Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector-borne infectious diseases with major morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that co-occurrence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, or infection caused by parasitic worms, are associated with increased risk of malaria infection. However, studies of the association between STH and malaria, and the effect of antihelminth (deworming) treatments that are more commonly used in areas with high STH infection rates, are sparse. Therefore, we explored the relationship between STH and malaria infection in an Indonesian community (N=1997) with high prevalence of both STH and malaria while controlling for covariates and evaluating the role of deworming treatment as a covariate. Participants with STH infection and/or malaria infection were categorized as either infected or uninfected using PCR testing (cycle threshold count) at both baseline and end of study. Self-report, blood, and stool samples were used to assess overall STH and malaria infection from September 2008 to July 2010. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the impact of STH infection on malaria outcomes. To quantify these associations, robust Poisson regression models were used to assess the impact of baseline infections including STH infection on malaria while adjusting for age, sex, and the use of deworming treatment. Approximately 39.5% and 19.1% of all participants were infected with Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, respectively, at the start, while 18.0% and 9.96%, respectively, were infected at the end. A positive association was observed between Ascaris lumbricoides and P. vivax, and between Necator americanus and P. falciparum (PR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.53 to 2.04; PR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.00 to 4.29, respectively). While a negative association was observed between N. americanus and P. vivax, and between A. lumbricoides and P. falciparum (PR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.44 to 1.89; PR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.27 to 1.65, respectively). Overall, two of these models were significant (p = 0.062; p = 0.008; p = 0.030; p = 0.062, respectively). Similarly, there was a positive association observed between the use of albendazole treatment and STH and malaria outcomes.

HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) co-infection place an immense burden on health care systems as they act in synergy to worsen disease prognoses. TB is the most common cause of death in people living with HIV (PLWH) and in turn, HIV is the most significant risk factor for progressing from latent to active TB disease. While HIV and TB are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, they also disproportionately affect marginalized populations in Canada. Unfortunately, the only licensed TB vaccine, BCG, does not protect from adult pulmonary TB and is not recommended for PLWH. Thus, the development of novel TB vaccines, which are safe and effective in PLWH, remains an urgent global necessity. We have found that humanized mice (hu-mice) are ideal models to research this as they can be successfully infected with HIV, TB and HIV/TB and recapitulate human disease pathology. A next-generation respiratory mucosal (RM) trivalent chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine (Tri:ChAd68) was developed and tested in our naïve and HIV-infected hu-mice. When immunizing naïve hu-mice, a trend of increased M.tb-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ and TNFα in the lungs and spleen was observed. After subsequent M.tb infection, the vaccinated naïve hu-mice also exhibited significantly reduced lung mycobacterial burden, tissue dissemination and lung pathology. We then investigated the vaccine immunogenicity and ability to protect from TB in the context of HIV. Our immunized HIV-infected hu-mice were also able to produce M.tb-specific T cells and when challenged with M.tb, we observed a decreased trend in mycobacterial load in the lungs, indicating that the vaccine may be able to offer protection against TB when a prior HIV infection is present. These findings demonstrate the protective potential of the RM Tri:ChAd68 vaccine against TB disease for PLWH. In the future, we will test this vaccine in antiretroviral treated HIV-infected hu-mice to increase