This study investigates foreign language classroom talk and micro-level language policy-in-process from an ethnomethodological conversation analytic perspective. The study is based on 20 hours of video recordings from 20 lessons in an English as a Foreign Language classroom (EFL) in grades 8 and 9 of an international compulsory school in Sweden between the years 2007 and 2010. The main purpose of the study is to shed light on some of the distinguishing features of how a target-language-only policy is materialised in situ in a foreign language classroom. The study demonstrates the relative ease with which teachers and pupils uphold a strict language policy in the classroom, but also the considerable interactional work that is done, by both teachers and pupils, in cases where upholding the policy becomes problematic. An interactional phenomenon which arises in such cases is language policing, where the teacher or pupils restore the policy-prescribed linguistic order. Such sequences are analysed in detail. The study increases our understanding of how language policy is lived out in practice, through interaction in the classroom. / I denna studie undersöks klassrumsinteraktionen i undervisning i främmande språk och språkpolitisk praktik på mikronivå i ett etnometodologiskt och samtalsanalytiskt perspektiv. Studien bygger på 20 timmars videoinspelningar av 20 lektioner i engelska i årskurs 8 och 9 i en internationell grundskola i Sverige. Inspelningarna utfördes mellan 2007 och 2010. Studiens huvudsyfte är att belysa några särdrag i hur en målspråksexklusiv språkpolitik materialiseras in situ i undervisning i främmande språk. Studien påvisar att en sådan språkpolitik är förhållandevis enkel att upprätthålla i den dagliga interaktionen men den dokumenterar också det betydande interaktionella arbete som utförs, av både lärare och elever, i problematiska fall där språkpolitiken äventyras. Ett interaktionellt fenomen som uppträder i sådana fall är language policing, interaktiva sekvenser där lärare eller elever återupprättar den språkpolitiska ordningen. Sådana sekvenser analyseras i detalj. Denna studie bidrar till att öka vår förståelse av hur språkpolitik görs i praktiken, i den dagliga interaktionen i klassrummet.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo investiga o papel do uso da seqüência Iniciação – Resposta – Avaliação & Iniciação – Resposta – Follow up (doravante IRA & IRF), bem como o papel dos fantoches em promover o uso da língua alvo e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas identidades na sala de aula de língua estrangeira pesquisada. Para tanto, adotam-se princípios e procedimentos da pesquisa-ação e, por isso, da metodologia qualitativa de análise. A professora-pesquisadora utilizou, em sala de aula, material didático elaborado por ela mesma em um estudo anterior. As aulas de inglês gravadas para este estudo ocorreram em uma turma de educação infantil de uma escola particular do Vale dos Sinos. A geração de dados, que ocorria uma vez por semana, durante três meses e meio, foi realizada em uma turma composta por 20 alunos, sendo que 10 eram meninas e 10 eram meninos. À primeira vista, as filmagens pareciam revelar grande recorrência de seqüências IRA nas interações. Contudo, a análise empreendida sugere outra interpretação das ações / This study seeks to investigate the role of using the Initiation – Response – Evaluation & Initiation – Response – Follow up sequences (hereafter IRE & IRF), as well as the role of puppets in fostering the use of the target language and the development of new identities in the second language classroom researched. In order to do so, principles and procedures of action-research, and therefore, from qualitative methodology of analysis were adopted. The researcher-teacher applied, in her classroom, didactic material that she had elaborated in a previous study. The classes of English recorded for the present study took place in a kindergarten class of a private school located in Vale do Rio dos Sinos. The recordings, which occurred once a week, during three months and a half, were made in a class composed by 20 students, of whom 10 were boys and 10 were girls. In a preliminary analysis, the recordings seemed to disclose a great deal of IRE sequences in the interactions. However, upon closer inspection, the analys

The purpose of the present study is to expand our current understanding of second language classroom discourse by exploring how four English as a second language (ESL) teachers working in an intensive English program structurally organize classroom language lessons through the use of language; how students and teachers perceive the functions of the various stages in a lesson; how teachers prepare for their language lessons; and how various discourses and texts in this teaching context influence teachers‘ spoken discourse in the classroom. In order to carry out the exploratory study of language lessons, a multidimensional genre-oriented approach is utilized that is sensitive to both textual and contextual analyses of language lessons. The findings suggest that despite the spontaneous nature of classroom settings and sometimes improvised nature of classroom teaching, experienced ESL teachers have generated and internalized schemata of language lessons, which consists of a stable schematic structure and linguistic patterns that are recognizable by both teachers and students. However, rather than viewing a language lesson as a distinctive genre, the study suggests that it might be described more precisely as a sub-genre of the classroom discourse genre proper that shares broad communicative purposes with other classroom discourse sub-genres, although also maintaining its own distinct characteristics. Further, the analysis indicates that seven resources appear to interact in dynamic, dialogic, and complex ways as experienced teachers set about constructing lessons that are goal-oriented, activity-driven, cohesive, and meaningful for both themselves and their students. Finally, the results demonstrate that experienced teachers integrate various material resources in the classroom that influence their talk; consequently, a language lesson can be regarded as both a process and a product that is highly multimodal, multimedial, and intertextual. The study concludes with implications for genre studies, classroom discourse studies, and second language teacher education, and with suggestions for future research.

