Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Nama is a Khoekhoe-language variety spoken in more than three countries namely Namibia, South Africa, Botswana and Angola. The language was previously called the Nama language, however, for pragmatic reasons, to cater for a Damara/Nama union, it is called Khoekhoegowab in Namibia. As far as I know there has been no comprehensive study on Nama/Damara/Khoekhoegowab. A preliminary study was done by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997). However, as can be seen from the title of this study, it was ‘preliminary’ which means the authors are the first to admit that their study was not complete. The aim of this thesis was to undertake an extensive linguistic analysis of Khoekhoegowab as a way to come up with a comprehensive dialectal inventory. The established dialectal inventory will not only help in the linguistic development of Khoekhoegowab, but also in the determination of a standard linguistic code, leading to development of materials. This is important in grammatical descriptions needed for literacy material development and language policy implementation. Following Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Guldenmann (2000, 2003, 2008), the study employed a dialectal difference or comparative approach. Considering the nature of the study, a mixed research design was used to collect the data. The data was drawn from the few available studies on Nama/Damara or Khoekhoegowab dialects such as those by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Du Plessis (2009). This was supplemented and complemented by document analysis and the various Khoekhoegowab literature. Interviews of limited key informants and focus groups were undertaken in various regions namely (Hardap, Karas and Kunene). The narratives from these interviews were used to determine the dialects currently in place as well as the differences and similarities. The collected data was then treated to a linguistic and dialectal analysis (cf. Guldenmann 2000, 2003, 2008; Du Plessis, 2009) as a way to discover similarities and differences, which will in turn inform the proposal on a possible standard form and composite orthography. The phonological differences of the three dialects under discussion were identified where the vowel system was discussed. With regard to the plain vowels, an argument was made that the Central Nama and Central Damara are in fact similar in terms of vowel inventory compared to Central Nama and the Bondelswarts dialects. The phonetic aspects of the consonant system of the identified dialects were also discussed. A discussion on clicks and click consonants was also made where a distinction was drawn between plain clicks and complex clicks. The morphosyntax of Khoehoegowab was also discussed where it was obvious that there were mainly more similarities than differences between the dialects. The phonetic inventories identified in chapters 4 and 5 were assessed using data from different sources such as the Bible, the Social Security booklet, the grade 9 school textbook, Facebook (a social media page), Google maps, Khoekhoegowab orthography (2003), and the Ministry of Health booklet. The aim of this was to account for differences and similarities between various materials in terms of symbols used for writing Khoekhoegowab. There were differences observed which were because of the influence of modern technology (especially the electronic keyboard) on the writing practices of Khoekhoegowab speakers. The proposed orthography takes technological developments into account. As a contribution, this study provides new insight into the issues of voicing, and voiced and voiceless consonants. In terms of theory the handling of tone and length was discussed in detail where it was established that tone is phonemic and not vowel length. The issue of whether or not complex clicks should be treated as units or clicks plus an accompaniment was discussed where I argued that the sounds are co-articulated and should be treated as one. Regarding the orthography, although there is orthography, the existing orthography is clearly not adequate as some of the sounds were not correctly captured. This has an implication on teaching the language in the schools. It will help in the revitalizing of Khoekhoegowab compared to more established Bantu languages.

The Islamic legislative drafting methodology is meant to bring the family law of Islamic countries into line with current conceptions of gender equality found not only in the West but in Islamic law (the shari’a) as well. The methodology involves identifying the fundamental principles of shari’a and recognizing that they must be adapted to the socio-economic conditions in which they are to be applied.

