of justice to solve conflicts that originate civil responsibility within the community, adding that within its faculties are those of conciliating, guaranteeing the fulfillment of the duties of the community members and intervening in the peaceful solution of the conflicts.

Responsabilité civile et procédures collectives, sont des termes aux effets a priori inconciliables. Pourtant, la politique juridique de la procédure collective utilise, de manière à la fois cohérente et opportuniste, la responsabilité civile, qui est alors mise au service de ses finalités et de son régime et dont l’usage se révèle fluctuant et opportuniste. Le résultat ? La mutation de la responsabilité civile. En effet, d’une part l’efficacité juridique du droit des procédures collectives fait évoluer sa fonction. Fondée sur un équilibre des intérêts, elle laprotège. D’autre part, elle fait évoluer le régime de la responsabilité civile, que se soit ses conditions de fond ou de forme. Mais pourquoi circonscrire la protection de l’intérêt à la procédure collective ? Ne peut-on pas voir dans cette fonction la direction de l’évolution de la responsabilité civile en droit des affaires ? / Civil liability and collective procedures, are terms in the effects a priori irreconcilable. Nevertheless, the legal politics of the collective procedure uses, so as to coherent and opportunist time, the civil liability, which is then put in the service of its purposes and of his regime and the use of which shows itself fluctuating and opportunist. The profit ? The mutation of the civil liability. Indeed, on one hand the legal efficiency of the law of the collective procedures makes its function evolve. Established on a balance of the interests, itprotects her. On the other hand, it develops the regime of the civil liability, that is his conditions of bottom or shape. But why to confine the protection of the interest in the collective procedure? Cannot we see in this function, the direction of the evolution of the civil liability in business law?

Czech courts regularly deal with a question of so-called just satisfaction; particularly, when, on what basis, and how much should be awarded. Just satisfaction, as a form of damages, is primarily compensatory. However, there are some indications that it is perfectly legitimate for law of damages to pursue also another aims than compensation such as prevention or punishment. This view was recently upheld by the Czech Constitutional Court and the Highest Court of the Czech Republic. According to doctrinal approach, it is the domain of punitive or exemplary damages as a specific Anglo-American instrument that covers these two principles (prevention and punishment). Still, the Czech Civil courts consistently refuse to award exemplary damages albeit they do not provide us any sound argumentation. The author of this article suggests it is inaccurate and only partial understanding of exemplary damages that causes the current judicial refusal of them. While focusing on current English and Czech law, the author in his article describes exemplary damages in great detail with respect to their theoretical, conceptual and systematic position. Subsequently, he shows that the negative attitude of the Czech courts is not always appropriate. First, looking at relevant case law, the article characterises what the...

Introdução - O descarte de medicamentos sem prévio tratamento impacta no meio ambiente e na qualidade de vida das pessoas. O descarte também significa prejuízo econômico. Objetivo - O objetivo principal é compreender a dinâmica do descarte de medicamento industrializado de uso humano. São objetivos secundários identificar pontos de melhoria no processo de descarte de medicamentos na cidade de São Paulo visando diminuir seu volume e apresentar recomendações que intensifiquem a presença dos fundamentos da sustentabilidade no procedimento de descarte de medicamentos industrializados para uso humano. Métodos - Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória realizada com levantamento bibliográfico e documental e aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada com proprietários de drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Também foram realizados questionários com perguntas abertas em visitas técnicas a profissionais envolvidos em iniciativas de descarte. Resultados O município de São Paulo realiza a coleta de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde nos estabelecimentos que recolhem compulsoriamente a taxa para este fim. No período 2011-2015 o volume coletado destes resíduos aumentou 25,12 por cento e o valor arrecadado com a contribuição da taxa 450,83 por cento . Não há sistema de logística reversa de medicamentos na cidade de São Paulo, nem consenso quanto a melhor tecnologia a ser empregada no descarte de medicamentos. Foram identificadas iniciativas algumas informais que diminuem o volume descartado e ampliam o acesso das pessoas aos medicamentos. Conclusões - As seguintes recomendações são apresentadas: (i) Indicador de sustentabilidade do estoque; (ii) Um modelo possível de logística reversa de medicamentos no Brasil (iii) conhecer qualitativamente o medicamento descartado para ter elementos de revisão de suas embalagens, para realizar esta pesquisa survey, é disponibilizada uma página web, (iv) o reconhecimento da intermediação técnica como instrumento da PNRS; (v) O discurso social deve prevalecer sobre o ambiental para adesão de ações sustentáveis / Introduction - The disposal of medicines without previous treatment impacts on the environment and the quality of life of the people. Disposal also means economic loss. Objective - The main objective is understand the dynamics of the disposal of industrialized medicine for human use. Secondary objectives are identify improvement points in the drug disposal process in the city of São Paulo, aiming at reducing its volume and presenting recommendations that intensify the presence of sustainability fundamentals in the procedure of discarding industrialized drugs for human use. Methods - This is an exploratory research carried out with a bibliographical and documentary survey and semi-structured questions interview applied with owners of drugstores in the city of São Paulo. Questionnaires with open questions were also conducted on technical visits to professionals involved in discarding initiatives. Results - The city of São Paulo carries out the collection of solid waste from health services in establishments that collect the fee for this purpose. In the period 2011-2015 the volume of these wastes increased by 25.12 per cent and the amount collected with the contribution of the rate 450.83 per cent . There is no reverse logistics system for medicines in the city of São Paulo, nor consensus regarding the best technology to be used in the disposal of medicines. Initiatives some informal ones have been identified reducing the volume discarded and increasing peoples access to medicines. Conclusion - The following recommendations are presented: (i) sustainability stock indicator; (Ii) A model of reverse logistics for medicines in Brazil (iii) know qualitatively the discarded drug in order to have elements to review its packaging, to carry out this survey, a web page is made available, (iv) recognition of technical intermediation as an instrument of PNRS; (V) the social discourse should prevail over the environmental one for the adhesion of sustainable actions