À medida que se avança no século XXI observamos a diversidade humana, cada vez em maior número, convivendo e interagindo a todo o momento. As dificuldades aumentam quando a diversidade se dá além de diferentes sexos, idades, mas também por diferentes opiniões e as várias formas de expressão e comportamento das pessoas, principalmente aqueles não conscientes. Nesse contexto vive-se o desencadeamento de uma crise das metodologias clássicas de investigação, vistas como limitantes e pouco esclarecedoras para o entendimento de que, em um mesmo indivíduo, podem existir estilos de consumo distintos, não conscientes, além de que o entrevistado pode, de maneira intencional ou não intencional, compreender mal, interpretar mal ou até mesmo enganar o pesquisador. O objetivo da dissertação foi avaliar se o neuromarketing pode ser uma nova área de colaboração ao entendimento do consumidor, ser capaz de obter as informações não declaradas do indivíduo, pela captura das informações cerebrais, adicionando assim conhecimento para o processo do entendimento de seu comportamento de consumo, validando-o como uma nova área de cooperação. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa empírica buscou-se identificar, entender e com isso resumir conceitos básicos sobre o neuromarketing, seu entendimento, suas formas de medição e técnicas, suas contribuições e limitações, preocupações e expectativa de futuro. Como resultado obteve-se que há uma diferença entre o entendimento do público acadêmicos entrevistado sobre neuromarketing versus o que se observa entre os estudos de comportamento do consumidor em práticas no mercado. Essas diferenças vão além das técnicas empregadas no estudo. Encontrou-se uma diversidade de conceitos técnicos, aplicações em marketing, vantagens e limitações, preocupação ética e diferentes visões de futuro. Predominantemente encontra-se um cenário típico de um assunto novo, onde várias opiniões são obtidas e buscou-se elencar as áreas de concordância até o momento. A busca pelo maior conhecimento da mente, transforma-a em um orgão prático, capaz de se moldar para intermináveis autoaperfeiçoamentos. Mas, apesar das imagens da mente carregarem peso de autoridade na ciência, seus significados como input científico são válidos, mas não oferecem ao público a clareza de que podem ser ainda utilizados como suporte imediato. O funcionamento do cérebro não é simples e natural e sim mediado na maneira que se conhece, entende e visualiza os estímulos e também pelo contexto social, político e econômico no qual o indivíduo pertence e convive. Portanto, conclui-se que o neuromarketing é uma aplicação da neurociência para maior entendimento dos comportamentos do consumidor e mais uma alternativa que, como qualquer outra pesquisa de mercado, por si só, não oferecerá um diagnóstico exaustivo para a pergunta do problema. Recomenda-se o uso em conjunto com outras metodologias, sempre levando em conta a particularidade de cada uma, seja pela especificidade da amostra, coleta de dados, análise dos mesmos e as conclusões com as devidas ressalvas, buscando sempre seguir a ética e os detalhes de cada mercado. Como sugestão seria importante contínuas investigações que validem e formem um arcabouço de conhecimento de investigações de comportamento. / As the life progress through the twenty-first century we see human diversity in an increasing growth, living and interacting in a faster and higher frequency. The difficulties to understand their behavior increase when the range of variety goes beyond genders, ages, through different opinions and various forms of expression and behavior, especially those of unconscious reasons. In this context one lives up triggering a crisis of classical methodologies of research, seen as limiting and not helpful to the understanding that, in the same individual, there may be distinct styles of consumption, unconscious, and that the interviewee can intentionally or unintentionally, misunderstand, misinterpret, or even mislead the researcher. The aim of this work was to assess whether neuromarketing may be a new area of collaboration to the understanding of the consumer, and by doing so being able to obtain unreported information of the individual by capturing the information in the brain, thereby adding knowledge to the process of understanding your consumer behavior, validating it as a new area of cooperation. Through literature review and empirical research the idea of the stydy was to identify, understand and summarize the knowledge captured from academics and executives from research companies, the basics concepts of neuromarketing, its understanding, its ways of measuring and techniques, its contributions and limitations, and therefore its concerns and expectations of the future. As a result it was found that there is a difference between the academic´s understanding about neuromarketing versus what is observed in studies of consumer behavior in the market practices. These differences go beyond the techniques employed in the study. We found a diversity of technical