Civil Liability in the Case of Disrespecting a Patient's Advance Directives The aim of this thesis is to analyse and describe the problematic of Civil Liability in the specific case of disrespecting a patient's advance directives by a medical. The institute of Advance Directives was first introduced in the Czech law by the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine in 2001 and later by the Law No. 372/2011 Coll., Act on Health Care Provision. Thought the Advance Directives cannot be considered as a new institute in the Czech law, it is hardly ever used in practice. There is no judicature and practical knowledge on the topic of civil liability in this case, and the insecurity causes that doctors do not feel like willing to respect the exceptionally occurring advance directives, because they fear the criminal liability they think that could arise if they did not provide the health care necessary for saving life of their patient. This thesis is trying to highline the importance of a patient's will. Meanwhile, it is pointing to the fact that even saving a patient's life can cause legal liability of a doctor. The thesis is primarily analysing and describing such liability within the general provisions on liability in the Czech Law and is also trying to give an insight to the problematic of potential...

Malgré les vifs débats dont fait régulièrement l'objet le régime d'indemnisation des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (AT-MP), il n'existe à ce jour aucune étude fondamentale ayant tenté de déterminer sa nature juridique. Fort de la conviction qu'il est nécessaire de définir précisément l'identité juridique de ce système d'indemnisation pour discuter pertinemment du bien-fondé de ses règles, cette thèse ambitionne de combler cette lacune. L'objet de la recherche est ainsi de déterminer la place du régime AT-MP au sein du droit de l'indemnisation pour essayer de mieux saisir sa difficile intégration dans l'ordre juridique et proposer des remèdes. Cette démarche structure le plan de l'étude. L'analyse est orientée dans la première partie vers la recherche de ce qu'est le régime AT­-MP, avant de se porter dans la seconde sur l'examen de sa situation actuelle et de ses perspectives futures. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, il a été fait le choix de comparer le régime AT-MP avec la responsabilité civile. Cet exercice de droit comparé interne a pour but de mieux appréhender les propriétés de cette technique d'indemnisation particulière en la mettant en relief avec le droit commun. Cette préférence méthodologique est avant tout fondée sur l'idée qu'un régime de réparation gagne à être systématiquement mis en regard avec la voie d'indemnisation traditionnelle. Ce choix est par ailleurs commandé par un trait propre à l'analyse du régime AT-MP: l'omniprésence de la responsabilité civile dans le discours doctrinal s'intéressant à ce système d'indemnisation particulier. / Despite frequent disputes about the regime for work accidents and occupational discases (AT-MP), no in-depth study attempting to define this system's legal nature has been undertaken so far. Yet, the precise identification of the way the regime operates seems necessary to properly discuss the relevance of its rules, and contemplate its future. Striving to contribute to the debate, this study endeavors to situate the AT-MP regime within the broader framework of compensation law. The regime cannot, as has tradicionnally been the case, be conceptualized opposite civil liability -nor can it be assimilated to this system. Rather, it provides an original compromise bringing together liability and the need for social guarantees. Based on this analysis, one may assess the hurdles facing the incorporation of the AT-MP regime within compensation law, and appraise the relevance of the varions political proposals that have been put foward to this end.

La thèse examine la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés anonymes en droit vietnamien et droit français. Il s’agit d’une première étude académique qui aborde l’état actuel du droit vietnamien de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants des sociétés anonymes et fait des comparaisons avec celui de l’actuel ordre juridique français. Quels avantages pourrait-il y avoir à aborder une étude du droit vietnamien touché par des illustrations en droit français ? Les deux pays sont proches sur le plan juridique. Le droit de la responsabilité civile des dirigeants de sociétés n’échappe pas à cette réalité. La responsabilité civile des dirigeants reste fondée sur la faute, mais elle a connu certaines adaptations. Le système actuellement existant dans chacun des deux pays s’est vu par ailleurs complété par des nouvelles sources, justifiées par la mondialisation. Le droit français est très riche en illustrations jurisprudentielles alors que le droit vietnamien est purement théorique et caractérisée par les nouveaux concepts prêtés des principes proposés par la doctrine anglo-saxonne du gouvernement d’entreprise. Ainsi, la conclusion qui s’en dégage est que certaines dispositions du droit français pourraient utilement inspirer le législateur vietnamien et vice versa. / The thesis examines the personal liability of public limited companies directors in Vietnamese law and French law. This is the first academic literature that addresses the current rules on the civil liability of directors of limited companies in Vietnamese law. What benefit is there be to conduct a study of Vietnamese law affected by French law? The two countries are close in law. The law of civil liability of corporate directors does not escape from this fact. Liability of director remains based on fault, but it has experienced some adaptations. The existing system in each country was also supplemented by new sources which are justified by globalization process. French law is then very rich jurisprudential illustrations while Vietnamese law is purely theoretical and characterized by new concepts borrowed from the corporate governance doctrine of common law. Thus, the conclusion that emerges is that some provisions of French law could usefully inspire the Vietnamese legislator and vice versa.

