Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Vicente Romero Rodrigues Frias dos Santos.pdf: 1075903 bytes, checksum: ff361c19a2559ff5a59e2007cf58cadd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / In this paper we face the issue of Internet service provider liability for content generated by third parties. With the enactment of Law 12,965 of April 23, 2014, known as Civil Marco of the Internet, doctrinal definitions were modified and new concepts were integrated into the legal system. And so it was with the liability of internet service providers. This tune and upon the a sandy soil of so young a subject, we will seek to form a logical system of the liability of internet service providers, having as main objective the fair and systematic application of the law, resulting in the effective protection of the user, without improperly burdening the providers / Neste estudo iremos enfrentar a problemática da responsabilidade do provedor de internet pelo conteúdo gerado por terceiro. Com a edição da Lei 12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014, conhecida como Marco Civil da Internet, definições doutrinárias foram alteradas e novos conceitos foram inseridos no sistema jurídico. E assim o foi com a responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet. Nessa toada e sobre o terreno ainda arenoso de um assunto tão moço, buscaremos formar sistema lógico da responsabilidade dos provedores de internet, tendo como objetivo precípuo a aplicação justa e sistemática do Direito, que resulte na eficaz proteção do usuário, sem onerar indevidamente os provedores

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Mitsuko Sato.pdf: 1399661 bytes, checksum: f614e00eb94e6aa19026e4d4621a08c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / This paper‟s main purpose was studying the techniques used in order to achieve judicial conviction on elements of civil liability for damage caused to nature. The fundamental question was whether such instruments are able to absorb the stunning complexity and uncertainty arising from the fact that often comes to environmental degradation. In this tune, it was found that the allocation of civil consequences for environmental damage in the traditional mold, linked to the fact of conviction and certainty about the factual substrate of the conflict, would greatly compromise the effectiveness. In this scenario, the operator was forced to act when obligations should be imposed based on conjectures, in a degree of uncertainty with which the law is not used to dealing with. However, despite the complexity of the task of verifying the existence of the liability requirements in these circumstances, it does not relieve a solution is given. The present monograph is ideally divided into three parts. The first is the presentation of the context from which the vulnerability of nature caused by technological progress arises and its reverberations in law. The second part concerns of the general aspects of normative and judicial protection designed to protect the environment in the civil sphere. The third part is dedicated to the examination of techniques for the representation of facts in the lawsuit in this case. At the end, some conclusions are presented / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal examinar as técnicas utilizadas na formação do juízo de fato adotado como premissa para a decisão que resolve litígios em que se postula a responsabilidade civil pelo dano causado à natureza. A questão fundamental era saber se tais instrumentos são capazes de assimilar a atordoante complexidade e as incertezas advindas da realidade em que frequentemente se insere a degradação ambiental. Nessa toada, constatou-se que a imputação das consequências civis pelo dano ambiental nos moldes tradicionais, atrelado à convicção de verdade e de certeza a respeito do substrato fático do conflito, comprometeria sobremaneira a efetividade do direito material violado. Neste cenário, o operador do direito se viu forçado a atuar em meio a situações em que obrigações devem ser impostas com apoio em conjecturas, em um grau de incerteza com o qual o Direito não está habituado a lidar. No entanto, em que pese a complexidade da tarefa de verificar a existência dos requisitos da responsabilidade civil nestas circunstâncias, ela não dispensa o seu equacionamento. Neste passo, impende assinalar que a presente monografia está idealmente dividida em três partes. A primeira consiste na apresentação do contexto do qual exsurgiu a vulnerabilidade da natureza diante do progresso tecnológico e das respectivas reverberações no Direito. A segunda parte cuida dos aspectos gerais da tutela normativa e jurisdicional preconizada para a atuação concreta das normas concebidas para a proteção do meio ambiente na esfera civil. A terceira parte dedica-se ao exame das técnicas idealizadas para a representação dos fatos no processo que embasará a decisão judicial sobre a responsabilidade civil neste setor. Finalmente, a partir dos dados obtidos e de sua discussão, foram apresentadas as conclusões do estudo