concepts, applications in marketing, advantages and limitations, ethical concerns and different visions of the future. Predominantly we´ve found a scenario that is typical of a new area of study, where many different opinions are obtained and where we tried to rank the areas of agreement so far. The quest for greater knowledge of the mind, transform it with a body capable of practical shape for endless self-improvement. But despite that the images of the mind carry the weight of authority in science, their scientific input and their meanings are valid, but not a clear offer to the public as to be used as immediate support. The functioning of the brain is not simple and natural but mediated with interferences as the ways it recognizes, understands and visualizes the stimuli and also by the social, political and economic context in which the individual belongs and lives. Therefore we conclude that neuromarketing is an application of neuroscience to better understanding of consumer behavior and another alternative to add to the list of market research, and like any other option, it does not provide by itself a comprehensive assessment of the problem to the question. It is recommended to use neuroscience in its application to consumer in conjunction with other methodologies, always taking into account the particular features of each one, the specificity of the sample, the data collection, the analysis and combination of data from different studies and its conclusions with appropriate caveats, always trying to follow the ethics and details of each market. As a suggestion from this study it would be important to a continue research to validate and form a framework of knowledge of consumer behavioral research, as well as how to combine different areas and data from other sciences.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T05:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Wellingtonda_M.pdf: 2146307 bytes, checksum: 15793c447490ad1a76bb79a0640ef942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo intercultural da percepção de emoções expressas pela fala em situações comunicativas reais conduzido com ouvintes brasileiros e suecos. A literatura sobre o tema mostra que sujeitos ouvintes são capazes de reconhecer emoções expressas na fala em experimentos de percepção com um percentual de sucesso muito superior ao que seria obtido ao acaso, mesmo quando avaliando estímulos em uma língua estrangeira e de uma cultura diferente. Os principais objetivos do estudo apresentado foram investigar quais parâmetros fonético-acústicos dentre os extraídos são afetados pelo estado emocional dos falantes, em quais deles os sujeitos ouvintes se guiam para julgar o grau de expressão dessas emoções nos experimentos de percepção, investigar se os sujeitos realizam melhor essa tarefa para dimensões emocionais do que para emoções discretas, se a cultura e a língua materna dos sujeitos influenciam na percepção das emoções e se os sujeitos brasileiros e suecos se guiam pelos mesmos parâmetros acústicos para fazer esse julgamento. Os corpora utilizados consistem de enunciados de mulheres falantes do português brasileiro e do sueco extraídos de um documentário e de programas de televisão e de rádio. Os enunciados passaram por uma análise acústica, na qual as seguintes classes de parâmetros acústicos foram medidas automaticamente com um script para o programa PRAAT: frequência fundamental e sua primeira derivada, intensidade global, inclinação espectral e espectro médio de longo-termo (LTAS). Dessas classes foram calculados vários descritores estatísticos, totalizando doze parâmetros acústicos. Conduzimos dois experimentos de percepção com sujeitos brasileiros e suecos. No primeiro deles, os sujeitos avaliaram, em escalas graduadas de 0 a 4, o grau de expressão de emoções discretas descritas por oito adjetivos (alegre, comovido, surpreso, triste, contente, angustiado, aflito e entusiasmado) para os enunciados em português brasileiro. No segundo experimento, os sujeitos julgaram o grau de expressão de cinco dimensões emocionais (ativação, justiça, valência, motivação e envolvimento) para os enunciados em sueco. As respostas dos sujeitos nos experimentos foram submetidas a análises de PCA. Para o experimento I, essas análises revelaram que as emoções descritas pelos oito adjetivos foram avaliadas pelos sujeitos de ambas as nacionalidades conjuntamente por duas grandes dimensões emocionais: felicidade e neutralidade. Para o experimento II, os dois componentes da PCA revelaram que os sujeitos de ambas as nacionalidades julgaram as cinco dimensões emocionais distinguindo entre um estado de "calma" de um estado de maior agitação emocional. Os componentes da PCA foram correlacionados com os parâmetros acústicos por meio de análises de regressões lineares, que mostraram que os sujeitos de ambas as nacionalidades se guiaram pelos mesmos parâmetros acústicos para realizar os julgamentos nos dois experimentos. Esses parâmetros também foram muito robustos em classificar os trechos de fala nas análises de LDA realizadas. Os parâmetros