clinical significance. / Thesis / Master of Science in Medical Sciences (MSMS) / HIV and TB are major diseases that can occur together, severely worsening patients’ health and challenging global healthcare systems. The current TB vaccine, BCG, isn’t ideal for people living with HIV (PLWH), causing this vulnerable population to be at greater risk of getting TB infection. Therefore, developing a new TB vaccine that is safe and effective in PLWH is an urgent global issue. We used humanized mice that develop human immune cells to test a novel TB vaccine delivered to the lungs (Tri:ChAd68) to see if it could protect against TB and overcome immune challenges from HIV. We saw increased immune responses and lower TB infection in our vaccinated humanized mice and the vaccine appeared to also be beneficial in the mice that had prior HIV infection. This suggests the Tri:ChAd68 vaccine may be able to offer protection against TB in PLWH; however, more studies are needed to conclude this.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreacarneirodemenezesneves_disset.pdf: 1064515 bytes, checksum: 4e865ffb1b9ab1ee258e16419ad23f48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / In Sao Jose do Rio Preto-SP, the current data sum up 3,771 cases of AIDS, with a mortality rate of 1,841. The municipality of Sao Jose do Rio Preto ranks fifth in the number of AIDS cases in the state. Material and method: A retrospective study has been conducted from January 2005 to December 2009. All the HIV-1 seropositive individuals attended by the Testing and Counseling Center were enrolled in the study. Demographic data, epidemiological and clinical data have been analysed: gender, age group, schooling, marital status and co-infection with hepatitis B and C and syphilis. Results: The results showed that the study population was predominately composed of men (74.1%). Men exceed women by 3 to 1. The most frequently age group (70.07%) was between 26-45 years, and 48% of individuals are associated with the category ranging from 8-11 years of schooling. Regarding the single marital status category 60.74% are associated to the subpopulation vulnerable variable, 30.6% and 30.43% of the general subpopulation and chemotherapy dependents, respectively, are associated with couple marital status category. The co-positivity was as follows: HBsAg/HIV, 3.47%; anti-HBc/HIV, 27.2%; and HCV/HIV, 8.39%. The syphilis/HIV screening test was positive in 12.2 %, and the treponema test confirmed 52% of the cases. Conclusion: Co-infections are associated with behavioral factor. These require preventive measures aiming at to reduce the risk and assuring safer sexual practices. Counseling, laboratory testing and distribution of health kits should be incorporated into health services, thus being available to population. / Em São José do Rio Preto-SP, os dados atuais totalizam 3.771 casos de AIDS, com 1826 óbitos, justificando a quinta posição do município no ranking do Estado em casos de AIDS. Método:Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2009, em que foram incluídos como sujeitos deste estudo todos os indivíduos soropositivos para HIV-1, assistidos no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento. Foram analisados dados demográficos, epidemiológicos e clínicos: sexo; faixa etária; escolaridade; estado civil e co-infecção com hepatites B e C e sífilis. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a população estudada é composta por indivíduos do sexo masculino (74,1%), a relação gênero masculino/feminino foi de 3:1, a faixa etária de maior frequência (70,07%) foi entre 26-45 anos, 48% dos indivíduos estão associados à categoria de 8 a 11 anos de escolaridade. Na categoria estado civil desunido 60,74% estão associados à variável subpopulação vulnerável, 30,6% e 30,43% subpopulação geral e quimiodependentes, respectivamente, estão associadas à categoria estado civil unido. A co-positividade HBsAg/HIV foi de 3,47%, anti HBc total/HIV foi de 27,2%, HCV/HIV foi de 8,39% e para sífilis/HIV o teste de triagem foi reagente em 12,2% e o teste treponêmico confirmou 52% dos casos.Conclusões: Co-infecções estão associadas a fatores comportamentais, necessitando de ações preventivas voltadas à redução do risco e a práticas sexuais mais seguras. Aconselhamentos, testes laboratoriais e distribuição de insumos devem ser incorporados nos serviços de saúde para que a população tenha acesso.

