The interrelations of a set of software objects are usually manifold and complex. Common object-oriented programming languages provide constructs for structuring objects according to shared properties and behavior, but fail to provide abstraction mechanisms for the interactions of objects. Roles seem to be a promising approach to solve this problem as they focus on the behavior of an object in a certain context. Combining multiple roles yields collaborations, an interesting abstraction and reuse unit. However, existing approaches towards roles in programming languages require vast extensions of the underlying language or even propose new languages. We propose a programming technique that enables role-based programming with commonly available language constructs. Thus, programmers can express roles and collaborations by simply using a library, and hence, without the need to change the language, its compiler, and its tools. We explain our proposal on a language-independent level. Moreover, we provide an implementation in form of a library for the Scala programming language. Finally, we apply our ideas to design patterns and analyze to which extent these can be expressed and reused with roles. / Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Softwareobjekten sind vielfältig und komplex. In den meisten objektorientierten Programmiersprachen werden Objekte an Hand von gemeinsamen Eigenschaften und Verhalten klassifiziert. Konstrukte zum Strukturieren bezüglich ihrer Interaktionen fehlen jedoch. Ein vielversprechender Lösungsansatz sind Rollen, welche das Verhalten von Objekten in einem bestimmten Kontext beschreiben. Zusammenhängende Rollen können zu Kollaborationen abstrahiert werden. Diese sind insbesondere als wiederverwendbare Bausteine interessant. Allerdings verändern bisherige Ansätze zu rollenbasiertem Programmieren die zu Grunde liegende Sprache erheblich oder schlagen gar neue Sprachen vor. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen wir eine Programmiermethode, die rollenbasiertes Programmieren mit üblichen Sprachkonstrukten ermöglicht. Somit können Rollen und Kollaborationen als Bibliothek bereitgestellt werden, also ohne Sprache, Compiler und Werkzeuge anpassen zu müssen. Wir erläutern unseren Ansatz zunächst sprachunabhängig. Desweiteren wird eine Implementierung als Bibliothek für die Scala Programmiersprache präsentiert. Als praktische Anwendung stellen wir Entwurfsmustern dar und überprüfen, inwiefern sich diese mit Rollen ausdrücken und wiederverwenden lassen.

Våld i parrelationer är ett globalt hälsoproblem. Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett av de största hoten mot kvinnors liv och hälsa. Ansvaret att ge stöd och skydd till personer som utsatts för eller riskerar att utsättas för våld, ligger på staten och kommunerna. Samverkan mellan socialtjänst och polismyndigheten är lagstadgat och en viktig komponent i ett hälsofrämjande arbete i syfte att skapa en trygg och säker miljö för utsatta kvinnor. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för socialtjänstens och polismyndighetens samverkan i kvinnofridsfrågor. Fokus låg främst på vad som påverkar samverkansarbetet. Studien inriktade sig på semistrukturerade individuella kvalitativa intervjuer genom en kombination av bekvämlighets- och snöbollsurval. Manifest innehållsanalys har i enlighet med Graneheim och Lundman (2004) använts samt samverkansteori för att analysera empirin. Resultatet utföll i två domäner med tillhörande kategorier. Första domänen var individnivå. Bland personal och chefer som var engagerade i samverkan och kvinnofridsbrott och som förkovrade sin kompetens, existerade samverkan mellan specifika personer internt och externt mellan myndigheterna. Andra domänen var organisations- och samhällsnivå. Gemensamma definitioner på samverkan och mäns våld mot kvinnor saknades vilket medförde att myndighetspersonerna hanterade dessa ärenden olika. Medarbetarna inom båda myndigheterna fick inte gemensam information om t.ex. vilka strategierna för samverkan var. Tydligt ledarskap fanns inom båda myndigheterna med det saknades gemensamma flödesscheman, tydliga rollfördelningar och kunskap om varandras ansvarsområde inom och mellan myndigheterna. Alla dessa delar var viktiga komponenter som influerar varandra och samverkans utfall i kvinnofridsfrågor. Förhoppningen är att studien ska synliggöra komplexiteten i samverkan i kvinnofridsfrågor och öka kunskapen om de områden som påverkar samverkans resultat. / Intimate partner violence is a global health problem. Male violence against women is one of the biggest threats against women's life and health. The responsibility to provide support and protection to victims or people at risk of violence is on the state and municipality. The collaboration between social services and the police authority is legal and an important component of a health promotion work in order to create a safe and secure environment for vulnerable women. The purpose with this study was to increase knowledge and understanding of the social services and police authority collaboration in woman’s issues. The focus was primarily on what influence it had on collaborations work. The study focused on semi-structured individual interviews through a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. According to Graneheim and Lundman (2004) manifest content analysis has been used with collaboration theory for analyzing empirical data. The result precipitated in two domains with related categories. The first domain was the Individual level. Among the professionals and managers who were involved in collaboration and women's issue and developed their skills, existence of collaboration between specific people internally and externally between authorities. Other domain was organizational and societal levels. Common definitions of collaboration and men’s violence against women were missing which meant that the authority people handled these issues differently. The employees of both authorities did not share information about e.g. which strategies for collaboration were. Clear leadership existed within both authorities but there were no common flow diagrams, clear allocation of roles and understanding of their responsibility within and between authorities. All these elements were important components that influence each other and collaborative outcomes in women's issues. The hope with this study is that it will highlight the complexity of interactions in women's issues and increase knowledge of the areas that affect collaborative performance.