que se mostraram mais relevantes foram o LTAS, a mediana e a semiamplitude entre quartis da frequência fundamental e a média e o desvio-padrão da inclinação espectral. É possível concluir que a cultura e a experiência emocional dos sujeitos brasileiros e suecos não influenciaram na percepção das emoções expressas nos dois corpora / Abstract: This dissertation presents a cross-cultural study on the perception of real emotions expressed in speech conducted with Swedish and Brazilian listeners. The literature on the subject shows that listeners are capable of recognizing emotions expressed in speech in perception experiments with much higher percentage of success than that expected by chance, even when evaluating stimuli in a foreign language and of a different culture. The main objectives of the present study were to investigate which acoustic-phonetic parameters among those extracted are affected by the emotional state of the speakers, on which of them the listeners rely to judge the degree of expression of these emotions in the perception experiments, to investigate whether the subjects perform better in this task when evaluating emotional dimensions rather than discrete emotions, whether the listeners¿ culture and mother language affect the perception of the emotions and whether the Brazilian and the Swedish subjects rely on the same acoustic parameters to make the judgements. The corpora used consist of utterances of female speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and Swedish extracted from a documentary film as well as from radio and TV programs. The following acoustic parameters were measured automatically for these utterances with a script for the software PRAAT: fundamental frequency and its first derivative, global intensity, spectral tilt and Long-Term Average Spectrum (LTAS). A total of twelve statistical descriptors were computed for these parameters. We conducted two perception experiments with Brazilian and Swedish subjects. In the first one they evaluated the degree of expression of the discrete emotions described by eight adjectives (joyful, moved, surprised, sad, contented, anguished, distressed and enthusiastic) for the utterances in Brazilian Portuguese on scales ranging from 0 to 4. In the second experiment the subjects rated the degree of expression of five emotional dimensions (activation, fairness, valence, motivation and involvement) for the utterances in Swedish. The responses of the subjects in the experiments were analyzed by means of PCA. For experiment I, the PCA revealed that the listeners of both nationalities evaluated the emotions described by the eight adjectives jointly by means of two major emotional dimensions: happiness and neutrality. For experiment II, the two PCA components revealed that the listeners of both nationalities evaluated the five emotional dimensions distinguishing between a state of "calmness" and a state of higher emotional agitation. The PCA components were correlated with the acoustic parameters by means of linear regression analyses. These analyses showed that the subjects of both nationalities relied on the same acoustic parameters to make the judgements in both experiments. These acoustic parameters were also very robust in classifying the utterances in the LDA performed. The parameters which proved more relevant were the LTAS, fundamental frequency median and semi-interquartile range and spectral tilt mean and standard deviation. It is possible to conclude that the culture and the emotional experience of the Brazilian and the Swedish subjects did not affect the perception of the emotions expressed in both corpora / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Cette étude suit la voie qu’a ouverte Jean-Marie Schaeffer quant au renouveau des questionnements esthétiques, qui implique un recentrement sur le fait esthétique et une vue naturalisée. Les sciences cognitives et les neurosciences s'inscrivent naturellement dans le prolongement de cette voie, et cette étude examine alors la démarche et les enjeux de cette transdisciplinarité. L’examen relève d’une analyse critique à la fois des problématiques esthétiques, des quêtes neuroscientifiques, et de la démarche même d’une transdisciplinarité. Après ce nouveau contour redessiné du domaine esthétique et de son examen critique, cette étude propose de considérer le paradigme de l’enaction comme seul apte à soutenir à la fois les démarches scientifiques et les spécificités des questionnements esthétiques, à savoir leurs caractères subjectif et transversal. / Following Jean-Marie Schaeffer, this study proposes to revive aesthetic questions by focusing on the aesthetic fact and considering it from the naturalized perspective offered by neuroscience and cognitive science. It critically analyses at the same time aesthetic issues, the neuroscientific quest, and the transdisciplinary approach itself. It advocates the paradigm of enaction, as the only one capable of supporting both scientific processes and the subjective and transverse character of aesthetic questions.