The purpose of the present study is to expand our current understanding of second language classroom discourse by exploring how four English as a second language (ESL) teachers working in an intensive English program structurally organize classroom language lessons through the use of language; how students and teachers perceive the functions of the various stages in a lesson; how teachers prepare for their language lessons; and how various discourses and texts in this teaching context influence teachers‘ spoken discourse in the classroom. In order to carry out the exploratory study of language lessons, a multidimensional genre-oriented approach is utilized that is sensitive to both textual and contextual analyses of language lessons. The findings suggest that despite the spontaneous nature of classroom settings and sometimes improvised nature of classroom teaching, experienced ESL teachers have generated and internalized schemata of language lessons, which consists of a stable schematic structure and linguistic patterns that are recognizable by both teachers and students. However, rather than viewing a language lesson as a distinctive genre, the study suggests that it might be described more precisely as a sub-genre of the classroom discourse genre proper that shares broad communicative purposes with other classroom discourse sub-genres, although also maintaining its own distinct characteristics. Further, the analysis indicates that seven resources appear to interact in dynamic, dialogic, and complex ways as experienced teachers set about constructing lessons that are goal-oriented, activity-driven, cohesive, and meaningful for both themselves and their students. Finally, the results demonstrate that experienced teachers integrate various material resources in the classroom that influence their talk; consequently, a language lesson can be regarded as both a process and a product that is highly multimodal, multimedial, and intertextual. The study concludes with implications for genre studies, classroom discourse studies, and second language teacher education, and with suggestions for future research.

This thesis investigates how various text-talks, i.e. text-focused classroom discussions, may scaffold students’ reading of specialised texts in upper secondary school. The study consists of qualitative case studies based on classroom observations of two teachers’ History instruction, focusing on parts defined as text-talks. An intervention study was conducted where one teacher worked with two text-talk approaches. The research questions regard how students move in relation to the text in the text-talks and how text content is incorporated, what scaffolding structures emerge, and whether and how the text-talks differ. A secondary aim is to generate theories concerning the potentials and limitations of text-talk as a reading scaffold. Analyses were done in terms of text movability to show reading positions, intertextual cohesion to show relations between source text and text-talk, and scaffolding which includes peer scaffolding, teacher scaffolding and the text-talks as a scaffold per se. A methodological contribution is the development of a model for content-based analyses of authentic text-talks. The results show that in text-talks that work as a scaffold, students take the expected positions toward the text, and the talks are clearly related to the source text, by means of lexical and conjunctive cohesion that is often varied and built-out. For more demanding texts, the students show dynamic text movability and move between exploring contents, subject field and context. Other characteristics are either peer scaffolding showing dialogicity and negotiation of meaning, or teacher scaffolding enabling students to progress and develop tools for text reception. The intervention approaches seem to scaffold reading to a greater extent than text-talks within ordinary instruction where the framing is weak. In conclusion, the results suggest that both student- and teacher-led text-talks may scaffold reading, but they need to be well planned and prepared with a structured framing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoJCS_DISSERT.pdf: 3148033 bytes, checksum: 1d6e571d5bcd941b37b01b5a7eb6cb07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study is part of interactional perspective, focusing on Conversation Analysis theories, from the Textual Interactive Perspective and Text Linguistics . This research, from its guiding questions, aims at understanding the interaction between teacher and students in the process of the knowledge construction as well as at describing, analyzing and understanding aspects of topical organization speech in the classroom in elementary school, observing the opening and closing procedures of the speech topics in that particular