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Bakgrund Social isolering och ensamhet hos äldre är ett välkänt problem som är svårt att definiera, upptäcka och behandla. Det finns inga effektiva och standardiserade metoder för att diagnostisera problemen och ansvaret för att hantera konsekvenserna hamnar inte sällan hos personen själv eller hos deras närstående. Primärvården är den första linjen som äldre med dessa problem söker hjälp hos, men primärvården saknar i stor utsträckning den kunskap och de resurser som behövs för att åtgärda problemen. Författarna till denna litteraturöversikt har som avsikt att beskriva och uppmärksamma dessa komplexa problem som äldre ofta står inför. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva ensamhet och social isolering hos äldre personer som bor i eget boende. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes baserat på 18 vetenskapliga artiklar, publicerade 2012–2022, av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design. De inkluderade artiklarna togs fram via de valda databaserna: PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo. Artiklarnas kvalitet värderades och innehållet i artiklarna analyserades och gav en sammanställning med fem huvudkategorier: Ensamhet, Upplevd hälsa, Upplevd hälsa och ensamhet under Covid-19, Hanteringsstrategier samt Primärvården och sjuksköterskans roll. Resultat Från de utvalda artiklarna framkom det att ensamhet och social isolering hos äldre var ett utbrett problem och riskfaktorerna för att utveckla ensamhet var hög ålder, kvinnligt kön, ekonomiska bekymmer, att bo ensam, att ha dålig upplevd hälsa och att sällan träffa familj och vänner. Olika strategier för att hantera problemen hittades och det framkom att de som redan hade goda hanteringsstrategier innan en kris fick mindre negativa utfall i samband med den. Slutsats Studien visade att äldre personer som upplever ensamhet eller social isolering inte alltid berättar om sina känslor och är missnöjda med den hjälp de fick från vården. De som hade sämre hälsa var i större utsträckning missnöjda. Att uppmärksamma och åtgärda dessa problem ligger i sjukvårdens och samhällets intresse av flera anledningar; för att förbättra livskvaliteten hos äldre och för att minska kostnader för vården. / Background Social isolation and loneliness in older people are a well-known problem that is difficult to define, detect and treat. There are no effective and standardized methods for diagnosing the problems and the responsibility for dealing with the consequences often falls with the person himself or with their relatives. Primary care is the first line that older people with these problems seek help from, but primary care largely lacks the knowledge and resources needed to remedy the problems. The authors of this literature review intend to describe and draw attention to these complex problems that older people often face. Aim The aim of this study was to describe loneliness and social isolation in communitydwelling older people. Method A non-systematic literature review was conducted based on 18 scientific articles, published 2012–2022, of both quantitative and qualitative design. The included articles were found via the selected databases: PubMed, CINAHL and PsycInfo. The quality of the articles was evaluated, and the content of the articles was analyzed and gave a compilation with five main categories: Loneliness, Perceived health, Perceived health and loneliness during Covid-19, Management strategies and Primary care and the role of the nurse. Results From the selected articles it emerged that loneliness and social isolation in the elderly was a widespread problem and the risk factors for developing loneliness were old age, female gender, financial worries, living alone, having poorly experienced health, and rarely meeting family and friends. Different strategies for dealing with the problems were found and it emerged that those who already had good management strategies before a crisis had fewer negative outcomes in connection with it. Conclusions The study showed that older people who experience loneliness or social isolation do not always share their feelings and are dissatisfied with the help they received from care. Those who were in poorer health were to a greater extent dissatisfied. Paying attention to and remedying these problems is in the interest of healthcare and society for several reasons; to improve the quality of life of the elderly and to reduce costs for care.

How has the EEAS affected, if in any way, the coherence of the CFSP on the vertical dimension in security and defence matters? In this thesis I answer this research question in order to draw a conclusion on the affect of the EEAS on the cooperation and coordination of the MS with and within the CFSP in security and defence matters. Coherence within the EU’s foreign policy is an issue that its leaders have emphasized on developing for more than four decades. The introduction of the EEAS through the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 is perceived to enhance the cooperation and coordination of the MS with and within the CFSP, as well as coordinate the actions of the MS outside the boundaries of the EU. By conducting a multiple case study, in this thesis I compare how the most powerful MS: the UK, France, and Germany, interacted with and within the CFSP in the 2003 Iraq War, and the 2011 military intervention in Libya. Relatedly, a qualitative content analysis approach is applied in order to uncover all relevant information from the primary and secondary literature concerning the two cases. In contrast to most of the previous studies conducted on this topic, I combine and apply the theoretical perspectives of liberal institutionalism and social constructivism in order to explain and explore the phenomenon under investigation. Conclusively, this thesis suggests that the coherence of the CFSP on the vertical dimension in security and defence matters has not been affected in any way after the EEAS has been implemented in the CFSP. This is due to the inherent characteristic of the MS of always prioritizing their national interests, determined by their value-based normative ideas gained through social interaction, before a collective, effective, and coherent CFSP in defence and security terms.