Orientador: Cristiano Torezzan / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_FabianoBoaventurade_M.pdf: 1712497 bytes, checksum: 35928984d709d1154545670e07948f87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos o problema da quantização vetorial, com especial interesse no uso de códigos esféricos para quantização de fontes gaussianas. Este problema tem diversas aplicações envolvendo compressão de sinais, tais como de som e imagem, garantindo altas taxas de compressão. Nos três primeiros capítulos fazemos uma apresentação dos principais fundamentos teóricos do tema, procurando apresentar exemplos que valorizam a intuição e conceitos geométrico, no caso de dimensões 2 e 3, abordando a quantização vetorial com ênfase na técnica conhecida como forma/ganho. No último capítulo apresentamos uma proposta original que utiliza códigos em camadas de toros para a quantização vetorial. A proposta é exemplificada através da construção do esquema de quantização em dimensão 4 e alguns testes de desempenho são apresentados / Abstract: We study the vector quantization problem with a special interest in the use of spherical codes for Gaussian sources. This problem appears in several applications involving signal compression such as sound, images and data transmission. The first three chapters are devoted to basic concepts of quantization and also to presented some intuitive examples and geometrical interpretations. We focus our attention on the shape and gain vector quantization and we introduce a new approach to this problem using spherical codes constructed in layers of flat tori in dimension 4. Besides the construction, some results on computations simulations are presented / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada e Computacional / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada e Computacional

Mgr. Veronika Štěpánová Czech orthoepic codification Abstract This doctoral thesis deals with the codification of standard Czech pronunciation. It focuses on how the phonetic level of the language is studied and described and, more generally, on orthoepic codification, its criteria, sources, relationship to orthography, etc. A historical overview of Czech orthoepic research, in particular of the first attempts at codification, work carried out for the orthoepic manuals Výslovnost spisovné češtiny I (ed. B. Hála; 1955, 1967) and Výslovnost spisovné češtiny II (ed. M. Romportl; 1978) is presented. In addition, research into standard Czech pronunciation from the 1980s to the present day is summarised from a new perspective. The primary focus of the thesis is a critical analysis of the principal Czech orthoepic manuals: not only Výslovnost spisovné češtiny I and II but also some older and newer works. Special attention is given to features (1) whose evaluation has changed over time (e.g. the pronunciation of mě and sh, the use of the glottal stop, simplification of certain consonant clusters, or voice assimilation before sonorants) and (2) which are problematic form the point of view of the contemporary pronunciation norm. This thesis is closely connected with the recently created Monolog corpus, which...

[pt] Os codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões surgiram nos anos 70, quando foram propostos os codificadores lz77 e lz78. Devido a baixa complexidade computacional e ao bom desempenho, quando aplicados na compressão de arquivos de dados, estes codificadores se tornaram extremamente populares. Embora estes codificadores sejam universais, i.e., possuam taxas de compressão que convergem para entropia, recentemente foi mostrado que as taxas de compressão não convergem da forma mais rápida possível, nem mesmo para a classe de fontes sem memória. A redundância de um codificador universal C, dada por R, mede a rapidez com que a taxa de compressão converge para a entropia. Para fontes com número de estados finito, enquanto os melhores resultados de codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões apresentam uma redundância da ordem de 1/{log n}, existem codificadores que atingem uma redundancia de {log n} /n. Portanto, os codificadores via recorrência de padrões não são ótimos. Embora seja conhecido codificadores ótimos segundo o critério da redundância, tais codificadores possuem uma alta complexidade computacional e são pouco úteis na prática. Dentre os codificadores via recorrência de padrões, o codificador lz78 possui uma das mais baixas redundâncias para a classe de fontes com número de estados finito. De fato, não existe outro codificador desta classe, tal que a redundância seja melhor que a do lz78. Tomando como base o lz78, este trabalho propõe novas técnicas para acelerar a convergência da taxa de compressão (diminuir a redundância) dos codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões, para fontes com número de estados finito. Estas técnicas dão origem a novas versões do lz78. As redundâncias das novas versões são estabelecidas, considerando a classe de fontes com número de estados finito. Estas versões são aplicadas na compressão de arquivos de dados, e os resultados obtidos são comparados com os resultados de versões anteriores. / [en] The string matching encoders were proposed about 20 years ago, when the lz77 and lz78 were introduced. They became extremely popular because of the relationship between their low complexity and their good performance. Although these encoders are universal, that is, their compression rates converge to the source entropy, it was shown, recently, that those rates do not converge as fast as possible, even for the class of memoryless source. The redundancy of an unversal encoder C, denoted by Rc, measures how fast the compression rate converge to the entropy. In the class of Finite State Machine (FSM) source, while the best result of the string matching encoders is O 1/ {log n}, there are encoders which achieve a redundancy of O {log n}/n. Therefore, the string matching encoders are not optimal. Even though optimal encoders are known, in general, those encoders have a high complexity and are not useful in practice. Considering the class of string matching encoders, the lz78 has one of the best results over the class of FSM source. In fact, there is no encoder based on the string matching, which archives a better redundancy. This work makes use of the lz78 encoder to propose new techniques to improve the performance of sting matching encoders over the class of FSM. These techniques bring up new versions of the lz78. For the class of FSM, the redundancies of this versions are stablished. These versions are used to compress data files, and their perfoermances are compared to the performances of older versions.