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A responsabilidade civil do advogado é um tema que merece destaque sob a perspectiva civil constitucional. A abrangência dessa relação jurídica pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e a natureza negocial multiforme da relação estabelecida entre o advogado e o cliente, cuja normativa deve ser estabecida tendo em vista o caso concreto, são pontos de destaque desse trabalho, assim como a aplicabilidade do consentimento informado. Nessa toada, pretende-se conferir o enfoque funcional a partir da releitura das classificações tradicionais da responsabilidade civil em contratual, extracontratual, subjetiva, objetiva e entre as obrigações de meio e resultado para em seguida, analisarmos das hipóteses mais frequentes de responsabilização, quais sejam: a perda de uma chance, o abuso do direito processual e a reversão de liminares revertidas ao final do processo. Por fim, dentre as tendências de prevenção e precaução de danos da responsabilidade civil, revela-se a formalização de seguros de responsabilidade profissional para advogados. / Liability of attorney is a topic that deserves attention from the perspective of the constitutional civil measure. The scope of this legal relationship by the Consumer Protection Code and the nature of multifaceted relationship between lawyer and client, whose rules must be developed further in view of the case, are highlights of this work, as well as the applicability of informed consent. In this tune, it is intended to confer the functional approach from the rereading of traditional classifications of liability in contract, tort, subjective, objective, and between the obligations of means and results to then analyze the most common assumptions of accountability, which are: the loss of a chance, the abuse of procedural law and the reversal of court orders reversed at the end of the process. Finally, among the trends of precaution and prevention of damage to civil liability, it is the formalization of professional liability insurance for lawyers.

L’accélération du rythme des innovations technologiques et les pressions exercées par la société civile constituent deux défis majeurs pour le droit de la responsabilité civile. Cette thèse étudie les effets incitatifs de la responsabilité civile sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises dans ce contexte. Notre contribution vise, en particulier, à approfondir l’analyse traditionnelle de la responsabilité civile des entreprises d’une part, et d’autre part à évaluer dans quelle mesure les sanctions non légales jouent un rôle au côté de ce cadre juridique. D’abord, nous mettons en évidence l’évolution de l’analyse économique de la responsabilité. Puis nous étudions la responsabilité civile dans un modèle théorique, avec pour contribution d’évaluer les effets incitatifs du concept juridique de causalité. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les difficultés de prévision des risques d’accident affectent les incitations fournies par la responsabilité civile,par un modèle théorique d’une part, et par une expérimentation en laboratoire d’autre part. Nous développons dans un modèle théorique une analyse du rôle des sanctions non légales, émanant de la société civile,aux côtés de la responsabilité délictuelle. Nous montrons que les incitations fournies par le boycott des consommateurs sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises sont limitées. Enfin, nous complétons ce modèle par une étude empirique, et nous étudions l’ampleur et les déterminants du phénomène de boycott des consommateurs en Europe. / The accelerating pace of technological innovations and pressures from civil society provide tort law with new challenges. This thesis studies the incentive effects of tort law on corporate investment in prevention in this context. Particularly, this study deepens the traditional economic analysis of corporate civil liability and assess the effects of the combination of non legal sanctions and the legal framework. First, we highlight the evolution of the economic analysis of liability and responsibility. Then, we study the incentive effects ofcivil liability in a theoretical model, with a particular emphasis on the role of the legal notion of causality. Next, we examine to what extent the difficulties of predicting accident risks affect incentives provided by liability with both a theoretical model and with a lab experiment. In a theoretical model, we develop ananalysis of the role of non-legal sanctions, from civil society, along side the tort law. We show that the incentive effects of consumer boycott on corporate investment in prevention are limited. Finally, through an empirical study, we complete this analysis by studying the magnitude and determinants of consumer boycott in Europe.