To a rapidly increasing degree, traditional organizational structures evolve in large parts of the world towards online business using modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capabilities. For efficient applications of inter-organizational information systems, the alignment between business and ICT is a key factor. In this context, business analysis using business modelling can be regarded as a first step in designing economically sustainable e-business solutions. This thesis examines how business modeling can be used to improve e-business design. We examine how business stakeholder intentions and different objectives of business collaborations can be used to obtain an explorative business model that can be used as a basis for designing e-business solutions. The thesis proposes a set of artifacts for business modeling and e-service design. In regard to business modeling, we propose methods that consider internal aspects such as strategic intentions of actors and external aspects such as business collaborations among them. Considering stakeholder intentions, we introduce a method to design business models based on goal models. A set of templates for designing goal models and a set of transformation rules to obtain business models based on goal models are proposed. To further improve business models considering business collaborations, we suggest a classification of business transactions that considers underlying business objectives of business collaborations. Utilizing the suggested business transactions, we then propose a method to improve business modeling. Finally, we propose a method for designing e-services using business models. The methods suggested support business modelers as well as process and services designers in executing their tasks effectively. The methods have been assessed through applications in two cases.

The world is changing. With more complex products and services available, shortened life cycles, and shifts in customers behavior due to the increased availability of information, companies needs to explore new capabilities and organizational practices to effectively preserve a competitive advantage through new innovations. A competitive advantage is said to be difficult to create and sustain in today’s markets. Many startups and corporates, are therefore, changing their innovation processes from a traditional linear process to more of an open process. Many scholars have studied this phenomenon from a corporate perspective, leaving a gap in existing literature on how startups are contributing with their innovative and entrepreneurial mindset to the context of open innovation. It is visible that startups are possessing an extensive amount of exploration capabilities, while lacking capabilities related to exploitation. Finding a balance between exploration and exploitation capabilities is an issue for startups due to its limitations of resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to distinguish how an innovation hub enables startups with balancing exploration and exploitation capabilities. For this study, the innovation hub of our choosing is Ignite. Based on the literature review and the identified research gaps, the following research question has been formulated to investigate the phenomenon of balancing organizational capabilities from a startup perspective: RQ: How can an innovation hub help startups find a balance between exploration and exploitation capabilities? To properly answer the research question, the chosen research approach was selected as a qualitative research method. The empirical findings were gathered from 11 semi-structured interviews, where nine interviews have been with managers from startups active in Ignite and two interviews with team members from Ignite. In addition to the empirical findings, we developed a proposed framework that explains the whole process of startups being active in Ignite from pre-intervention, addressing challenges related to startups and the reasons why they should engage in being active in an innovation hub, to post-intervention, addressing the possible outcomes received by being active in Ignite. To conclude, this thesis contributes with an understanding on how startups may use a third party, such as Ignite, to get help with the balancing act of exploration and exploitation capabilities. The findings show that the third party is helping the startups with balancing their organizational capabilities in an indirect way. This is done through Ignite’s accurate matchmaking process and their deep understanding about which capabilities the big corporations are looking for, which Ignite gathers from a needs analysis together with the big corporation. From this thesis, startups as well as big corporations, will understand the importance of involving a third party for the purpose of creating and sustaining a competitive advantage by balancing their exploration and exploitation capabilities.