This article addresses the issue referred to harmful lawful acts which also generate liability, thus ruling out the unlawfulness as an essential element for the generation of liability. In this regard, the author makes a conceptual analysis of the unlawfulness or illegality, and he examines three cases of liability, such as environmental damage, the interim resolution and withdraw the work of trade; demonstrating, effectively, the dispensable nature of the unlawfulness and the existence of scenarios of liability arising from harmful lawful acts. / El presente artículo aborda la temática referida a los actos lícitos dañosos, los cuales también generan responsabilidad civil, descartando así a la ilicitud como un elemento indispensable para la generación de responsabilidad civil. En este sentido, el artículo parte del análisis conceptual de la ilicitud o antijuridicidad, para luego arribar al examen de tres supuestos de responsabilidad civil, como lo son el daño ambiental, la resolución cautelar y el retiro de la obra del comercio; demostrando, efectivamente, el carácter prescindible de la ilicitud y la existencia de escenarios de responsabilidad civil derivados de actos lícitos dañosos.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Wagner_Direito_Negócios_16_set.pdf: 1220699 bytes, checksum: 67fb7c7d2bac432c741a2cea0b1062f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / O presente trabalho tem como objeto a análise jurídica da responsabilidade civil das agências de turismo online na intermediação de serviços de hospedagem. O mundo hoje é predominantemente digital e, para acompanhar essa evolução tecnológica, novos modelos de negócios surgem em uma velocidade nunca vista anteriormente, desafiando constantemente o direito. Nesse ambiente inovador, pretende-se demonstrar, com estudos de legislações esparsas, como a doutrina e os magistrados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, do Tribunal de Justiça e dos Juizados Especiais Cíveis do estado de São Paulo contemplam o modelo de negócios das agências de turismo com os hóspedes e com as acomodações. Identificou-se, por amostragem não probabilística, que magistrados têm mais de um entendimento acerca da responsabilidade civil, especialmente a partir do ano de 2015, quando se encontram decisões a favor da ilegitimidade passiva das agências online, embora essa posição não seja majoritária. Em meio a tantas inovações em tecnologia, ensejadoras de autêntico progresso social, deparamos com decisões judiciais contraditórias e excessos que não refletem o novo modelo de negócios de reservas de acomodações. / This paper aims at the legal analysis of civil liability of online travel agencies in the intermediation of accommodation services. The world today is predominantly digital and to keep up with this technological evolution new business models emerge at a speed never seen before, constantly challenging the law. In this innovative environment, it is intended to demonstrate, with studies of sparse legislation, how the doctrine and judges from the Superior Court of Justice, the Court of Justice and Special Small Claim Courts of the state of São Paulo contemplate the business model of travel agencies before the guests and the accommodations. It has been identified by non-probabilistic samplings that judges have more than one legal understanding about civil liability, especially from 2015 onwards, when there are decisions in favor of the passive illegitimacy of online agencies, albeit it is not the majority decision. Amidst so many innovations in technology, as it entices social progress, we face contradictory judicial decisions and excesses that do not reflect the new business model of accommodation reservations.