space. Considering that the procedures for opening and closing of discursive topics occur through language marks, we tried to identify which speech marks are used in the opening and closing of the topics studied in the classroom, in interaction during the collaborative process of the discourse established between teacher and students. Therefore, this study is based on authors who analyze specific questions of the text in real context of language use: Koch (1993, 1999), Jubran et al (1991), Jubran (2006), Pine (2005), Penhavel (2010), Galembeck (2012), Barros (1991), Marcuschi (1986 , 1990, 1991 , 1998 , 1999, 2003 , 2004a), Kerbrat - Orecchioni (2006), Favero (1999, 2002) and Galv?o (2004, 2010). As a methodology of investigation, the study is focused on the postulates of ethnographic research in order to carry out data collection, through audio and video recordings which were transcribed, according to the NURC project proposal, with some adaptations. Data analysis showed that the procedures for opening and closing of the speech topics occurred by the use of discourse markers, in particular the marker "then", allowing us to understand that these elements are important in the topical organization speech, contributing to ensure textual cohesion and coherence. We conclude that the organization of the discursive topic in the classroom occurs through events that support the explicitness of the content of teaching and learning, considering the diverse necessity of an institutional academic plan, whose main objective is the construction of knowledge / Este trabalho se insere em perspectivas interacionais, com base nos pressupostos da An?lise da Conversa??o, da Perspectiva Textual Interativa e da Lingu?stica de Texto. A partir da quest?o norteadora que busca uma compreens?o acerca da intera??o entre professor e alunos no processo de constru??o do conhecimento, temos como objetivos: descrever, analisar e interpretar aspectos da organiza??o t?pica em sala de aula no Ensino Fundamental, observando os procedimentos de abertura e fechamento dos t?picos nesse espa?o espec?fico. Partindo da expectativa de que os procedimentos de abertura e fechamento dos t?picos discursivos ocorrem por meio de marcas lingu?sticas, buscamos identificar que marcas s?o usadas nas aberturas e fechamentos dos t?picos na sala de aula investigada, no transcurso das intera??es durante o processo colaborativo do discurso instaurado entre professora e alunos. Assim sendo, embasamo-nos em autores que analisam quest?es espec?ficas do texto em situa??o concreta de uso da linguagem, entre estes, Koch (1993, 1999), Jubran et al (1991), Jubran (2006), Pinheiro (2005), Penhavel (2010), Galembeck (2012), Barros (1991), Marcuschi (1986, 1990, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004a), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), F?vero (1999, 2002) e Galv?o (2004, 2010). Metodologicamente, orientamo-nos nos postulados da pesquisa etnogr?fica, a fim de realizar a coleta dos dados, atrav?s de grava??es em ?udio e v?deo, que foram transcritos, em seguida, conforme a proposta do projeto NURC, com algumas adapta??es. A an?lise dos dados ressaltados revelou que os procedimentos de abertura e de fechamento dos t?picos ocorreram pelo uso de marcadores discursivos, em especial o marcador ent?o , propiciando-nos ? compreens?o de que esses elementos s?o importantes na organiza??o t?pica, contribuindo para assegurar a coer?ncia e a coes?o textual. Conclu?mos que a organiza??o do t?pico discursivo em sala de aula acontece mediante ocorr?ncias que auxiliam a explicita??o do conte?do de ensino e aprendizagem, tendo em vista ?s diversas necessidades de um plano acad?mico institucional, cujo objetivo principal ? a constru??o do conhecimento

Abstract My aim is to explore how interaction is constructed in sermon discourse and lesson discourse, and what interactional roles emerge. Institutional speech is information-centred, but communication never aims merely to transmit information. Rather, it is a complex linguistic relationship affected by the societal and social context. The main theories of this study stem from systemic-functional grammar and critical discourse analysis. The research questions deal with reference to person, modification of the degree of certainty, naming, asking, ordering and politeness strategies. The data consisted of ten sermons and ten lessons. The approach of constructional discourse analysis was applied, but I used methods of conversation analysis, semantics, literary research and rhetoric and dialogue. The cleric and the teacher are speakers ex cathedra. Institutional discourse involves asymmetric power relations between the participants. In the tradition of the church, the sermon remains the cleric's address. In vocational education, the teacher is free to choose