<p>In compressive sensing, the fundamental problem is to reconstruct sparse signal from its nonadaptive insufficient linear measurement. Besides sparse signal reconstruction algorithms, measurement matrix or measurement dictionary plays an important part in sparse signal recovery. Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm, which is widely used in compressive sensing, is especially affected by measurement dictionary. Measurement dictionary with small restricted isometry constant or coherence could improve the performance of OMP algorithm. Based on measurement dictionary, sensing dictionary can be constructed and can be incorporated into OMP algorithm. In this thesis, two methods are proposed to design sensing dictionary. In the first method, sensing dictionary design problem is formulated as a linear programming problem. The solution is unique and can be obtained by standard linear programming method such as primal-dual interior point method. The major drawback of linear programming based method is its high computational complexity. The second method is termed sensing dictionary designing algorithm. In this algorithm, each atom of sensing dictionary is designed independently to reduce the maximal magnitude of its inner product with measurement dictionary. Compared with linear programming based method, the proposed sensing dictionary design algorithm is of low computational complexity and the performance is similar. Simulation results indicate that both of linear programming based method and the proposed sensing dictionary designing algorithm can design sensing dictionary with small mutual coherence and cumulative coherence. When the designed sensing dictionary is applied to OMP algorithm, the performance of OMP algorithm improves.</p> / Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering (MSECE)

Bakgrund: Hjärtstopp kan drabba vem som helst när som helst. Årligen drabbas omkring 13 000 svenskar av hjärtstopp. Omedelbar hjärt- och lungräddning ökar chansen att överleva med 50–70%. Livet efter hjärtstopp resulterar i kvarvarande symtom och det vardagliga livet präglas av fysiska, psykiska och existentiella omställningar. Vald teoretisk referensram är KASAM.  Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av dagligt liv efter hjärtstopp.  Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes. Det inhämtades 15 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna CINAHL, MEDLINE och PubMed. Dataanalysen utfördes i enlighet med Fribergs femstegsmodell.  Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat består av tre teman med subteman. Det nya livet (Ett förändrat synsätt på livet, utmaningar i det fortsatta livet, närheten till döden). Att leva ett förändrat liv (Fysiska anpassningar, känslomässiga förändringar, kognitiva begränsningar). Stöd- och informationsbehov (Stöd från omgivningen, behov av information).  Slutsats: Hjärtstoppet är en traumatisk händelse som resulterar i att patienterna fick en andra chans i livet. Huvudfynden som framkom var: sökande efter mening, tankar på döden, försämrat minne och behov av stöd. Sjuksköterskan har som sitt ansvar att bemöta de här patienterna och tillgodose god vård för att stärka deras Känsla av sammanhang. Vidare forskning är av relevans som kan generera i ökad kunskap och förståelse för sjuksköterskan såväl som för patienterna. / Background: Cardiac arrest can affect anyone at any time, around 13 000 Swedes suffer from cardiac arrest annually. Life after cardiac arrest results in residual symptoms where everyday life is characterized with physical, psychological and existential adjustments. The chosen theoretical framework was SOC – Sence of coherence.  Aim: To describe patients experience of daily life after cardiac arrest. Method: A qualitative literature review with inductive approach was performed. It was obtained 15 qualitative academic journals from the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE and PubMed.  The analysis was performed in accordance with Friberg's analysis method.   Result: The result of the literature review consisted of three main themes with subthemes. The new life (A changed outlook on life, challenges in continued life, the nearness of death). Living a changed life (Physical adaptations, emotional changes, cognitive limitations). Need for support and information (Support from the surrounding, need for information).  Conclusion: The cardiac arrest was a traumatic event that resulted in the patients being given a second chance at life. The main findings that emerged was search for meaning, thoughts about death, impaired memory and need for support. It is the nurse's responsibility to meet these patients and provide good care to strengthen their Sense of coherence. Further research can generate increased knowledge and understanding for the nurse as well as the patients.