Pas de résumé disponible / No summary

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-07T19:13:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paranhos, Adriano-Dissert-2013.pdf: 666382 bytes, checksum: 1084c06ca2d8dec746538bb996b26d28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-07T19:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paranhos, Adriano-Dissert-2013.pdf: 666382 bytes, checksum: 1084c06ca2d8dec746538bb996b26d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Essa pesquisa analisou as ideias jurídicas e políticas de José de Alencar no período de 1855 à 1877. Três temas foram privilegiados: primeiro tratamos do pensamento de lencar no tocante a constituição. Em seguida, as ideias sobre a codificação civil produzida por esse publicista. E por fim, as concepções de Alencar no momento da discussão da “reforma do elemento servil”, no final da década de 1860. Sobre esse último ponto, foram analisadas o pensamento produzido por ele quando ministro da justiça e parlamentar. Trabalhamos com diversos tipos de fontes: jornalísticas, manuscritas, Anais do parlamento, panfletos e livros ficcionais e analíticos. / This research analyzed the legal and political ideas of José de Alencar in the period from 1855-1877. Three themes were privileged: the first one deals with Alencar’s thought regarding the constitution. Then the José de Alencar ideas of civil codification. Lastly, Alencar’s conception during the discussion of “reform servile element” in the late 1860s. On this last point, we analyzed his thoughts when we was the justice minister and parliamentarian. We work with different types of sources as: journalistic, manuscript, Annals of parliament, pamphlets and fictional or analytical books.

Les droits du patient sont de plus en plus fréquemment évoqués par les institutions de l’Union, ce qui peut surprendre tant ce sujet est éloigné des préoccupations initiales des Communautés. À défaut de compétence juridique spécifique, ce sont à la fois la voie des droits fondamentaux et celle du marché intérieur qui ont été exploitées. L’intérêt pour ce domaine est tel qu’il existe désormais un véritable foisonnement normatif (composé tant de sources déclaratoires qu’obligatoires) affectant l’accessibilité et l’intelligibilité. La réflexion conduit donc à proposer une codification visant à simplifier la lisibilité des droits du patient reconnus par le droit de l’Union. La théorie des droits fondamentaux permet par ailleurs de déterminer si les prérogatives reconnues constituent ou non de véritables droits subjectifs. Cet intérêt pour les droits du patient contribue à l’effectivité de leur protection. Toutefois, en raison de la répartition des compétences entre l’Union et les États membres, apparaît un double niveau d’effectivité : la dimension transfrontalière des soins est particulièrement propice à la réalité des droits consubstantiels à cette situation, tandis que l’effectivité est plus nuancée pour ceux sans lien spécifique avec la mobilité. La réflexion s’est alors orientée vers la question du perfectionnement de l’effectivité, dont les perspectives sont plus ou moins positives selon la nature de l’obligation que les droits font naître pour leurs destinataires. Cette analyse conduit in fine à une réflexion sur l’existence d’un statut juridique du patient en droit de l’Union et à des propositions destinées à renforcer la place du patient et le respect de ses droits / Patients and their rights have been increasingly talked about within EU institutions, which may surprise as this subject is so remote from the Communities’ original focus. In the absence of specific legal competence, both fundamental rights and the internal market have been tapped into by EU institutions. There is so much interest in this field that there now exists a real profusion of norms (consisting of both soft and hard law sources) impacting upon the accessibility and intelligibility. Our analysis eventually offers a codification whose ambition is to make patients’ rights as recognised by EU legislation more readable. Moreover, resorting to the theory of fundamental rights enable us to ascertain whether or not recognised prerogatives constitute real individual rights. The interest in patients’ rights contributes to the effectiveness of their protection all over the EU. However, on account of the distribution of competences between the Union and member states, effectiveness actually operates on two levels : the cross-border dimension of healthcare is particularly favourable to the reality of rights inherent to this situation while effectiveness is not so straightforward for those who have no specific links with mobility. In light of this, research has turned towards the question of improving effectiveness whose prospects are more or less fruitful depending on the nature of the obligation which rights give rise to for those they are aimed at. All in all, this analys entails consideration of the existence of a legal status for patients and proposals intended to further reinforce the place of patients and, therefore, the safeguarding of his rights