Le changement climatique mondial et les perturbations anthropiques affectent fortement les écosystèmes. Malgré des études à grande échelle axées sur la biodiversité, la façon dont les perturbations anthropiques influencent les divers aspects de l'écologie et de l'évolution des populations a également attiré une attention considérable. Cette thèse explore le stress amené par le changement climatique global sur les populations animales, en utilisant le système modèle du lézard commun (Zootoca vivipara) et de ses ectoparasites (un acarien du genre Ophionyssus et une tique Ixodes ricinus). La première étude aborde l'hypothèse de la compétition induite par les co-infections. La médiation environnementale est suggérée pour expliquer la cooccurrence entre ces deux espèces de parasites. La seconde étude utilise des données spatiales à long terme pour examiner les effets du réchauffement climatique sur l'infection parasitaire, la forme physique de l'hôte et la différence entre les différents phénotypes de l'hôte dans leurs réponses à ces stress (différences intraspécifiques). Des stratégies alternatives pour faire face à l'infection parasitaire et au réchauffement climatique sont validées, et un arbitrage phénotypique entre la défense contre le parasitisme et la survie est détecté. Cette étude confirme également une interaction phénotype - environnement, indiquant qu'au sein de la même population, certains phénotypes pourraient être plus vulnérables que d'autres sous la pression de la perturbation anthropique. La troisième étude se concentre sur les changements de comportement et de syndromes comportementaux dépendants du parasitisme et des différents états de l'hôte. Des traits reproductibles avec un biais sexuel sont identifiés, ainsi qu'un syndrome comportemental d'évasion-audace. L'état individuel (la gravité) semble affecter la stabilité du syndrome comportemental. Cependant, les effets causals du parasitisme restent vagues et doivent être confirmés par des expériences de contrôle. / Global change and anthropogenic disturbances are intensely affecting the earth ecosystem. Despite large-scale studies focusing on biodiversity, how anthropogenic disturbances could influence various aspects of population ecology and evolution has also drawn tremendous attention. This thesis explores the stress of global change imposed on the animal population, by using the model system of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and its ectoparasites (one mite in the genus Ophionyssus and one tick Ixodes ricinus). The first study addresses the hypothesis in competition induced by co-infections. Environmental mediation is suggested to explain the co-occurrence between these two species of parasites. The second study uses a spatial and a long-term data to examine climate warming effects on parasite infection, host fitness, and how distinct host phenotypes differ in their responses to these stresses (intraspecific differences). Alternative strategies to cope with parasite infection and climate warming are validated, and a phenotype-dependent trade-off between defense against parasitism and survival is detected. This study also confirms a phenotype-by-environment interaction, indicating even within the same population, certain phenotype could be more vulnerable than others under the anthropogenic perturbation. The third study focuses on changes of behavior and behavioral syndromes under effects of parasitism and host states. Repeatable traits with sex bias are identified, so along with a boldness-escape behavioral syndrome. Individual state (gravidity) seems to affect the stability of the behavioral syndrome. However, the causal effects of parasitism still remain vague and need to be further testified with control experiments.

Le « porcine respiratory disease complex » (PRDC) est un trouble multifactoriel dû à une infection simultanée ou séquentielle de divers micro-organismes pouvant intensifier ou prolonger les signes cliniques des porcs. On retrouve dans ce complexe Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, un des agents initiateurs du PRDC et agent primaire de la pneumonie enzootique (EP) chez les porcs. Streptococcus suis est l’un des agents pathogènes secondaires du PRDC, c’est également un agent pathogène important induisant principalement des méningites, des septicémies et la mort subite des porcelets post-sevrés. Mycoplasma hyorhinis est également l’un des agents pathogènes secondaires du PRDC, et va induire des inflammations sérofibrineuses chez les porcelets. Comme ces trois pathogènes sont retrouvés au sein du PRDC et au niveau des voies respiratoires supérieures des porcs, il pourrait exister un effet positif des mycoplasmes sur la pathogénèse de S. suis. C’est pourquoi différentes expériences in vitro ont été réalisées avec les cellules épithéliales porcines (NPTr), les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et les cellules dendritiques porcines (BM-DCs) qui ont été pré-infectés par les mycoplasmes puis infectés avec S. suis. Il a été observé que la cytotoxicité et l’inflammation des cellules porcines ont été significativement augmentées lorsqu’elles ont été pré-infectées par les mycoplasmes puis infectées par S. suis. Cependant, la pré-infection des cellules n’a pas joué de rôle sur l’adhésion et l’invasion de S. suis, sur la phagocytose et la survie intracellulaire de la bactérie. Cette étude semble montrer que la pré-infection des mycoplasmes pourraient induire un contexte inflammatoire favorisant la pathogenèse de S. suis. / Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial disorder due to simultaneous or sequential infection with various microorganisms that can intensify or prolong clinical signs in pigs. Included in this complex is Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, one of the initiating agents of PRDC and the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP) in pigs. Streptococcus suis is one of the secondary pathogens of PRDC and is also an important pathogen, mainly causing meningitis, septicemia, and sudden death in post-weaned piglets. Mycoplasma hyorhinis is also one of the secondary pathogens of PRDC and will also induce serofibrinous inflammation in piglets. As all three pathogens are found in the PRDC and in the upper respiratory tract of pigs there may be a positive effect of mycoplasma on the pathogenesis of S. suis. Therefore, different in vitro experiments were performed with newborn pig tracheal cells (NPTr), primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and porcine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) that were pre-infected with mycoplasma and then infected with S. suis. It was observed that cytotoxicity and inflammation of pig cells were significantly increased when they were pre-infected with mycoplasma and then infected with S. suis. However, pre-infection of the cells did not play a role in the adhesion and invasion of S. suis and in the phagocytosis and intracellular survival of the bacteria. This study suggests that pre-infection with mycoplasma may induce an inflammatory context favoring the pathogenesis of S. suis.

