The object of this study is to investigate which tendencies there are in terms of the frequency of hispanication of Swedish verbs used by Spanish-speakers who live in Sweden. The emphasis is put on explaining the phenomena of hispanication, and the frequency in which it may occur. The study is based on an empirical corpus, and is carried out with a questionnaire. Verbs found in earlier studies, and with help from a Spanish-speaking professor at the Linneaus University of Växjö, have been used in the questionnaire where the Hispanics have been asked to state the frequency of their use of these verbs. The individuals taking part in the study have also been asked to provide personal information in order to obtain a better understanding of the frequency of the hispanication in comparison to their social-linguistic background and how they themselves evaluate their linguistic competence in both Swedish and Spanish. Comparisons are made between different groups, such as gender, age, linguistic competence and linguistic self-evaluation. To further understand the terms used in the study, which often appears in a linguistic context, the author has made a short explanation of the terms that are most frequently used. Many of the terms used cause great controversy and lots of problems among the ones who study linguistics, and therefore it was important in this study to clarify the meaning of these terms, such as loan word, code-switching and hispanication. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the use of the verbs appearing in this short study generally shows no frequent use, although some verbs such as grilar, parkear and pasar show tendencies of a major use among the informants.

It is a frequently observed phenomenon that language learners often turn to their native language in the foreign language classroom, i.e. they code-switch, but why is it so? In order to investigate this, this study had two aims; the first aim was about trying to see if the frequency of code-switching differed depending on the questions’ levels of difficulty. This study was conducted on three different upper-secondary schools and involved 24 pupils. The pupils’ age varied from 16 to 19. The hypotheses were that pupils code-switch less when answering basic level questions and more when answering advanced level questions. Small groups were observed and they read a text and answered eight questions. The results showed that the pupils did code-switch more on the advanced level questions and less on the basic level questions. They code-switched 15 times on the basic level-questions and 21 times on the advanced level-questions. However, this is not a big difference since there were only six instances that differed between them. The second aim was about trying to see if one could categorize code-switching. It was based on Sert’s (2005) three categories; Equivalence, Reiteration and Floor-holding and four other categories invented by the researcher of this study; Student-student code-switching, Student-researcher code-switching, Comfort code-switching and Sorry code-switching, thus, seven categories in total. The results showed that the pupils did code-switch differently and that Sert’s categories did exist, but they were not enough that is why the researcher added the four other categories.

The present study investigates communicative strategies used by a group of four upper-secondary L2 learners of English. To be able to reach this goal, I have recorded and transcribed a conversation between these students in order to detect natural communication. The communicative strategies I have looked for were: pauses and hesitations, questions, code-switching and message abandonment. Previous research on communicative strategies is divided into two different fields. These two approaches define and classify communication strategies as either interactional or psycholinguistic.  The definition and classification of communicate strategies depends viz. on what kind of approach is used.

Even though English should mainly be used in the EFL-classroom according to the Swedish national curriculum, some recent scholars have argued that a judicious use of the students’ L1 by the teachers in some particular situations may benefit the learning environment there. From this context, this thesis examines what research says about in what particular situations the L1 is used by teachers in upper secondary EFL-classrooms as well as the teachers’ and the students’ attitudes towards this practice. The method used was a systematic literature review, where seven articles from all across the globe were analyzed, compared and synthesized. The results show that the L1 was mainly used by the teachers when managing discipline, when explaining grammar and when teaching vocabulary. However, the articles did not conclude how the L1 could be used strategically by the teachers. Concerning the teachers’ and students’ attitudes, the majority of these were positive towards L1 use by the teacher in the above mentioned situations. However, the teachers were not aware of how the L1 could be used by them in a judicious and a strategic way. Lastly, it can be concluded that more research is needed on how the L1 can be used more strategically by the teachers as well as on the students’ perspective on this.