Notre travail offre une analyse critique des principales théories explicatives de l’addiction articulée autour d’une distinction entre les théories médicales de l’addiction et les explications qui relèvent d’une approche morale (notamment l’explication acratique). Les secondes s’opposant aux premières essentiellement par l’idée que l’individu conserve dans l’addiction sa liberté d’agir autrement. Ces deux types de théories partagent cependant un présupposé commun : une condition pathologique serait incompatible avec une conduite volontaire et intentionnelle. Or certains éléments mis en avant par l’approche clinique de l’addiction, comme le sentiment d’ambivalence, l’initiation ou le phénomène du rétablissement spontané, obligent à remettre en cause un tel présupposé et à tenter d’échapper aux explications unilatérales de ce que nous proposons de qualifier philosophiquement de phénomène d’impuissance de la volonté. Il est en effet selon nous possible d’appréhender l’addiction à la fois selon une certaine forme de perspective morale et selon une certaine forme de perspective pathologique. En premier lieu (cf. Partie 1) parce que l’opposition entre approche acratique et approche pathologique compulsive cérébrale ne repose que sur une certaine idée de la compulsion qui peut et doit être remise en cause. En second lieu (cf Partie 2) parce que le concept de maladie qui sous-tend également cette opposition est lui aussi critiquable et qu’il convient de penser l’addiction à la lumière d’une notion de pathologie plus souple, permettant d’intégrer certaines marques de l’agentivité et de l’action volontaire. En troisième lieu, enfin (cf. Partie 3), parce que ce que l’on a appelé « les maladies de la volonté » offrent un modèle heuristique qui permet de redéfinir d’une manière plus appropriée le phénomène général l’impuissance de la volonté, grâce tout à la fois à l’idée de division interne à la volonté-même et à l’octroi d’un rôle central à l’obsession. Nous proposons donc à partir de notre enquête critique de repenser l’addiction comme une conduite obéissant à quelque chose que nous voulons et ne voulons pas de façon simultanée, au sens où nous avons des raisons simultanées de la poursuivre et de ne pas la poursuivre. Et de considérer que sa dimension pathologique vient de ce qu’une force interne s’y trouve bien introduite, mais dont la nature diffère de celle que désigne la notion dominante de compulsion. Car l’irrésistibilité à laquelle elle renvoie ne réside pas dans les actes, mais dans les pensées des agents. / This dissertation presents a critical analysis of the main explanatory theories on addiction structured around the distinction between the medical theories of addiction and explanations pertaining to a moral approach (namely, the acratic explanation). The latter set against the former primarily due to the idea that when addicted the individual retains the freedom to act differently. However, these two kinds of theories share a common assumption: a pathological condition would be incompatible with voluntary and intentional behavior. Yet, some components highlighted by a clinical approach – such as ambivalence, initiation or the “maturing-out” phenomenon – compel us to reconsider this assumption and to try and escape from unilateral explanations of what I propose to philosophically call “a phenomenon of powerlessness of the will”. Indeed, this dissertation argues that addiction can be understood both trough moral and pathological perspectives. Firstly (cf. part 1) because the opposition between the acratic approach and the pathological compulsive cerebral approach only rests upon a specific definition of compulsion, which can and must be called into question. Secondly (cf. part 2) because the concept of disease which is inherent to this opposition is open to criticism and addiction could be reconsidered in light of a more flexible disease theory, allowing for the integration of certain signs of agency and voluntary action. And finally, in a third part (cf. part 3), because the previously defined concept of the “diseases of the will” presents a heuristic model through which to redefine the general phenomenon of powerlessness of will. This is due both to the idea of internal division of the will and to the main part granted to obsession. Through a critical analysis, this dissertation thus strives to rethink addiction as a behavior subjected simultaneously to what we want and what we don’t want, insofar as we have simultaneous reasons to act and not act on this will. To conclude, the pathological dimension of addiction comes from the introduction of an internal force, whose nature is, however, not referred to in the classical concept of compulsion. The irresistibility to which it pertains does not lie in people’s behaviors but in their thoughts.

I Sverige genomförs varje år offentliga upphandlingar till ett värde av ca 500 miljarder kronor. Alla offentligt finansierade verksamheter måste följa lagen om offentlig upphandling och den formella upphandlingsprocess som lagen specificerar. Lagen är allmänt formulerad och anvisar en process där fokus ligger på förarbete och matematisk utvärdering. Cognitive Systems Engineering har vuxit fram utifrån insikten att effektiva processer kontinuerligt behöver använda såväl feedback och feedforward för att uppnå sina mål. Typiska tillämpningar är dynamiska, tätt kopplade processer där dessa behov är tydliga, men CSE som ramverk är generellt definierat och bör gälla även för en beslutsprocess på organisationsnivå. En CSE-analys har potential att förtydliga funktionella faktorer som tillåter upphandlare att genomföra effektiva och ändamålsenliga upphandlingar. I syftet att testa ovanstående hypotes genomfördes en fallstudie av Linköpings Universitets upphandling av företagshälsovård 2008. Studien är explorativ då kombinationen av teori och analysobjekt är otestad. För att relatera värdet av CSE mot andra teoribildningar har studien även analyserat upphandlingen utifrån STS och ekonomisk teori. Studien visar att CSE kan tillämpas vid analys av upphandlingsprocess inom offentlig upphandling. Ekonomisk teori har starka normativa drag medan STS är utpräglat deskriptiv. Kontrollperspektivet ser till både normativa och deskriptiva aspekter och bidrar med ökad förklaringskraft. I LiU:s upphandling var formella protokoll viktiga för arbetets legitimitet men det var i det praktiska arbetet man fann utrymme att utöva kontroll.