Les interactions entre le circovirus porcin de génotype 2b (PCV2b), le virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (VSRRP) et le virus de l’influenza porcine (VIP) dans le complexe respiratoire porcin (CRP) sont souvent associées à une augmentation des signes cliniques respiratoires chez les animaux. L’objectif général de cette étude était de caractériser les effets et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la pathogenèse de la co-infection de PCV2b avec le VSRRP ou le VIP dans des modèles cellulaires des voies respiratoires du porc. La réplication virale, la viabilité cellulaire, l’expression de l’ARNm des cytokines et la modulation de l’expression des gènes cellulaires induite par l’infection virale ont été évalués dans les cellules co-infectées versus les cellules infectées par un seul virus. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de confirmer que la réplication du PCV2b augmente en présence du VSRRP dans les cellules épithéliales des voies respiratoires porcines (NPTr) génétiquement modifiées pour exprimer le récepteur CD163 (NPTr-CD163), tandis que celle du VSRRP est diminuée. Il a été mis en évidence que le PCV2b provoque une diminution ou une augmentation de la réplication du VIP dans les cellules NPTr et les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (iPAM 3D4/21), respectivement. Cependant, la réplication du PCV2b n’est pas affectée en présence du VIP. L’expression des ARNm des cytokines varie différemment selon le modèle de co-infection analysé et le type cellulaire infecté. L’expression des interférons de type I (α/β) a été significativement réduite dans les cellules NPTr-CD163, co- infectées par le PCV2b et le VSRRP (PCV2b/VSRRP) par rapport aux mêmes cellules infectées uniquement par le PCV2b. Cependant, la co-infection du PCV2b et du VIP (PCV2b/VIP) a causé une augmentation synergique de l’expression des IFNs de type I et de type II dans les cellules NPTr, tandis que dans les cellules iPAM 3D4/21, le PCV2b a affecté la réponse des IFNs induite par le VIP. À la suite des analyses transcriptomiques, plusieurs gènes différentiellement exprimés ont été identifiés dans les cellules co-infectées ou infectées par un seul virus. Dans les cellules co-infectées PCV2b/VSRRP, le niveau d’expression de l’ARNm et de la protéine du gène cellulaire codant pour la phosphatase 1 à double spécificité (DUSP1) ont été significativement augmentés. La réduction de l’expression de DUSP1, à l’aide des petits ARN interférents (ou siRNA pour small interfering RNA) dans les cellules co-infectées a significativement réduit la réplication du PCV2b, suggérant un rôle de DUSP1 dans la pathogenèse de la co-infection PCV2b/VSRRP. / Interactions of porcine circovirus genotype 2b (PCV2b), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV) in the porcine respiratory complex (PRC) are often associated with increased respiratory clinical signs in animals. The general objective of this study was to characterize the effects and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PCV2b co-infection with PRRSV or SwIV using cellular models of the porcine respiratory tract. Viral replication, cell viability, cytokine mRNA expression and modulation of cell gene expression induced by viral infection were evaluated in co-infected cells versus single infected cells. The results obtained confirmed that PCV2b replication increases in the presence of PRRSV in porcine respiratory epithelial cells (NPTr) genetically modified to express the CD163 receptor (NPTr-CD163), whereas PRRSV is decreased. It was demonstrated that PCV2b causes a decrease or an increase in SwIV replication in NPTr cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (iPAM 3D4/21), respectively. However, PCV2b replication was not affected in the presence of SwIV. The impact of co-infections on cytokine mRNA expression varied according to the co- infection model and the type of infected cell. Type I IFNs (α/β) expression was significantly reduced in PCV2b/PRRSV co-infected NPTr-CD163 cells compared to PCV2b single-infected cells. However, PCV2b/SwIV co- infection caused a synergistic increase in type I IFNs expression in NPT cells, while in iPAM 3D4/21 cells, PCV2b affected SwIV-induced IFN response. As result of transcriptomic analyses, differentially expressed genes were identified in co-infected and single infected cells. It was observed that in PCV2b/PRRSV co- infected cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of the cellular gene coding for the dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) were significantly increased. Knockdown of DUSP1 expression in co- infected cells, using specific siRNA, significantly reduced PCV2b replication, suggesting a role for DUSP1 in the pathogenesis of PCV2b/PRRSV co-infection.