We investigate nonlinear Thomson scattering generated by intense laser pulses focused in noble gases. Electrons are ionized from low-density helium or argon early during the laser pulse and scatter light out the side of the focus. We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonic light focus over nearly the entire emission sphere. We investigate the influence of electron bunching, when individual atoms ionize multiple electrons sequentially as the laser field increases early during the laser pulse. Simulations suggest that correlation between electron positions for the ten electrons ionized from argon should distort the spatial pattern of nonlinear Thomson scattering relative to the two-electron pattern observed for helium. Preliminary experimental measurements do not reveal a difference in emission patterns between helium and argon. However, our experimental efforts were hampered by prepulses in our laser system, which could cause electrons to ionize ahead of the main pulse and disrupt the coherence between electrons. In the future, we hope to improve the pulse temporal contrast of the laser system and revisit this experiment. We also explore observed distortions in the angular emission patterns of nonlinear Thomson scattering. These persistent distortions arise presumably from subtle defects in the laser field, which can imprint on the angular distribution of the scattered light. Possibilities include variations in laser focal shape, spatial chirp, and laser-field polarization. We set out on a systematic experimental course to identify laser beam characteristics that may contribute to such distortions in the angular emission patterns. We develop experimental tests which have implicated our wave plate, used to rotate linear laser polarization, as a likely source of distortion. Further tests on the wave plate are required to confirm and explain how it affects the angular distribution of nonlinear Thomson scattering.

The early diagnosis of CP (Cerebral Palsy) in infants is important for developing meaningful interventions. One of the major symptoms of the CP is lack of the coordinated movements of a baby. The bilateral coordinated movement (BCM) is that a baby shows in the early development stage. Each limb movement shows various ranges of speed and angle with fluency in a normal infant. When a baby has CP the movements are cramped and more synchronized. A quantitative method is needed to diagnose the BCM. Data is collected from 3-axis accelerometers, which are connected, to each limb of the baby. Signal processing the collected data using short time Fourier transforms, along with the formation of time-dependent transfer functions and the coherence property is the key to the diagnostic approach. Combinations of each limb's movement and their relationship can represent the correlated movement. Data collected from a normal baby is used to develop the technique for identifying the fidgety movement. Time histories and the resulting diagnostic tool are presented to show the regions of the described movement. The evaluation of the transduction approach and the analysis is discussed in detail. The application of the quantitative tool for the early diagnosis of CP offers clinicians the opportunity to provide interventions that may reduce the debilitating impact this condition has on children. Tools such as this can also be used to assess motor development in infants and lead to the identification and early intervention for other conditions. / Master of Science

Syftet med studien var att studera unga vuxnas erfarenheter och upplevelser från tiden med en problematisk skolfrånvaro, med ambition att skapa en djupare förståelse för orsakerna till beteendet och eventuella konsekvenser, såväl som framgångsfaktorer och eventuella brister inom området. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio informanter. Fem av dessa var unga vuxna i ålder 18–26 år med egen erfarenhet av problematisk skolfrånvaro, och fyra informanter var föräldrar till individer med nuvarande eller tidigare erfarenhet av problematisk skolfrånvaro. Vår empiri bearbetades med hjälp av tematisk analys och resultatet analyserades med stöd av Protection Motivation Theory, det salutogena perspektivet genom KASAM och det relationella perspektivet. Resultatet visar att det finns flera olika orsaker till individernas problematiska skolfrånvaro och att orsakerna många gånger inkluderar olika aspekter: individuella, familjerelaterade och skolrelaterade. Aspekter som ofta samverkar. Studien visar att det är viktigt med tidiga, individuella anpassningar och samverkan för att motverka en problematisk skolfrånvaro. Med distans till den tid då den problematiska skolfrånvaron började, vittnar samtliga informanter i studien om att deras historia hade kunnat utvecklats annorlunda om skolan, hemmet eller samhället hade agerat tidigare och/eller annorlunda. / The aim of this study was to examine the experiences and perceptions of young adults during a period of problematic school absenteeism, with the ambition of gaining a deeper understanding of the causes of the behavior and potential consequences, as well as success factors and potential shortcomings in the area. We have utilized a qualitative research method where data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with nine informants. Five of these were young adults aged 18–26 with personal experience of problematic school absenteeism, and four informants were parents of individuals with current or previous experience of problematic school absenteeism. Our empirical data was processed using thematic analysis and the results were analyzed with the support of Protection Motivation Theory, the salutogenic perspective thru sense of coherence and the relational perspective. The results shows that there are several different causes of the individuals' problematic school absenteeism, often involving various aspects: individual, family-related, and school-related, which often interact. The study also shows that it is important to have early, individualized adjustments and collaboration to counteract problematic school absenteeism. With distance from when the problematic school absenteeism began, all informants in the study testify that their history could have developed differently if the school, home, or society had acted earlier and/or differently.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka huruvida det fanns ett samband mellan HR-praktikers upplevda känsla av sammanhang på arbetsplatsen utifrån KASAM-modellen och hur mycket de arbetade på distans. Studien genomfördes genom en digital enkätundersökning där 69 HR-praktiker deltog. Enkäten innehöll The Work-SoC Questionnaire som mätte deltagarnas känsla av sammanhang på arbetsplatsen. Resultatet visade inget signifikant samband mellan HR-praktikers upplevda känsla av sammanhang på arbetsplatsen och hur mycket de arbetade på distans. Denna studie fann däremot att HR-praktiker var en yrkesgrupp som hade hög arbetsrelaterad KASAM vid distansarbete och därmed har mindre risk att påverkas negativt av distansarbete. / The aim of the study was to investigate if there was a correlation between HR practitioners' perceived work-related sense of coherence based on the SOC model and how much they were working remotely. The study was carried out through a digital survey in which 69 HR practitioners participated. The survey contained The Work-SoC Questionnaire which measured the participants' work-related sense of coherence. The result showed no significant correlation between HR practitioners' perceived sense of context in the workplace and how much they worked remotely. In contrast, this study found that HR practitioners were a professional group that had high work-related SOC when teleworking and thus have less risk of being negatively affected by teleworking.