Testing facilitates memory retention more than studying. The current experiment aimed to investigate neural memory-related processes during repeated testing and studying, thereby contributing to more elaborate theories. 5 participants (aged 19-31) practiced word-pair associates during fMRI through repeated studying (40 pairs) and testing (40 pairs). One week later they returned for a test and the outcome was used to calculate subsequent memory differences during fMRI. Findings included higher subsequent memory difference in left parietal lobe, precuneus and superior frontal gyrus for the test condition, implying more elaborate semantic processing. Also, an interaction effect was found in anterior cingulate cortex, possibly indicating an early beneficial recruitment of memory enhancing functions in the test condition. / Testning förbättrar minnesinlagring mer än studium. Det aktuella experimentet syftade till att undersöka neurala minnesrelaterade processer under upprepad testning och studium, och därmed bidra till mer konkreta teorier. 5 deltagare (i åldern 19-31) tränade ordpar (Swahili-Svenska) i en fMRI-scanner, antingen genom upprepat studium (40 par) eller upprepad testning (40 par). En vecka senare återvände de för ett slutgiltigt test på alla ordpar. Resultatet användes för att beräkna skillnader mellan lyckade och ej lyckade omgångar i fMRI-scannern. Högre skillnader i vänstra inferiora parietalloben, precuneus och superiora frontalgyrus hittades för testning jämfört med studium, vilket kan spegla en djupare semantisk bearbetning. En interaktionseffekt hittades i anteriora cingulate cortex, vilket möjligen indikerar en tidig rekrytering av fördelaktiga minnesfunktioner i test-betingelsen.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Reformed Epistemology is an influential view in contemporary philosophy of religion, according to which theistic beliefs that are the product of our native, non-inferential cognitive faculties often constitute knowledge if God exists. My aim in this thesis is to ascertain whether Reformed Epistemology is viable in light of contemporary scientific explanations of the mechanisms of religious belief- formation, especially the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR). I argue for a qualified “yes.” To begin with, I attempt to carefully reconstruct and scrutinise some currently popular “debunking arguments” from CSR’s findings, which aim to show that non-inferential religious beliefs are not knowledge, even if true, given the causal origins that CSR ascribes to them. I try to show that in various ways these arguments fail. Subsequently, I attempt to find a better such argument. The strongest debunking argument, I contend, is one that focuses upon the diverse and mutually inconsistent outputs of the religious belief-producing mechanisms described by CSR. However, I go on to argue that even supposing that this argument succeeds in showing that religious beliefs that are partly the product of contingent cultural influences are not knowledge even if true, there remains a body of what I term “core propositions”—propositions concerning the existence of some kind of personal, supernatural creator and moral lawgiver, in which humans are naturally disposed to believe regardless of their particular cultural setting— that can be known if God exists. Finally, I try to show that merely having this core supernaturalistic knowledge would provide someone with the cognitive contact with God that is sufficient for having a personal relationship with God (if God exists), even if only de re relationship. I argue, moreover, that God would have positively good reasons for creating a world in which human beliefs about life’s most important matters, including religious matters, are significantly dependent upon testimony and hence subject to the ebbs and flows of cultural tides.