Ainda que inexistente um mandamento legal expresso no Direito brasileiro, é intuitivo pensar a responsabilidade civil a partir da recondução da parte levada a um estado hipotético na qual estaria não fosse o evento que obriga à reparação. Esse pensamento, reiterado na afirmação de que a indenização deve reconstituir (mesmo que de maneira aproximativa) o status quo ante, corresponde à função compensatória da responsabilidade civil. Ocorre, porém, que no que toca ao dano patrimonial ocorrido no iter negocial (ou seja, na responsabilidade pré-negocial ou na negocial) haveria de se anotar que a situação hipotética sem o dano nem sempre é anterior ao evento lesivo, podendo ser posterior a ele. É o que se passa, com evidência, na indenização pelo equivalente ao descumprimento contratual, em que se confere ao credor lesado algo que ele não possuía antes, em lugar do cumprimento da obrigação. É essa dualidade de direcionamentos, vinculada a uma fórmula comparativa de obtenção do dano indenizável, que compõe o significado das expressões interesse (contratual) positivo e interesse (contratual) negativo. No primeiro caso, reconduz-se o lesado a uma situação positiva em relação ao contrato, que se poderia chamar de ad quem. Ela corresponde à situação em que o lesado estaria se o contrato houvesse sido adequadamente cumprido. No segundo caso, reconduz-se a parte a uma situação negativa em relação ao contrato, que se poderia chamar de a quo. Corresponde, por sua vez, à situação em que estaria não houvesse iniciado as negociações voltadas ao contrato. A dualidade representada por esse par de conceitos, proposto originalmente por Rudolf von Jhering em meados do século XIX, é ainda pouco explorada no Direito brasileiro, embora não se possa qualificá-la como desconhecida. Os conceitos mostram-se não apenas plenamente compatíveis com a regras de responsabilidade civil nacionais, como extremamente úteis à solução de problemas centrais localizados no diálogo entre esse ramo do Direito Civil e o Direito dos Contratos. É nesse locus que a tese se desenvolve, para sustentar a aplicabilidade dessa distinção ao Direito Privado brasileiro como, essencialmente, uma nova forma de pensar o dano in contrahendo e o dano contratual. A lógica da aplicação dos conceitos permite revisitar a forma pela qual usualmente se enxerga a relação jurídica de reparação e, não apenas, também reaviva a compreensão de aspectos essenciais da transformação do Direito das Obrigações, os quais compõem, em grande medida, o substrato da aplicação da distinção. Para tanto, buscou-se inicialmente fomentar a apresentação teórica do interesse positivo e do interesse negativo estudando seu significado, seus desenvolvimentos teóricos e sua adequação ao Direito brasileiro ao que se segue a proposição de sua aplicação. Dada as limitações do texto, essa depuração é realizada estritamente no âmbito da responsabilidade pela não formação do contrato (responsabilidade pré-negocial) e da responsabilidade negocial propriamente dita, compondo a segunda parte do trabalho. / Despite the absence of any express rule to this effect in Brazilian Law, it is nevertheless intuitive to think of civil liability as a commandment to restore the parties to the position each would have enjoyed if the event giving rise to liability had never occurred. This understanding of civil liability is frequently expressed as the idea that damages should bring the aggrieved party to the status quo ante, by way of compensating him for the damages suffered. In regards to material damages suffered during the contractual iter (i.e. in precontractual liability or in liability for breach of contract), one should notice that the hypothetical situation on which the party would be without the occurrence of damages is not always a situation that existed previous to its occurrence. That is exactly what occurs in damages in lieu of performance, by which the aggrieved party receives compensation for something he in fact never had before. This duality of directions can be understood by the expressions expectation interest and reliance interest. According to the former, the plaintiff must be placed in a positive situation vis-à-vis the contract, a status that can be called ad quem. In other words, the plaintiff will get his benefit of the bargain, and will obtain what he would have received if the contract had been correctly performed. According to the latter, the aggrieved party must be placed in a negative situation vis-à-vis the contract, which can be called an status a quo. This seeks to recreate the situation in which the plaintiff would have been if the contract had never even been formed or its negotiations had never been initiated. This way of thinking about damages or this pair of concepts was originally proposed by Rudolf von Jhering in the mid-nineteenth century. While its application is still little explored in Brazilian Law, it is not completely unknown to the Brazilian jurisprudence. Both of these theories as to the proper function of civil liability are compatible with Brazilian liability rules, and may indeed represent extremely useful solutions to some fundamental problems in modern discourse on civil liability rules and the law of contracts. It is precisely at here that this thesis is developed, advocating for the full applicability of the foregoing concepts in the Brazilian Private Law, thereby leading to a new way of thinking about damages, both in contrahendo and in contractu. The inherent logic of both concepts allows not only to revisit the usual framework by which the law of damages is considered and applied, but also underlines some major transformations in the Law of Obligations. In order to prove its suitability, this thesis initially presents the theoretical foundations of expectation interest and reliance interest, and reviews the meaning and development of these concepts in the context of examining their compatibility with Brazilian law. This is followed by an argument proposing the application of these theories in situations involving both precontractual liability and breach of contract.