his or her methods. Presentation by the teacher is still the most popular method. The cleric tries in a sermon and the teacher in classroom speech to establish contacts with their listeners by using interactional strategies. The interpersonal features used differ in quality and quantity. Based on this I distinguished interactional types of action in sermon discourse and lesson discourse. Sermon discourse was here classified into five types of interpersonal action: matter-centred, narrative, declarative and directive monologue and dialogic sermon. Lesson discourse involved four types of interpersonal action: lecture monologue, directive monologue, lecture dialogue and instructional dialogue. The cleric and the teacher act in the institutional roles of a transmitter of information, an advisor, an orderer and a sharer of experiences. Both use different politeness strategies to reduce the interpersonal asymmetry brought about by their institutional status. The tradition of the cleric's address will not have an opportunity to change unless the listener is allowed to participate. The teacher has the power to change the discourse practice in the classroom, but the individual-centred school culture seems to bind the teacher to a teacher-centred learning model. The institution speaks, the listener keeps silent. The need for change must be recognized by the community before interaction can be revived in practice. The change may also be initiated by the listeners: is it possible at all to get into heaven or to get a job by the methods of the institution? / Tiivistelmä Nopeiden sosiaalisten ja teknologisten muutosten takia yhteiskunnan perinteiset toimintatavat joutuvat kriittiseen tarkasteluun. Tässä tutkimuksessa kohteena on kirkon ja koulun vuorovaikutus. Tarkoitukseni on selvittää, miten vuorovaikutus ilmenee saarna- ja opetusdiskurssissa ja mitä vuorovaikutusrooleja syntyy. Saarna ja oppitunti kuuluvat osana kirkon ja koulun diskurssikäytäntöön. Papin ja opettajan koulutus ja työ ovat yhteiskunnan säätelemiä. Institutionaalisessa puheessa sanoma on keskeinen, mutta ihmisten välinen viestintä ei ole vain tiedon välittämistä, vaan se on monimuotoinen kielellinen yhteys, johon vaikuttaa koko laaja sosietaalinen ja sosiaalinen konteksti. Tutkimukseni pääteoriat ovat peräisin systeemis-funktionaalisesta kieliopista ja kriittisestä diskurssianalyysista. Tutkimuskysymykset käsittelevät henkilöviittauksia, lausumien varmuusasteen modifiointia, nimeämistä, kysymistä, käskemistä ja kohteliaisuuskeinoja. Aineistoni koostuu kymmenestä saarnasta ja kymmenestä ammatillisen opetuksen oppitunnista, jotka on videoitu autenttisissa tilanteissa. Tarkastelutapa on konstruktionistinen diskurssianalyysi. Lisäksi olen hyödyntänyt menetelmiä keskustelunanalyysista, semantiikasta, kirjallisuustieteestä sekä retoriikan ja dialogin tutkimuksesta. Pappi ja opettaja ovat ex cathedra -puhujia. Kirkon traditiossa saarna on säilynyt papin puheenvuorona. Ammatillisessa opetuksessa opettaja voi valita opettaja- tai opiskelijakeskeisen menetelmän. Pappi ja opettaja pyrkivät kontaktiin kuulijan kanssa erilaisilla vuorovaikutuskeinoilla. Interpersoonaisten piirteiden käyttö vaihtelee saarnassa ja opetuspuheessa laadultaan ja määrältään. Tämän perusteella erotan saarna- ja opetusdiskurssista vuorovaikutuksellisia toimintatyyppejä. Tyypittelyn tarkoitus on havainnollistaa puhujan ja kuulijan vuorovaikutussuhdetta sekä osoittaa, että erilainen toimintatyyppi rakentaa erilaisia vuorovaikutusrooleja. Saarnadiskurssissa erottuu viisi toimintatyyppiä: asiakeskeinen, kertova, julistava ja kehottava monologi sekä saarnadialogi. Opetusdiskurssissa toimintatyyppejä on neljä: luentomonologi, ohjaileva monologi, luentodialogi ja opetusdialogi. Papin ja opettajan vuorovaikutusrooleja ovat muun muassa tiedon välittäjä, neuvon antaja, ohjailija ja kokemusten jakaja. Kuulijan vuorovaikutusrooleja ovat tiedon vastaanottaja, neuvon saaja, ohjeiden toteuttaja ja kokemukseen samastuja. Vuorovaikutus on saarnassa ja opetuspuheessa epäsymmetristä, minkä vuoksi pappi ja opettaja pyrkivät vähentämään institutionaalisen statuksen tuomaa vuorovaikutuksellista epätasapainoa erilaisilla kohteliaisuuskeinoilla. Saarnatraditio papin puheenvuorona ei tarjoa suurta mahdollisuutta vuorovaikutuskäytännön muutokseen, ellei toinen osapuoli saa osallistua. Opettaja voisi muuttaa luokkahuoneen diskurssikäytäntöä valitsemalla opiskelijakeskeisiä työtapoja, mutta yksilökeskeinen opettajakulttuuri näyttää sitovan opettajan omana kouluaikana opittuun malliin. Instituutio puhuu, kuulija vaikenee. Muutoksen tarpeen pitää lähteä yhteisöstä, jotta uudistuminen voisi toteutua. Diskurssikäytännön muuttamiseen voidaan joutua myös toisen osapuolen johtopäätöksistä: onko taivaspaikka tai työpaikka lainkaan instituution keinoilla saavutettavissa?