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evelyn Costa Lira.pdf: 1005417 bytes, checksum: 3bedf4425cb61a6cb9ef7da53b2dd67f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer between women worldwide. In Brazil, 18.430 new cases of the disease are expected through 2010. Its incidence is greater in the North region. One of the most crucial factors to the spawning of this kind of cancer is the presence of an infection caused by the HPV (Human Papillomavirus). By itself, this virus can t lead to carcinogenesis. Some studies suggest the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis as a co-factor in its development. This study s goal was to investigate the co-infection of HPV and C. trachomatis in cervical samples with normal and altered cell biologies. Its consisted of a transversal study, where two groups were applied: GROUP I, made of 152 women who showed pre-malignant and malignant cervical injuries, and GROUP II, of 164 women who showed inflammatory cell biology. The HPV/C. trachomatis co-infection was detected through PCR and the two HPV types were detected by sequencing. Co-infection was found in 27,1% (41/152) of women in GROUP I and 3,75% in GROUP II s. The connection between the co-infection and the environmental, socio-economic and clinical factors was observed only to the variable HPV type (p=0,0424) which associates HPV 16 to 64,1% of co-infected women. / O câncer de colo do útero é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum entre as mulheres no mundo inteiro. Para o Brasil, o número de novos casos esperados, em 2010, é de 18.430. Na região Norte é o mais incidente. Um dos fatores mais importantes para o surgimento deste tipo de câncer é a presença da infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). Sozinho, este vírus não pode levar à carcinogênese. Alguns estudos sugerem a presença da Chlamydia trachomatis como co-fator em seu desenvolvimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a co-infecção de HPV e C. trachomatis em amostras cervicais com citologia normal e alterada. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, onde foram utilizados dois grupos: o GRUPO I, constituído de 152 mulheres que apresentaram lesões pré-malignas e malignas do colo do útero e o GRUPO II, constituído de 164 mulheres que apresentaram citologia inflamatória. A co-infecção HPV/C. trachomatis foi detectada através da PCR e os tipos de HPV foram identificados via seqüenciamento. Foi encontrada co-infecção em 27,1% (41/152) das mulheres do GRUPO I e em 3,75% das mulheres do GRUPO II. A associação entre a co-infecção e os fatores sócio-econômicos-ambientais e clínicos foi observada apenas para a variável Tipo de HPV (p=0,0424) que associa o HPV 16 a 64,1% das mulheres co-infectadas.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T13:41:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dinaura Maramaldo Cruz.pdf: 3121635 bytes, checksum: 83c3cab538352aacd4eaa7920d4fa684 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T13:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dinaura Maramaldo Cruz.pdf: 3121635 bytes, checksum: 83c3cab538352aacd4eaa7920d4fa684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-04 / The type 1 and type 2 virus human T-lymphotropic type 1 are human retroviruses, that destroy or transform lymphocytes causing diseases that are externalized years or even decades after primary infection. The virus has a worldwide prevalence varies by geographic region and population, Brazil is assigned the highest absolute number of carriers. Risk factors such as transfusions, sharing needles, sexual contact and breastfeeding are no ways to prevent transmission. The objective of this study was the epidemiological profile of the sociodemographic and blood donors, the Blood Center of Maranhão - HEMOMAR with positive serology for HTLV-1/2, identifying the virus types. We analyzed the records of 924 blood donors of the Blood Center of Maranhão - HEMOMAR, which showed positive pattern and indeterminate ELISA test (OD / CO > 0.800) and the Western blot test in the period January 2002 to December 2009. Reactivity was identified for