La désignation est le geste de montrer un objet à une autre personne. La structure de la désignation est similaire à celle du discours verbal : la première personne « je » communique avec la seconde personne « tu » à propos de l'objet « il ». A partir de la description neuropsychologique d'un trouble acquis de la désignation, l'hétérotopagnosie ou incapacité à désigner le corps d'autrui, nous jetons les bases d'un nouveau modèle de la désignation impliquant la notion de seconde personne « tu ». Nous proposons et validons l'hypothèse que toute désignation implique de se représenter le point de vue de l'interlocuteur « tu » grâce à un référentiel hétérocentré. De plus, chez les patients hétérotopagnosiques comme chez les volontaires sains, désigner le corps d'autrui est plus difficile que désigner les objets. Nous expliquons ce phénomène par le fait que seul le corps humain vivant peut être à la fois sujet de communication et objet de communication. Poursuivant notre investigation sur la notion de seconde personne, nous montrons chez une patiente et chez les sujets sains que le corps des femmes est également plus difficile à désigner que celui des hommes. Les femmes seraient plus facilement considérées comme des sujets que les hommes. Enfin, nous avons recherché comment l'humain percevait la désignation réalisée par autrui comme témoignant d'une intention de communication à propos d'un objet. L'engagement dans une relation avec la seconde personne « tu » est nécessaire à cette compréhension. Au total, cette thèse apporte les premiers éléments expérimentaux sur les mécanismes de la relation de communication avec la seconde personne « tu ». / Pointing is used to communicate about an object with another person. This skill has a triadic structure similar to speech: the first person “I” communicate with the second person “you” about an object of interest “it”. From the neuropsychological description of an acquired deficit in pointing, heterotopagnosia which is the inability to point at another person's body parts, we build a new cognitive model involving the notion of a second person to explain pointing behaviour. We bring experimental evidence that pointing requires taking the addressee's perspective through the elaboration of a heterocentric reference frame. Furthermore, we show that in heterotopagnosic patients and in healthy subjects pointing at another person's body is more difficult than pointing at objects. We hypothesize that it is because only the living human body of other can be a subject to communicate with and an object to communicate about. In addition, we show that heterotopagnosic patients and healthy subjects find it more difficult to point at female body parts than at male ones, perhaps because women are more easily considered as subjects. Finally, we explore the behavioural and neural bases of the perception of pointing. We confirm that the relationship with the second person is necessary to understand the communicative intention of the addressee about the object. As a whole, this work provides the first cognitive and neural evidence for the notion of a second person in the brain.

This study examines how attitudes in middle age individuals affect information processing regarding factual information by using the method repeated retrieval. The study consisted of a questionnaire to establish participants environmental attitudes. This was followed by a training program with environmental information presented with repeated retrieval, which is a well established learning method. Lastly, the participants conducted a test to observe knowledge gained from the training. The study consisted of 32 participants (17 men, 14 women, one “other/do not wish to say”, M=53.84, age span 37-77). The questions in the questionnaire represents categories of attitudes towards the environment. The categories used in this study is referred to as Viewpoint, Scepticism, Behaviour, and Willingness. These were the independent variables. The score from the test, Test score, was the dependent variable. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted showing model significance but none of the regressors were independently significant. This might be because of highly correlated regressors. However, a trend indicated that a high score in Scepticism, being more sceptical, might have led to a decrease in Test score.  A correlational analysis was conducted to see if the regressors were highly correlated. The results showed that Test score correlated significantly negative with Scepticism and significantly positive with Willingness and Behaviour. This might indicate that a negative attitude, Scepticism, could affect the learning process negatively while positive attitudes, Willingness and Behaviour, could affect the learning process positively. Because of the small sample size this is seen as a trend and more research is needed. / Denna studie undersöker hur attityder hos individer i medelåldern påverkar informationsbearbetningen med avseende på faktabaserad information. Detta genom att använda metoden upprepad återhämtning (repeated retrieval). Studien bestod av ett frågeformulär för att fastställa deltagarnas attityder kring miljön. Detta följdes av ett träningsprogram med information om miljöförändringar som presenterades med repeated retrieval, som är en väletablerad inlärningsmetod. Slutligen genomförde deltagarna ett test för att observera kunskapen som erhållits från träningsprogrammet. Studien bestod av 32 deltagare (17 män, 14 kvinnor, en "annan / vill inte säga", M = 53,84, åldersspann 37–77). Frågorna från frågeformuläret representerar olika kategorier av attityd kring miljöfrågor. De kategorier som användes i denna studie refereras till Viewpoint, Scepticism, Behaviour, och Willingness. Dessa kategorier var de oberoende variablerna. Poängen från testet, Test score, var den beroende variabeln. En hierarkisk multipel regression genomfördes som visade modellsignifikans men ingen av regressorerna var enskilt signifikanta. Detta kan ha berott på att regressorerna hade en hög korrelation. En trend indikerade emellertid att en hög poäng i Scepticism, att vara mer skeptisk, kan ha lett till mindre poäng på testet. En korrelationsanalys genomfördes för att se hur mycket regressorerna korrelerade. Resultaten visade att Test score korrelerade signifikant negativt med Scepticism och signifikant positivt med Willingness och Behaviour. Detta kan indikera att en negativ inställning, Scepticism, kan påverka inlärningsprocessen negativt medan positiva attityder, Willingness och Behaviour kan påverka inlärningsprocessen positivt. På grund av en liten urvalsstorlek ses detta endast som en trend och mer forskning behövs.