Cross-sector collaborations in the form of self-organized interorganizational networks are key mechanisms to address complex social sustainability problems in a systematic manner with accelerated and effective results. Self-organized interorganizational networks allow for collaborations through low degrees of hierarchy and bureaucracy while achieving high levels of ownership and commitment among member organizations. These type of networks have proven useful to achieve policy reforms to tackle societal problems related to rapid evolving and internet related crimes affecting children. This study analyses the initial conditions and emergence of self-organized interorganizational networks, as well as the structuralarrangements and governance structures that facilitate the network organization. To do so, the authors used as case study the criminalization of online sexual grooming in Malaysia that resulted in the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017. The analysis of the case was conducted through a qualitative thematic analysis based on semi-structured interviews to 11 leaders of some of the organizations that collaborated by producing public awareness, educating about the implications of this type of crime, and simultaneously, drafting and passing the new law. The results of the study showed that the network in Malaysia was formed and organized organically through a combination of informal and formal methods and structures guided by a high sense of shared purpose and shared leadership.

Complex socio-technical problems such as climate change and the opioid epidemic strain current conceptions of public problem solving. Practitioners, including technical communication researchers, need methods that address immediate needs while supporting sustained community and policy response. Drawing on new materialist theory, technical communication research methods, and participatory research design, I trace the 2015 outbreak of HIV in Scott County, Indiana, and the subsequent passage of syringe exchange legislation, to craft frameworks for collaborative research calibrated to the messiness of wicked problems. My study draws on analysis of publicly available documents related to the outbreak, and interviews with public health practitioners, and community activists in order to identify sensitizing metaphors, and map how different metaphors organize work. Mapping these differences, and the networks they create for policy-making, operational response and research makes visible the embedded work of technical communication. I hope my research will help scholars and practitioners work more closely and communicate more effectively with more interdisciplinary and diverse audiences, contributing to critical scholarship that builds better communities. <br>