Depuis plusieurs années, la question de la simplification du droit est au cœur du discours juridique. La multiplication des règles de droit, de leurs sources (nationales et internationales) comme de leurs supports (lois, codes, etc.), nuit à la lisibilité du droit et donc à la sécurité juridique.Ce constat peut être fait plus particulièrement en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle où l’on trouve effectivement des normes de toutes origines, de toutes natures et sur de nombreux supports. Or, ces normes connaissent des champs d’application concurrents, de sorte que plusieurs d’entre elles peuvent jouer pour le même litige. Le problème qui se pose alors est de savoir à l’avance comment trancher pareil concours.Pour parvenir à articuler les normes de la responsabilité civile, il a fallu rechercher des principes permettant de désigner la norme applicable au litige. Deux principes sont alors ressortis de cette étude. Le premier, dit principe directeur, est le principe de subsidiarité, tandis que le second, dit principe correcteur, est un principe d’intérêt, qui repose lui-même sur plusieurs outils, tels que l’option, le cumul ou la hiérarchie. Le législateur, le juge et la victime sont naturellement au cœur de ce dispositif d’articulation qui, correctement appliqué, devrait permettre de résoudre tous les concours, en désignant la norme finalement applicable. / For several years now, the issue of the simplification of the law is central in the juridicaldebate. The multiplication of rules of law, of their sources (national and international), as well astheir foundations (laws, rules, codes, etc.), is harmful to the clear understanding of the law andconsequently to the juridical safety.This statement can be made particularly in the field of extra contractual civil liability where normsfrom all origins, all natures and numerous founding bases are indeed to be found. Yet thesenorms overlap and compete in their scope of application, so that several norms may apply to thesame litigation. Therefore, the issue which arises is to ascertain beforehand option, the how toarbitrate among such competing and overlapping norms.In order to structure the norms of civil liability, it has been necessary to research and findprinciples enabling to designate the norms to be applied in the litigation. Two principles stand outfrom this research. The first one, called the guiding principle, is the principle of subsidiarity, whilethe second one, called the principle of revision, is a principle of interest, which is itself based onseveral instruments, such as: option, plurality, and hierarchy. The legislator, the judge and thevictim are obviously at the core of this system of links which, if it is correctly applied, shouldenable to solve all the competitions between norms, by designating the norm which is finallyapplicable.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-05T19:29:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TaisFerrazGomes.pdf: 1007475 bytes, checksum: e0c2daec9417a26d3d2312929ee20edc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TaisFerrazGomes.pdf: 1007475 bytes, checksum: e0c2daec9417a26d3d2312929ee20edc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-05 / Nenhuma / La responsabilité civile et leurs bases ont évolué afin de s’adapter au développement technologique de la société contemporaine et à l’émergence des nouveaux dommages qui doivent être protegés, en particulier, des nanotechnologies aux niveaux mondial et brésilien. Le mouvement d’adéquation de cette conception de responsabilité est doté d’un caractère solidaire, en harmonie avec le principe de la dignité de la personne humaine, établi dans le premier article, III, de la Constitution Fédérale Brésilienne, en démontrant l’approche des droits public et privé. Le potentiel des dommages technologiques est aussi inconnu; cependant, on voit que la responsabilité technologique pourra entraîner des dommages potentiels et qu’elle, malgré la non positivation dans l’ordre juridique brésilien, devra être protégée par le Droit. Les alternatives seront l’usage de la clause générale du risque, de l’abus de droit et des dispositifs du Code de Défense du Consommateur, des hypothèses de l’incidence de responsabilité objective tujours en harmonie avec la tutelle de la personne humaine. On admet aussi la flexibilisation des présupposés de la responsabilité civile: le dommage et le lien