Bimodal tvåspråkighet hos personer med hörselnedsättning är ett forskningsområde med begränsad omfattning. Denna studie syftar till att belysa hur bimodal tvåspråkighet kan fungera i en klass för hörselskadade elever, så kallad hörselklass. Genom deltagande observation har videoinspelningar av interaktionen i klassrummen gjorts, vilka sedan transkriberats utifrån en multimodal samtalsanalys då analysen avsett både den talspråkliga och den teckenspråkiga interaktionen. Utifrån frågeställningen hur och på vilket sätt tecken och teckenspråk används i klassrumsinteraktionen visar resultaten att kodblandning, dvs. simultan användning av tal och tecken är vanligt förekommande hos både lärare och elever. Ett annat förekommande fenomen som framkommit i klassrumsobservationerna hos eleverna är kodväxling, som sker när eleverna byter språk för särskilda syften, t.ex. för att viska med varandra medan lektionen pågår. En annan funktion kodväxlingen uppvisade var möjligheten till att genomföra samtalsdelningar under en pågående aktivitet. / Bimodal bilingualism among people with hearing loss is an area of ​​research with limited extent. This study aims to highlight how bimodal bilingualism can work in a class of hard-of hearing students. Through partaking observation, video recordings of interaction in the classrooms have been made, which later have been transcribed with a multimodal conversation analysis approach. The multimodal conversation analysis comprises both the spoken and the signed interaction. Based on the questions of how and in what way signs and the sign language are used in classroom interaction, the results show that code-blending, i.e. simultaneous use of speech and signs, was common among both teachers and students. Another common phenomenon that emerged in the classroom observations is code-switching, which occurs when pupils change their language for specific purposes, e.g. to whisper to each other during the ongoing lesson. Another feature code-switching demonstrated was the ability to conduct schismings during an ongoing activity.

This thesis focuses on Chinese–Swedish code-switching of bilingual children in Sweden. The purpose is to, through a case study, study what Chinese–Swedish code-switching looks like in daily conversations between bilingual children and their parents. Three main questions are formulated from the purpose of the thesis, foucusing on the types and frequencies of code-switching, the grammar of code-switching, and the motivation of code-switching. The linguistic material comes from voice recordings of naturally occurring conversations between three children and their parents, which are transcribed afterwards. In order to answer the questions, two different kinds of analyses are carried out: a quantitative analysis, to study the types and frequencies of code-switching, and a qualitative analysis, to study the grammar and motivation of code-switching. The qualitative analysis includes a grammatical analysis and a conversation analysis. The results of the analyses show that the types and frequencies of code-switching vary between different children, due to the interplay of three factors, namely the children’s language competence, the parents’ language patterns and the status of Swedish as the primary language in the society. In intra-sentential code-switching, when both languages have the same word order, constituents in different languages follow the corresponding grammar; and when code-switching occurs at places where there are different word orders in the two languages, the speaker has to choose and follow one of the grammars. The conversation analysis shows that code-switching is used as an extra and exclusive resource for bilingual speakers at turn distribution, marking preference and initiating repair.

This investigation is about the English language in Swedish TV-commercials. Theinvestigation shows that there are commercials in Sweden that involve other languages thanSwedish. The languages found in this study apart from Swedish were English, Italian andGerman. The results show that the most common language was Swedish, which was used in405 (96.4%) of the 420 commercial spots of which the data consists. In 57.6% of thecommercials Swedish was the only language that was used compared to the 3.6% spots whichonly included English. Swedish was used together with English, Italian or German in 159commercials. There were 168 ads which contained some form of English, as the onlylanguage or together with Swedish. The results show that there was no major differenceregarding the time when the commercials containing only Swedish were broadcast. The sameconclusion could be drawn for the commercials which contained Swedish together withEnglish. The commercials which only included English were broadcast most frequently in themorning and at night. In conclusion, Swedish was the language used to the greatest extent.Furthermore, English appeared in nearly 50% of the commercials even though it was onlyused exclusively in a few ads. / Den här undersökningen handlar om användningen av engelska i svensk tv-reklam.Undersökningen visar att det finns reklam i Sverige som använder sig av andra språk änsvenska. De språk som användes utöver svenska var engelska, italienska och tyska.Resultaten visar att det språk som användes mest var svenska, som användes i 405 (96.4%)av de 420 reklaminslag som utgör datan. I 57.6% av reklaminslagen var svenska det endaspråket som användes jämfört med de 3.6% som endast innehöll engelska. Svenska användestillsammans med engelska, italienska eller tyska i 159 reklaminslag. Totalt innehöll 168reklaminslag engelska i någon form, som enda språk eller tillsammans med svenska.Resultaten visar att det inte var någon större skillnad på vid vilken tidpunkt reklam på enbartsvenska sändes. Samma slutsats gick att dra för de reklaminslag som innehöll svenskatillsammans med engelska. Reklam som endast innehöll engelska i någon form sändes mestfrekvent i tidsintervall ett och tre, det vill säga på morgonen och på kvällen.Sammanfattningsvis var svenska det språk som användes mest. Engelska däremot, användesi nästan 50% av reklaminslagen även om det endast användes på egen hand i några få inslag.