Trauma eller livshotande tillstånd medför att en individ blir patient och i förlängningen kan bli aktuell för trauma- och akutkirurgi. Aktuell inriktning av kirurgisk behandling är flytande och kan utföras oavsett kontext samt tid på dygnet. Det initiala omhändertagandet sker på akut- eller traumaenhet. Individens förmåga att ta in och hantera det som sker kräver en känsla av sammanhang. Syftet var att belysa vuxna individers upplevelser av traumaomhändertagande på akutrum och relaterade föreställningar kring att eventuellt behöva genomgå akutkirurgi. Aktuell metod utgör en allmän litteraturöversikt med systematisk metod. Underlaget består av 15 originalartiklar där data har bearbetats med integrativ analys. Resultatet presenteras i tre övergripande teman och berör alla upplevelser inför möjlig eller konstaterad akutkirurgi ur sammanhanget av ett traumaomhändertagande. Upplevelserna förenas med känsla av sammanhang inom individen. Individens sammanhängande upplevelse består i många omvälvande känslor som rädsla, oro och ovisshet inför vad som kommer att ske. Kommunikation och vikten att tillhandahålla adekvat information är av yttersta vikt. Vårdpersonal kan utgöra ett viktigt stöd för individen. Negativa upplevelser existerar och består till en del av brist på information, förståelse, delaktighet samt förmågan för individen att uppleva ett sammanhang under det akuta omhändertagandet. Förbättringspotential finns både avseende bemötande samt vårdpersonalens sätt att hantera patientens upplevelser sprungna ur rädsla och oro inför ett eventuellt akut kirurgiskt ingrepp. Vårdrelationen som etableras förutsätter fullgod kommunikation och ett adekvat personcentrerat förhållningssätt från sjuksköterskans sida. Förhållningssättet sjuksköterskan använder sig av bör även koncentreras till att stärka individen i att uppnå och bevara en hög grad utav känsla av sammanhang. / The occurrence of traumatic or life-threatening conditions means that an individual becomes a patient and, in the long run, may be considered for trauma- and emergency surgery. The current branch of surgical treatment can be carried out regardless of context and at any time of the day. The initial care takes place in an emergency or trauma unit. The individual's ability to comprehend and deal with what is happening requires a sense of coherence.  The aim was to shed light on adults' experiences of trauma care in the emergency department’s crash room and related beliefs about possibly having to undergo emergency surgery. The current publication is a general literature review with a systematic method. The basis consists of 15 original articles where the data has been processed with integrative analysis. The results are presented in three overall themes and touch on experiences concerning possible or ascertained emergency surgery in the context of trauma care. The experiences are combined with the sense of coherence within the individual. The individual overall experience contains many upsetting emotions such as fear, worry and uncertainty about what will happen. Communication and the importance of providing adequate information are of utmost importance. Healthcare professionals can provide important support for the individual. Negative experiences exist and consist in part of a lack of information, understanding, participation and the ability for the individual to experience context during the moments of emergency care. Potential for improvement is present both in terms of treatment and the way the healthcare professionals handle the patient's experience stemming from fear and anxiety before a possible emergency surgical intervention. The care relationship that is established presupposes good communication and an adequate person-centred approach on the part of the registered nurse. The approach the registered nurse uses should also concentrate on strengthening the individual in gaining and preserving a high degree of sense of coherence.