HTLV-1 / 2 by ELISA in the general population of donors is 0.24% (n = 924/398.362) and 0.02% in the Western blot test. Sex, age and color were statistically significant. Considering the group studied, there was a significant number of females, average age 40 years predominantly brown and black. Most had less than eight years. Among the cases 35.6% had co-infection with other serological markers, with higher prevalence for hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C, syphilis and HIV. The Western Blot test revealed the circulation of HTLV type 2 (2,4%) between subjects, but with higher prevalence for HTLV type 1 (70,1%). The presence of HTLV-1/2, the situation of co-infections associated with HTLV indicate the need for adoption of effective public health measures focused on the implementation of prevention strategies, since even in the presence of population studies suggests the existence of risk factors for transmission. Epidemiological studies have been relevant to advances in scientific knowledge about HTLV. The availability of qualified information on the means of transmission, prevention and risk perception, considering cultural and social aspects, are mechanisms for intervention in controlling the virus. / Os vírus linfotrópicos de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) e do tipo 2 (HTLV-2) são retrovírus humanos, que destroem ou transformam os linfócitos causando doenças que se exteriorizam anos ou mesmo décadas após a infecção primária. O vírus tem prevalência mundial que varia de acordo com a região geográfica e população estudada; ao Brasil é atribuído maior número absoluto de portadores. Fatores de risco como transfusões, uso compartilhado de agulhas, aleitamento materno e contato sexual sem prevenção são formas de transmissão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer o perfil epidemiológico e sociodemográfico dos doadores de sangue, do Hemocentro do Maranhão – HEMOMAR, com sorologia positiva para HTLV-1/2, identificando os tipos virais. Foram analisados os registros de 924 doadores de sangue do Hemocentro do Maranhão – HEMOMAR, que apresentaram padrão positivo e indeterminado no teste ELISA (DO / CO > 0,800) e no teste Western Blot no período janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2009. Identificou-se reatividade para o HTLV-1/ 2 pelo teste ELISA na população geral de doadores de 0,24% (n=924/398.362) e 0,02% no teste Western Blot. Sexo, idade e cor foram estatisticamente significantes. Considerando o grupo estudado, houve um número significativo do sexo feminino, média de idade de 40 anos predominando pardos e negros. A maioria tinha escolaridade inferior a oito anos. Entre os casos, 35,6% apresentaram co-infecção com outros marcadores sorológicos, com maior prevalência para Hepatite B, além de Hepatite C, Sífilis e HIV. O teste Western Blot revelou a circulação do HTLV tipo 2 (2,4%) entre os sujeitos, mas com maior prevalência para o HTLV tipo 1 (70,1%). A presença do HTLV-1/2, a situação de coinfecções associadas ao HTLV indica a necessidade de adoção de medidas eficazes de saúde pública focadas na implantação de estratégias de prevenção, uma vez que a presença do mesmo na população estudada sugere a existência de fatores de risco à transmissão. Estudos epidemiológicos têm sido relevantes para avançar no conhecimento científico sobre o HTLV. A disponibilização de informação qualificada sobre os meios de transmissão, prevenção e percepção de risco, considerando aspectos culturais e sociais, constitui mecanismos para intervenção no controle do vírus.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-03T15:45:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Raquel Silva Lisboa.pdf: 4230911 bytes, checksum: e7087ccd29d417f592ca09ec5f49c657 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T15:45:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Raquel Silva Lisboa.pdf: 4230911 bytes, checksum: e7087ccd29d417f592ca09ec5f49c657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq. / Dogs can be infected with various hemoparasites, and the occurrence of co-infections between Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Hepatozoon canis species is very common, since they have the same tick vector. The objectives of this study were to delineate a multiplex PCR technique for the simultaneous diagnostic of microorganisms of Babesia and Ehrlichia genera in canine blood samples, and to realize the partial characterization