de causalité. Il y a de cas où l’on demandera des mesures de précaution afin d’éviter l’occurrence de dommages, et d’autres où l’on partira d’une vérification effective d’un préjudice. Dans les deux hypothèses, la viabilité d’adaptation des nanotechnologies au Droit brésilien est seulement possible à travers de l’usage de concepts ouverts et à travers de critères herméneutiquement constitués. La société ne peut rester sans protection faute d’une règle juridique spécifique à la responsabilité nanotechnologique. Une nouvelle responsabilité “précaution” doit être, premièrement, prise et, après, leurs conséquences doivent être protégées, toujours observées les péculiarités du cas concret dont on demandera une précompréhension. / A responsabilidade civil e seus pressupostos evoluíram com o intuito de se enquadrar no desenvolvimento tecnológico verificado em sociedade e o concomitante surgimento de novos danos a serem protegidos, principalmente das nanotecnologias nos cenários mundial e brasileiro. O movimento de adequação desse instituto é marcado por um caráter solidário, consentâneo com o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, estabelecido no inciso III do artigo 1o da Constituição Federal, com a aproximação do Direito Público e do Direito Privado. A potencialidade dos danos nanotecnológicos ainda é desconhecida, porém é sabido que a responsabilidade nanotecnológica poderá causar potenciais danos e, embora não esteja positivada no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, deverá ser protegida pelo Direito. As alternativas consistirão na utilização da cláusula geral do risco, do abuso do direito e de dispositivos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, hipóteses de incidência de responsabilidade objetiva, sempre em consonância com a tutela da pessoa humana, admitindo-se a flexibilização dos pressupostos da responsabilidade civil: dano e nexo de causalidade. Há casos em que se propugnará por medidas de precaução, a fim de evitar a ocorrência de danos, e outros em que se partirá da verificação efetiva de um prejuízo. Nas duas hipóteses, a viabilidade de enquadramento das nanotecnologias ao Direito brasileiro somente é possível mediante a utilização de conceitos abertos e a partir de critérios hermeneuticamente constituídos. A sociedade não poderá ficar desprotegida pela falta de uma norma jurídica específica à responsabilidade nanotecnológica. Uma nova responsabilidade deve ser, primeiramente, precavida e, posteriormente, suas consequências devem ser protegidas, sempre observadas as peculiaridades do caso concreto em que se propugnará por uma pré-compreensão. / Civil liability and its assumptions as well has evolved to fit the social technological development, and the concomitant emergence of new damage to be protected from, especially the nanotechnologies both in the world and in Brazil. The movement to adjust this institute is marked by a joint responsible character consistent with the principle of the individuals? dignity, established in the First Article, subsection III, of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, by bringing together public right and private right. Nanotechnological potential damage is still unknown; what is already known is that nanotechnological responsibility can trigger potential harm. Despite not implemented by the Brazilian legal order yet, it has to be protected by the law. Alternatives encompass the usage of the general risk clause, the Consumer?s Rights Defense law abuse and provisions, some hypotheses of objective incidence liability always in consonance with the human person?s guardianship and by acknowledging the flexibility of civil liability assumptions: causal damage and nexus. Instances exist when precautionary measures will be advocated to prevent damage from occurring; in other instances the effective investigation of harm will be the departure point. For both hypotheses, to make the framing of nanotechnologies into the Brazilian Law viable open concepts have to be used, and hermeneutically developed criteria have to become the foundation. Society can not be left unprotected due to a lack of rules of law specific to nanotechnological liability. New liability has to be, first of all, judicious and, second of all, its outcomes must be protected, and the oddities of the actual case must always be abided by, a situation where previous understanding will be advocated.