The present study analyses turn-taking in spoken discourse in seminar settings of higher education. The aim of the study is two-fold, (i) to explore how teachers organize their classroom discourse in terms of turn-taking structure, discursive organization and the subject positions of teachers and students and (ii) to further explore how power asymmetry in the teacher-student relationship may be realized in institutional discourse settings such as classrooms. Through the frameworks of institutional discourse, conversation analysis (CA) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study encompasses analyses of seminar data culled from The British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus. The study analyses the discourse organization of two different seminars in social studies and sciences by their turn-taking structure, turn-distribution and activity types to discuss the institutional properties of the interactions and the power asymmetry between participants. The analysis shows that the discursive subject roles of “teacher” and “student” have different claims to power and that the participants are more or less restricted by both the structure of the turn-taking systems and the activity types of the seminars. The teachers of the two seminars are further shown to restrict their students’ speaking rights and discursive mobility, using different discursive strategies to achieve their goals and to exercise control over the discourse, but that some students more or less effectively resist this control by utilizing the discourse structure and its resources to their advantage.

This study examines how a Swedish upper secondary school EFL teacher avoids performing Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) in instances of reprimanding and giving oral feedback to students. The results and discussion show that the teacher evades potential FTAs caused by statements and demands by using indirectness in the form of questions and requests. Moreover, the feedback was delivered in an emphatic manner, primarily consisting of positive reinforcement regarding the students having performed a task, and secondarily on content and students’ skills. The act of causing face impediments was also mitigated in the delivery of performance feedback with the use of hedges to corrections and with the use of plural ‘you’ rather than focusing on individual student’s errors. These findings suggest that teachers can enhance and maintain rapport with their students in instances that are inherently face-threatening, thereby providing further insight into how teachers can strengthen social relations through the choice of appropriate speech acts.

This study aimed to analyse organised interaction and assigned discussions occurring between students in EFL classrooms. It was conducted in order to identify the value-added in terms of learning by using discussion groups. Secondly, this study aimed to analyse how the contribution of models and approaches from pragmatics and discourse analysis can explain what is occurring during such conversations. Lastly, the structural and linguistic similarities and differences between teacher-to-student and student-to-student talk were also discussed. These questions were answered by examining four groups enrolled in English 6 in an upper secondary school located in the south part of Sweden. The qualitative data was collected through recordings from the students' discussions when they participated in a group speaking task as a part of the module of surveillance. The analysis of the data was conducted with the help of some of the aspects of conversation analysis. The results showed that not all of the participants in the group discussions sufficiently benefitted from the speaking task since, in most of the group, the need for the teacher's support was crucial in order for the students to use the target language and develop their speaking skills. In terms of the Speech Act Theory, the illocutionary acts identified in the conversations between students were that of the directive and assertive illocutionary acts used to pass the speaking turn to the other participants or to demonstrate agreement with the views of the previous turn. The conversational exchange was initiated by an opening framing move, followed by a response, but lacked follow-up moves in the form of feedback. Finally, there were some similarities and differences between teacher-to-student and student-to-student talk. The results showed that even if some of the students appeared to adapt to the role of the facilitator, they were not able to do so due to lack of knowledge to sufficiently support all the participants in order to be more active during the conversations and use the target language during the speaking task.