Le droit de la concurrence est régi, principalement, par le droit de l’Union européenne. Le "public enforcement" garantit le respect de ce dernier. Le droit de l’Union européenne ne prévoyait pas jusqu’alors de régime juridique permettant aux victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles d’obtenir réparation de leur préjudice, malgré une reconnaissance jurisprudentielle. Le droit national, quant à lui, n’avait pas de régime spécifique et les victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles se voyaient appliquer le régime commun de la responsabilité délictuelle sur le fondement de l’article 1382 ancien du Code civil. Vu la complexité du contentieux, cette situation entraînait de grandes difficultés pour les victimes d’obtenir réparation des dommages subis. La directive n°2014/104/UE a créé un régime juridique nouveau et a harmonisé le "private enforcement". Elle a été transposée en droit français par l’ordonnance n°2017-303. Cette réforme très attendue est en demi-teinte. Certes, il existe des avancées non négligeables. La directive facilite la preuve de la faute et organise la communication et la production de pièces pendant l’instance. Elle consacre une présomption de dommage et encadre l’évaluation du préjudice. En revanche, la réforme est plutôt timorée sur d’autres éléments, tels que la faute, l’imputation de la faute, ou encore le financement des actions. Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser ces nouvelles dispositions afin de vérifier si la directive facilite effectivement les actions en dommages et intérêts pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence. / Competition law is mainly governed by European Union law. Public enforcement ensures fulfilment of EU law. Until recently, and despite recognition in case-law, EU law did not provide for a legal regime enabling victims of anti-competitive practices to obtain compensation of their damage. National law did not have a specific legal regime and victims of anti-competitive practices could apply the common civil liability regime on the basis of ex-Article 1382 of the Civil Code. Given the complexity of litigation, this situation lead to great difficulties for victims to obtain compensation for their damages. EU directive n°2014/104 creates a new legal regime and harmonizes the private enforcement. It has been transposed into French law under ordonnance n°2017-303. This much-awaited reform is subdued. Certainly, there are significant progresses. The directive facilitates the proof of fault, and organizes the communication and production of documents during the proceedings. It establishes a presumption of loss and provides a framework to assess the harm. On the other hand, the reform is rather timid on other elements, such as the fault, its attribution, or the financing of the actions. The purpose of this study is to analyze these new rules to ascertain whether it effectively facilitates actions for damages for infringements of competition law.

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional tiene como objetivo desarrollar el íter procesal del expediente judicial de Derecho Civil N° 10962-2011-0-1801-JR-CI-12 sobre obligación de dar suma de dinero por indemnización de daños y perjuicios, seguido por el Sr. César Augusto Solórzano Rojas contra AFP Integra S.A. La demanda tiene como pretensión que se ordene el pago de S/. 409,087.00 (Cuatrocientos Nueve Mil Ochenta y Siete y 00/100 Soles) por los conceptos indemnizatorios de lucro cesante, daño emergente, daño moral, y daño a la persona. Asimismo, se presentan los principales fundamentos en las sentencias expedidas por el Décimo Segundo Juzgado Civil y la Tercera Sala Civil de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima, así como el análisis que estos órganos jurisdiccionales realizan respecto a los elementos de la responsabilidad civil: antijuricidad, daño causado, relación de causalidad y factor de atribución. Finalmente, se expone una opinión analítica en base a los fundamentos fácticos y jurídicos del caso en concreto, sustentada en jurisprudencia y doctrina nacional relevante. / The objective of this report is to develop the procedural matter of the legal file No. 10962-2011-0-1801-JR-CI-12 on the obligation to give a sum of money for compensation for damages (Civil Law), followed by Mr. César Augusto Solórzano Rojas against AFP Integra SA. The claim seeks to order the payment of S /. 409,087.00 (Four Hundred Nine Thousand Eighty Seven and 00/100 Soles) for the compensation concepts of lost profit, consequential damage, moral damage, and damage to the person. Likewise, the main grounds in the sentences issued by the Twelfth Civil Court and the Third Civil Chamber of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima are presented, as well as the analysis that these jurisdictional organs carry out regarding the elements of civil liability: unlawfulness, damage caused, causal relationship and attribution factor. Finally, an analytical opinion is presented based on the factual and legal foundations of the specific case, supported by relevant national jurisprudence and doctrine. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Les policiers jouent une rôle unique et névralgique dans notre société. Ils détiennent des pouvoirs exorbitants du droit commun, comme celui d’utiliser légalement la force ou de procéder à des arrestations. Ces pouvoirs doivent nécessairement être encadrés compte tenu de leur caractère invasif et de l’effet important qu’ils peuvent avoir sur les personnes visées. Les policiers ont également des devoirs importants : les citoyens attendent d’eux qu’ils luttent contre le crime et qu’ils soient en mesure d’assurer leur protection. Il ne faut donc pas se surprendre que les poursuites en responsabilité civile soient récurrentes contre les forces policières : elles sont le corolaire des pouvoirs et des devoirs majeurs qui leurs sont confiés. Le présent mémoire sur la responsabilité civile des forces policières en droit québécois vise d’abord à cerner l’organisation et l’encadrement des forces policières au Québec afin d’en évaluer l’impact sur la responsabilité civile de celles-ci. Nous verrons ensuite que le procès en responsabilité civile est souvent le dernier acte d’une série de procédures pénales, déontologiques et administratives mettant en scène les mêmes faits et les mêmes policiers impliqués. Puis, nous nous intéresserons à la norme de conduite applicable à la faute civile policière et à son évolution depuis le début du XXe siècle. La fonction policière s’est graduellement « professionnalisée » au cours des dernières décennies et les tribunaux se sont montrés en retour de plus en plus exigeants face aux policiers dans le cadre d’une poursuite en responsabilité civile, écartant notamment la notion d’immunité relative. Nous analyserons comment les tribunaux définissent la norme de conduite applicable, soit le policier raisonnable placé dans les mêmes circonstances, en s’appuyant notamment sur le droit souple (soft law), la déontologie policière, le droit criminel et pénal, les chartes, etc. Finalement, compte tenu que le travail policier est très diversifié, les fautes civiles susceptibles d’être commises sont variées. Le présent mémoire vise donc à « catégoriser » différentes situations qui mettent en cause la responsabilité civile des policiers, par exemple l’usage de la force, le profilage ou l’arrestation, le tout afin de dégager des règles spécifiques à chacune de ces situations. / Police forces play a unique and very sensitive role in our modern society. They hold extensive and singular powers, such as legally using force or restraint against citizen and making an arrest. Considering the great impact and the invasive nature of said powers, their exercise must be regulated and monitored. Police forces also have important duties: citizens rightfully expect police to repress crime and ensure their physical and material security. It is no surprise that civil claims against police forces are recurrent; they simply are the consequence of the high powers and duties vested in them. First, this thesis on civil liability of police forces in Quebec law aims at defining the legal, regulatory, and administrative framework of the Quebec police forces in order to evaluate the various impacts on their civil liability. We will also demonstrate that the civil trial is often the last episode of numerous judicial and administrative proceedings concerning the same events and the same police officers. Second, we will examine the applicable standard of conduct that a reasonable police officer is expected to meet and its evolution since the beginning of the twentieth century: in the last decades, police officers became professionals held to higher standards than before and civil courts now expect more from them, setting aside the notion of relative immunity they once benefited. We will analyze how the civil courts define the standard of a reasonable police officer in the same circumstances, notably building on soft law, charters, criminal and penal legislation, the professional codes of ethics, etc. Finally, considering the variety of tasks that police officers performed on a daily basis, different forms of civil faults can emanate from numerous situations. This thesis seeks to categorize various situations where the police forces can be held liable, such as unreasonable use of force, profiling, or arrest, in order to identify specific rules in each of these situations.