of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene of the family Anaplasmataceae agents and, of 18S rRNA gene of Babesia detected in some samples PCR-positive, comparing the sequences obtained with sequences of other strains previously deposited in GenBank. Total DNA of 119 blood samples was extracted, of these, 40 were selected by showing cytoplasmatic inclusions in leukocytes and/or platelets suggesting infection by agents of Anaplasmataceae family (1E to 40E), 37 by showing piroplasms (1B to 37B), and two by presenting structures of both agents (M1 and M2), and finally, 40 samples with negative parasitological diagnostic and hematological exam without alterations. All these samples were tested by PCR to confirm the absence or presence of these hemoparasites, and them utilized in the multiplex PCR delineation. In multiplex PCR reactions the primers A17/EC3 were used to amplify an approximately 600bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of Ehrlichia species and the primers PIRO-A1/PIRO-B were used to amplify an approximately 450bp region of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia species. Validation of multiplex PCR was performed by real time multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR was able to simultaneously detect both agents in a DNA sample of a dog naturally co-infected and all the single infections by Babesia, but does not detected all the Ehrlichia infections. The real-time multiplex PCR was more sensitive in detect both single and also co-infections, as well as positive DNA mixtures for the two agents. The sequencing results confirmed the isolates identity, and that the primers PIRO-A1/PIRO-B also amplified the DNA of Hepatozoon canis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. canis, A. platys, B. canis and H. canis species found in this study showed close similarities with sequences previously deposited in GenBank, forming monophyletic groups. / Os c?es podem se infectar com diversos hemoparasitos, sendo muito comum a ocorr?ncia de coinfec??es entre as esp?cies Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Anaplasma platys e Hepatozoon canis, visto que possuem o mesmo carrapato vetor. Este estudo teve como objetivos delinear uma t?cnica de PCR multiplex para diagnosticar simultaneamente microrganismos dos g?neros Ehrlichia e Babesia em amostras de sangue de c?es e realizar a caracteriza??o parcial de fragmentos do gene 16S rRNA de agentes da fam?lia Anaplasmataceae e do gene 18S rRNA de Babesia detectados em algumas amostras positivas pela PCR, comparando as sequ?ncias obtidas com as sequ?ncias de outras cepas depositadas previamente no GenBank. O DNA total de 119 amostras de sangue foi extra?do. Destas, 40 foram selecionadas por apresentar inclus?es citoplasm?ticas em leuc?citos e/ou plaquetas sugestivas de infec??o por agentes da fam?lia Anaplasmataceae (1E a 40E), 37 por apresentar formas parasit?rias de piroplasm?deos (1B a 37B), duas por apresentar estruturas de ambos os agentes (M1 e M2) e, finalmente, 40 amostras com diagn?stico parasitol?gico negativo e exame hematol?gico sem altera??es. Todas estas amostras foram testadas por PCR, para a confirma??o da aus?ncia ou presen?a destes hemoparasitos, e depois utilizadas no delineamento da PCR multiplex. Nas rea??es de PCR multiplex utilizou-se os oligonucleot?deos iniciadores A17/EC3 que amplificam um produto de aproximadamente 600pb de uma por??o do gene 16S rRNA de esp?cies de Ehrlichia e os oligonucleot?deos iniciadores PIRO-A1/PIRO-B que amplificam um produto de aproximadamente 450pb de uma por??o do gene 18Sr RNA de esp?cies de Babesia. A valida??o da PCR multiplex foi realizada por PCR multiplex em tempo-real. A PCR multiplex foi capaz de detectar simultaneamente os dois agentes em uma amostra de DNA de um c?o naturalmente coinfectado e todas as infec??es individuais por Babesia, mas n?o detectou todas as infec??es por Ehrlichia. A PCR multiplex em tempo real foi mais sens?vel em detectar tanto infec??es ?nicas quanto coinfec??es, al?m de misturas de DNA positivo para os dois agentes. Os resultados dos sequenciamentos confirmaram a identidade dos isolados, e que os oligonucleot?deos PIRO-A1/PIRO-B amplificaram tamb?m, o DNA de Hepatozoon canis. As an?lises filogen?ticas indicaram que as esp?cies de E. canis, A. platys, B. canis e H. canis encontradas neste estudo possuem similaridades pr?ximas com sequ?ncias previamente depositadas no GenBank, formando grupos monofil?ticos.