Le code des transports accueille désormais les règles de droit social maritime. Le gouvernement a été habilité à procéder, en 2010, à une recodification à droit constant de ses dispositions éparses, notamment contenues dans le code du travail et le code du travail maritime. Alors que cette opération devait intervenir sans modification de l’état du droit, une certaine inconstance s’est révélée. La structure de la matière a été bouleversée. Elle démontre une ambivalence : le code des transports est exhibé comme instrument du progrès social, mais il peut également devenir un outil de dérèglementation. D'autant que sa partie réglementaire reste très incomplète. L'articulation du nouveau code avec le code du travail interroge également, notamment sous l'angle des rapports entre le droit commun et le droit spécial. Cette réécriture a, de surcroît, subit l'influence du droit international. L’intégration de la convention du travail maritime de l’Organisation internationale du travail a permis de réaffirmer les principes directeurs au fondement de la matière ainsi que la spécificité du droit applicable aux gens de mer. Pour autant, ces dynamiques normatives ont des effets paradoxaux car le droit international participe tour à tour à la destruction et à la reconstruction des droits nationaux. Aussi, la réécriture de la matière au sein du code des transports pourrait être annonciatrice d’un alignement du fond du droit social maritime sur les standards internationaux qui, à l'échelle du droit national français, ne sont pas nécessairement plus protecteurs. Ce mouvement du droit s'explique par une rude concurrence internationale propice à l'expression du dumping social / The transport code now hosts social maritime law rules. The government was empowered to proceed, in 2010, to a recodification on the basis of established law of its disparate provisions, including those contained in both the labour code and the maritime labour code. Although this operation was to take place without changing the rule of law, a certain instability became obvious. The subject matter's structure was dramatically altered. It reveals an ambivalence : the transport code is exhibited as an instrument of social progress, yet it may also become a deregulation tool. To compound matters, its regulatory aspect remains very incomplete. The articulation of the new code with the labour code is equally perplexing, most notably with regard to the relationship between common law and special law. This rewriting has, in addition, undergone the influence of international law. The integration of the International labour organization's maritime labour convention made it possible to reaffirm the foundational guidelines of this topic as well as the specificity of laws applicable to seafarers. Moreover, these normative dynamics have paradoxical effects. In fact, international law contributes alternately to the destruction and reconstruction of national rights. Thus, the rewriting of the topic within the transport code could be the harbinger of an alignment of maritime social legal foundations with international standards, which, when compared with french law, are not necessarily more protective. This legal evolution reflects is due to a ruthless international competition that enables social dumping conditions

Depuis ses origines, la codification a toujours été officiellement réalisée en vue d’assurer l’accessibilité et l’intelligibilité de la norme ainsi que la sécurité juridique des individus. Cette conception téléologique de la codification est corroborée par les discours politiques contemporains qui l’associent plus généralement à l’Etat de droit auquel elle est censée contribuer. La seule récurrence de cette affirmation ne suffit pas à prouver sa pertinence. C’est pourquoi, en se fondant sur l’Etat de droit et ses multiples facettes, il est au préalable nécessaire de procéder à la conceptualisation de la codification. Il s’agit de la condition sine qua non pour une étude fiable de l’Etat de droit comme fin de la codification. / Since its origins, the codification has always been officially carried out in order to ensure the accessibility and intelligibility of the norm, as well as the legal security of the individuals. This teleological conception of the codification is corroborated by the contemporary political views which associate it, more generally, to the Rule of law to which it is supposed to contribute. The only recurrence of this assertion is not sufficient to prove its relevance. That is why, based on the rule of law and its many facets, it is necessary to proceed first to the conceptualization of the codification. It is the sine qua non for a reliable study of the Rule of law as being the aim of the codification.