醫療糾紛的處理應以民法體系規範，亦即，醫療糾紛若從醫病關係之本質，係醫療契約規範下的行為，原則上應以私法領域為主。在我國成立民事過失責任方面，不外乎侵權行為損害賠償請求權，及債務不履行之損害賠償責任。茲有疑問者是，醫療糾紛中如有債務不履行與侵權行為損害賠償請求權損害賠償請求權競合時，適用上應如何處理。要之，如何選擇有效以及合理之醫療糾紛解決方法，首先正是要瞭解醫療糾紛發生時，醫師所應負有之民事責任範圍。 民法上債之關係建立在給付義務之內涵。給付，指債之關係上特定人間得請求的特定行為。除了主給付義務以外，債的關係尚有所謂附隨義務及不真正義務。主給付義務係指債之關係中固有、必備，用以決定債之關係、契約類型之基本義務。附隨給付義務係基於法律規定，當事人約定、或誠信原則與補充契約解釋而發生，具有輔助主給付義務的功能。醫療契約除了主要的醫療給付義務外，尚有一些重要的附隨義務，例如:說明義務、病例記載等，如果違反附隨義務，而侵害到病人的權益，不論是主給付或附隨義務之違反亦或有歸責事由，則依據不完全給付之規定，醫療機構或醫師均須負損害賠償責任。 按債務不履行責任之成立，以可歸責於債務人之事由為前提，如此亦適用於因契約所生之債務關係。所謂可歸責之事由，或謂係債務人在客觀違法之事實結果，應歸責於債務人主觀負擔之原因 。學理稱我國歸責事由係以故意或過失為原則，歸責事由之功能係在危險負擔之分配，亦即決定當事人在何種注意標準下，承擔風險。換言之，醫療契約間不完全給付及債務不履行損害賠償責任之前提，自以醫療契約間給付義務違反且有歸則事由；而其判斷之標準在民事責任上，主要係負擔善良管理人的注意義務。亦即，違反此注意義務，醫療機構或醫師亦對病患自應負債務不履行之損害賠償責任。 又次，按民法第184條因故意或過失，不法侵害病患的權利，發生損害，而侵權行為過失判斷，解釋上以抽象輕過失為準則。長期以來實務上則以抽象輕過失以善良管理人的注意義務為準，未盡此注意義務即認為有過失 。加害人之注意義務種類，在學說上可能為一般的預防損害發生的義務，或通知、照顧、警告等保護義務等 。實則，過失乃怠於注意的一種心理狀態 ，過失概念無論採取「應注意並能注意而不注意」或「怠於交易上所必要之注意」，均以行為人對受害人有注意義務為前提，且行為人違反對於受害人的注意義務，始構成過失責任。 因之， 民法上過失侵權行為係侵權行為法最重要的議題 。 然而，國內醫療糾紛訴訟的情形，往往是以刑事為主且附帶民事，在現行刑法過失犯的規範下，已經造成醫療生態規避風險的現象，尤其是高風險之科別乏人問津與防禦性的醫療行為。醫改會亦曾指出，以刑事附帶民事之訴訟除了時效問題外，亦將面臨民事判決受刑事判決影響之問題 。且當事人一開始對檢察官提出刑事告訴時，無法一針見血地提出疑點，一旦進入偵查階段後，告訴人對案情的發展只能被動的參與。故本文贊同醫療刑責明確化 ，其中關鍵點在於所謂「重大過失」之認定，國內法而言尚待實務案件累積，對於不同類型之醫療行為型態建構不同的類型之判斷標準，且亦須藉由公正、中立的醫療鑑定機關，使醫事人員不必擔心動輒得咎，並使罔顧人命者亦能獲得充分的刑事評價。 綜合言之，本文探討醫療事故之醫師民事責任，就是要釐清當發生醫療糾紛時，醫療機構應負擔那些醫療責任，除了保護當事人利益之契約責任，侵權行為責任外，更論及締約前之契約責任、契約保護第三人責任及附隨義務等。事實上，嚴格之醫療責任將產生醫病關係對立及防禦性醫療的負面效果，所以醫療損害賠償制度之改革必須考慮到兩者的利益都要平衡對待。對於相對人(病患)的權利保護亦不可忽略，並且盡量能減少不必要的醫療訴訟，不論是民事或刑事，以減少法院審理之負擔並合理分配醫療資源。 此外，直到目前醫療法第82條修法目前仍於立法院協商中，雖然醫療糾紛處理方式更是眾說紛紜。但本文對於未來醫療糾紛處理方式，「回歸民事、刑責明確」之大原則永遠抱持樂觀，更相信台灣社會將朝正面發展的趨勢、以創造醫病和諧與雙贏的願景仍然深具信心與期待。

La tesi ha per oggetto lo studio del fenomeno dei patti parasociali occulti nell’ambito di s.p.a. aperte al mercato del capitale di rischio e quotate. La prima parte del lavoro si concentra sulle norme dell’ordinamento italiano che prevedono obblighi di trasparenza degli accordi tra azionisti, senza trascurare gli altri principali sistemi europei e quello statunitense. Il secondo capitolo sviluppa l’analisi dei diversi profili in relazione ai quali il fenomeno del patto parasociale occulto reagisce ed influisce sull’interpretazione e sull’applicazione della disciplina dell’opa obbligatoria da concerto. Inoltre, si fornisce un’illustrazione delle modalità attraverso le quali dovrebbe essere possibile pervenire alla prova dell’esistenza di siffatti accordi. Nell’ultimo capitolo si prende in esame la responsabilità degli azionisti per la violazione del dovere di disclosure e, soprattutto, per la mancata promozione dell’opa obbligatoria da patto occulto. Si argomenta nel senso che tale condotta possa integrare altresì un’ipotesi di insider trading (o, eventualmente, di manipolazione del mercato) e si procede ad una ricostruzione del danno risarcibile e del relativo nesso causale, traendo spunto, in particolare, dai risultati emersi nell’esperienza statunitense. / The thesis concerns the shareholders’ agreements - within a corporation - that are kept secret, breaching a legally imposed duty of disclosure. The first part of the analysis focuses on the rules that contain such a duty of disclosure, mainly as regards the Italian regulation but also through a consideration of other legal systems. The second chapter develops the study by showing how the not-disclosed shareholders’ agreements could vary the way in which the regulation of the mandatory bid should be interpreted and applied. Moreover, an illustration about the possible ways to get the evidence of the existence of these agreements is provided. In the final chapter, the liability of the shareholders - mainly based on the breach of the duty to promote a mandatory bid - is taken into consideration, especially through a comparison with the American legal system as for the damages caused by an insider trading conduct and the causal connection: it is argued, in fact, that the violation of the rules regarding both the disclosure of the agreements and the mandatory bid should be also identified as a case of insider trading (or market manipulation).

Biotechnologijų vystymasis medicinai buvo didelis žingsnis į priekį, ir viena iš priežasčių kodėl atsirado egzistencinės žalos atlyginimo ieškiniai dėl neteisėto gimimo ir neteisėto gyvenimo. Neteisėto gimimo atveju tėvai siekia kompensacijos dėl nenorimo ar neplanuoto vaiko gimimo, neteisėto gyvenimo – neįgalus vaikas siekia kompensacijos už tai, kad jis toks gimė. Tokie ieškiniai yra ginčytini, kadangi jie suponuoja tokiomis teisėmis kaip teisė negimti, nėra kriterijų kuriais remiantis būtų galima pateikti neteisėto gimimo ar neteisėto gyvenimo ieškinį bei apskaičiuoti egzistencinę žalą. Todėl įrodyti tokią žalą yra pakankamai sunku. Darbe buvo apžvelgtas žalos atlyginimo Lietuvoje institutas, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant neturtinės žalos atlyginimui, ir nustatyta, kad esama tvarka nėra liberali, todėl galimybė pateikti tokį ieškinį Lietuvoje ir gauti kompensaciją lygi nuliui. / Development of technologies has been a giant step forward for medicine and one of reasons, why suits of recovery of „existential damage” because of the wrongful birth or wrongful life arose. In claims for wrongful birth parents are seek compensation for the birth of unplanned or unwanted child and in claims for wrongful life – disabled child is seek compensation for the fact, that he is born disabled. Such suits are controversial, because they deal with such rights like right not to be born. There are no criterions for the recovery of “existential damage” under which it would be possible to bring an action of this damage, because of wrongful birth and wrongful life. It is rather difficult to prove “existential damage”. This article deals with the institute of recovery of damage, giving the biggest attention to recovery of moral damage. It was ascertained, that present order is not liberal, and to suit in Lithuania and to get award there is no any possibility.