Civilinės atsakomybės draudimo sutarčių institutas yra sąlyginai nauja sritis civiliniuose teisiniuose santykiuose. Kai kurie tokių sutarčių probleminiai aspektai išryškėja tik taikant konkrečias sutartis praktikoje, todėl šalyse kaip Lietuva, kur draudimo teisės tradicijos nėra labai gilios, šio instituto ypatumai ir įgyvendinimo problemos yra ganėtinai aktualūs. Nors CAD sutarties samprata atskleista pakankamai išsamiai, teisės mokslininkai iki šiol vieningai nesutaria dėl šios rūšies draudimo sutarčių prigimties, draudiminiams įvykiams taikomų kriterijų bei pačių santykio dalyvių teisių ir pareigų apimties pagal CAD sutartį. Nesant išsamaus teisinio reglamentavimo teismams tenka vadovautis bendraisiais civilinės teisės principais, o tokia praktika, nors ir pasiekusi aukščiausios instancijos teismus, neišvengia subjektyvaus atskirų situacijų vertinimo. CAD sutarties aiškinimas teismuose, kai silpnesnioji sandorio šalis, sudariusi sutartį prisijungimo būdu, yra neadekvačiai griežtai saugoma nuo ekonomiškai stipresnės šalies įtakos, neatsižvelgiant į CAD sutarties sąlygas, galų gale atsisuka prieš pačią silpnesniąją šalį. Siekiant išvengti tokios praktikos bei įtvirtinti kokybiškai vertingą CAD sutarčių taikymą, būtina atsižvelgti į šio instituto specifinį draudimo objektą – draudėjo interesą apsidrausti nuo galimos rizikos, susijusios su prievolės trečiajam asmeniui įvykdymu ir iš to kilusių pasekmių. Tik įvertinus CAD sutarčių ypatumus galima pasiekti sąžiningą ir teisinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Civil liability insurance contracts institute is a relatively new field of civil legal relations. Some of the problematic aspects of such contracts are revealed only under practice, and so in countries such as Lithuania, where tradition of insurance law is not very intense, the institute features and implementation issues are quite relevant. Although the concept of CAD contract disclosed in sufficient detail, law scientists still do not agree unanimously on the nature of insurance contracts, criteria applicable to the occurrences and the amount of rights of the participants under the CAD contract. In the absence of a comprehensive legal framework, courts have to follow general principles of civil law and even the supreme instance courts cannot avoid the subjective evaluation of individual situations. CAD contract interpretation in courts, where a weaker party of the contract is inadequately strictly protected from economically stronger party influence regardless to the terms of the contract, will eventually turn against the weaker party itself. In order to avoid such practice and establish valuably qualified application of CAD contracts, must take into account the specifics of the object of institute - policyholders interest to insure the risks associated with obligations to a third party and the performance of the resulting consequences. Only when the features of the CAD contracts are evaluated we are able to achieve a fair and on the base of the legal state established... [to full text]

Darbe atliekamas Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso (CK) ir Europoje vyraujančių deliktų teisės vienodinimo tendencijų – Europos deliktų teisės principų (PETL) ir Bendros principų sistemos projekto (DCFR) civilinės deliktinės atsakomybės sąlygų palyginimas, siekiant skirti ir įvertinti jų atitiktį dabartiniame Europos deliktų teisės harmonizavimo ir unifikavimo etape. Atliekant tyrimą apibendrinamos pagrindinės Vakarų Europos deliktų teisės tradicijos, pateikiama bendra PETL, DCFR ir Lietuvos deliktų teisės sistemos charakteristika. Daromos išvados, kad PETL ir DCFR grindžiamos generalinio delikto principu. Juose skiriamos ir detaliai konkretizuojamos visos, būdingos ir Lietuvos deliktų teisės sistemai, sąlygos, kurioms esant gali būti taikoma civilinė deliktinė atsakomybė – žala, kaltė ir priežastinis ryšys. Konstatuojamas esminis CK skirtumas nuo PETL ir DCFR nuostatų, apibrėžiant trečiųjų asmenų, turinčių teisę į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą, ratą. CK trečiųjų asmenų teisė į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą įtvirtinta tik nukentėjusiojo gyvybės atėmimo atveju. PETL ir DCFR tokią trečiųjų asmenų teisę numato ir nukentėjusiojo sveikatos sužalojimo atvejais. Kaltė pagal PETL ir DCFR nuostatas gali turėti ir tyčios formą. Pabrėžiama, jog tokia nuostata prieštarauja CK. Vertinant priežastinio ryšio sąlygą daroma išvada, jog CK įtvirtinta jos samprata neprieštarauja PETL ir DCFR nuostatoms. / Work carried out the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania (CC) and Europe prevailing trends in the convergence of tort law – the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) civil tort liability in terms of comparison in order to allocate and assess their compliance with current European tort law harmonization and unification stage. The study summarizes the main Western European tradition of tort law, the general PETL, DCFR and Lithuanian tort law system performance. Conclude that PETL and DCFR based on the general tort principle. They are awarded and all the details down specific characteristic of the Lithuanian tort law system and the conditions, under which may be subject the civil tort liability – damage, fault and causation. Finding the essential difference between CC and the PETL, DCFR provisions under definition the circle of third parties, who are entitle to non-pecuniary damages. The right of the third parties by CC consolidated only the victim’s death. PETL and DCFR provide the third party under victim’s death and personal injury cases. Fault by PETL and DCFR provisions could have the form of intentional. Emphasized that such a provision is contrary to CC. Assessing the condition of causality, it is concluded, that the CC provides its conception in compliance with the PETL and DCFR provisions.