Detta examensarbete belyser fenomenet kodväxling som kommunikativ strategi hos en grupp gymnasieelever med svenska som modersmål och svenska som andraspråk, vid samtal på engelska. Med en sociokulturell syn på kunskap och lärande och med språkanvändning som förargument, antogs en samtalsanalytisk inriktning med avsikt att studera form och funktioner för kodväxling. För att belysa det som sker i ett samtal mellan dessa elever och konkret ge exempel på olika former och funktioner för kodväxling genomfördes både en ljud-och videoinspelning med eleverna i två omgångar följt av en transkribering av det inspelade materialet. Det centrala materialet i studien har därför sin grund i transkriberingen och bygger ur metodologisk synpunkt på samtalsanalytiska aspekter som på kommunikativa strategier. Studien visar att deltagarna använde kodväxling för en mängd olika funktioner där målet var att få fram sitt budskap. Inga sammanbrott i kommunikationen mellan deltagarna i denna studie inträffade, dels för att samtliga deltagare behärskar kodväxlingsspråket, dels för att deltagarna inte letar efter språkliga misstag hos varandra (Gröning 2004). Studien visar även på ett samband mellan var kodväxling inträffar och vad dess funktion avser uppfylla. / The present study investigates the use and appearance of code-switching as a communicative strategy used by a group of upper secondary students in Sweden. A total of six students participated in this study in which three of them have Swedish as a first language and three students have Swedish as a second language. All students were sound and video recorded while speaking English together (without my presence or interference). The recordings were analyzed using a revised conversational analysis (Norrby 2004) in order to detect the appearance of and function for code-switching. The present study shows that the occurrence of code-switching does not contribute to breakdown in communication. The reason for why the communication did not break down is based on the fact that the code-switched language is Swedish, which all the contestants comprehend to various degrees, and because the participants were not aiming at pointing out each other’s mistakes (Gröning 2004). Code-switching is used for various different functions which all contribute to keeping the conversation going in order to maintain the interactional goal. This study also indicates that there is a connection between where the code-switched element occurs in the utterance and function for code-switching.

The aim of this thesis is to find out to what extent DVTV Internet TV speakers adhere to Literary Czech in each interview they perform and under which circumstances they do not. We also wanted to contribute to the answers to the question, whether it is appropriate to think about the transition from the current concept of Literary Czech to Standard Czech. During the interview analysis, we monitored the rate of occurrence of the non-standard elements, the influence of the speaker's role in the interview, and selected sociolinguistic factors which have influence on the choice of language code. We compared the results with the research of other journalistic interviews and with the corpus data from the Common Czech. The examined material consisted of 30 interviews from January to February 2016. We found out that some of the interviewed people tended to use Literary Czech, some were speaking non-standard Czech and there were also people whose speech was in terms of the occurrence of Literary and non-standard elements rather mixed. Nevertheless, in general, the character of the texts was rather literary. Based on a comparison of the results with other research, we came to the conclusion that the transition from Literary Czech to Standard Czech would be premature, as the speakers are able to comply with...

This study aimed to investigate how Grade 11 Biology teachers mediate learning through code-switching from English to Oshiwambo. It was triggered by my experience as a teacher when I came to observe that the majority of teachers still use the home language during their lessons though the language policy for schools in Namibia clearly states that English should be used as a medium of instruction from Grade Four onwards. The research was carried out at Happy Secondary School (pseudonym), a rural government school in Omusati Region, Namibia. It was a qualitative case study underpinned by an interpretive paradigm. The unit of analysis was the mediation of learning through codeswitching from English to Oshiwambo. Document analysis, questionnaires, interviews (semistructured, focus group, stimulated recall interviews) and lesson observations were used as data gathering techniques, to ensure adequate coverage, validity and trustworthiness of the data gathered. The study adopted Vygotsky’s social constructivism and the socio-cultural perspective in conjunction with Shulman’s Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as the theoretical frameworks. The data analysis process entailed organising data into themes from which four analytical statements were then derived in relation to the research questions. The study found that both Biology teachers and learners view code-switching as a useful tool in making learners understand the biological concepts. The study revealed that Biology teachers code-switch from English to Oshiwambo to make learners understand better, increase participation, explain concepts, elaborate, for disciplinary purposes, when giving examples of everyday knowledge events and when asking questions. The study also revealed that learners code-switch mainly for good communication, easier self-expression, due to loss of words, when unprepared to explain concepts and due to fear of making mistakes. It emerged, however, that both teachers and learners experience some challenges when codeswitching from English to Oshiwambo is used to mediate learning in Biology lessons. These include time constraints, lack of biological terms in Oshiwambo, different Oshiwambo dialects and the language policy. In addition, learners also lose the opportunity to learn English and find it difficult to answer questions in the examinations. The study revealed that Biology teachers and learners try to overcome these challenges by good lesson preparation, mini-teaching, using English/Oshindonga dictionaries or simply by adhering to the language policy.