Syftet med undersökningen är att få en uppfattning om hur svenskar ser på att barnmedverkar i betalda samarbeten på sociala medier, där influencers får betalt av företag för attmarknadsföra produkter tillsammans med sina barn. Det är en kvantitativ undersökning somgenomfördes med enkäter som skickades ut till grupper utifrån generation, kön ochfamiljesituation. Frågorna berörde ämnena influencer marketing, sociala medier vanor,inställning till produkter och samarbeten. Enkäten hade 102 respondenter. ABC modellenär ett exempel på en teori som ligger till grund för vår undersökning.Respondenternas inställning till att barn deltar i betalda samarbeten var övervägande negativ. Desom var födda 1995-2003 var mer splittrade i sina åsikter än vad de två äldre åldersgrupperna var,de som var födda 1965 - 1979 eller 1980 - 1994. Inställningen till betalda samarbeten med barnskiljde sig inte åt mellan könen. Av de respondenter som inte hade barn var fler negativt inställdaän av de som hade barn. Inställningen till att barn medverkade i reklam förändras beroende på vilkenprodukt det var som marknadsfördes. Betalda samarbeten med produkter relaterade till barn, såsomblöjor och barnböcker, var respondenterna mer positivt inställda till, medan de var mer negativtinställda till “vuxen” produkter som smink och alkohol. Många av de som inte följde någrainfluencers var negativt inställda. Få respondenter hade deltagit i någon debatt online kring ämnetoch de flesta svarade att de inte ville delta i framtiden heller. / The purpose of this essay is to get an idea of how Swedes view the way children are used in paidcollaborations on social media, where influencers get paid by companies to market productstogether with their children. This is a quantitative study where a survey was sent out to groupsbased on their generation, age and family situation. The questions touched on the topics ofinfluencer marketing, social media habits, approach to products and collaborations.The survey had 102 respondents. The ABC model is an example of a theory that our researchgrounds itself in.The general attitude of the respondents regarding the subject of children participating in paidcollaborations were predominantly negative. Amongst those born 1995-2003 the general opinionswere more divided than the two older age groups were, those who were born 1965 - 1979 or 1980 -1994. The attitude to paid collaborations with children did not differ between the sexes. Of therespondents who did not have children, several more were negative than those who had children.Changes in the attitude was discovered when the participants were asked to take a stand in attitudetowards different product categories. The attitude towards children participating in advertisingchanged depending on what product was marketed. The respondents were more positive to thepaid collaborations when the products were related to children, such as diapers and children'sbooks, unlike “adult” products marketed such as makeup or alcoholic beverages where therespondents were negative. Many of those who did not follow any influencers were negativetowards the paid collaborations. Few of the respondents had been involved in online debateregarding the subject, and most respondents did not want to participate in the future either

When increasing the amount of recycled material in production the input materials are rarely homogenous which results in unavoidable waste streams. Utilizing this waste is of high importance when moving towards a Circular Economy and for firms to keep their circular identity. However, to achieve this, collaborations between firms are crucial. The purpose of this single case study is to develop a road map for how firms can create collaboration to strategically valorize waste streams from circular processes. Through a qualitative study based on 23 semi structured interviews the subject was investigated. The interviews were held in three phases with respondents from four different groups: the case company, potential collaborators, other firms with waste streams as well as subject experts. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through a thematic analysis resulting in five themes. Moreover, this study resulted in a road map with three gears and multiple steps that companies should follow to create collaboration for valorizing waste streams. The three gears are: Gear 1: Internal preparation, Gear 2: Finding the right partner and Gear 3: Forming the collaboration. The study fills the gap in existing literature regarding the lack of a firm perspective of a concrete road map by which companies can go from producing a waste stream to creating a collaboration to valorize it. Both the managers of a company as well as an assigned person responsible for waste streams can benefit from the road map. Although the road map contains three consecutive gears, the containing steps can be considered individually or partly depending on the company’s circumstances. In addition, companies without circular processes can be inspired from the road map in their work of becoming more sustainable. / När mängden återvunnet material ökar i produktioner är ingångsmaterialen sällan homogena vilket resulterar i oönskade restströmmar. För att röra sig mot en cirkulär ekonomi och för att företag ska behålla sin cirkulära identitet är det av stor vikt att ta tillvara på avfallet. För att uppnå detta är samarbeten mellan företag mycket viktiga. Syftet med denna enfallsstudie är att utveckla en roadmap över hur företag kan skapa samarbeten för att strategiskt valorisera restströmmar från cirkulära processer. Genom en kvalitativ studie baserad på 23 semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöktes området. Intervjuerna genomfördes i tre faser med respondenter från fyra olika grupper: fallstudieföretaget, potentiell samarbetspartner, andra företag med restströmmar samt ämnesexperter. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades genom en tematisk analys som resulterade i fem teman. Studien resulterade därmed i en roadmap bestående av tre växlar och flera steg vilka företag kan följa för att skapa samarbeten för att valorisera sina restströmmar. De tre växlarna är: Växel 1: Interna förberedelser, Växel 2: Hitta den rätta samarbetspartnern och Växel 3: Utforma samarbetet. Studien fyller gapet i den existerande litteraturen då företagsperspektivet i en konkret roadmap som beskriver hur företag kan gå från att producera en restström till att skapa samarbeten för att valorisera den saknas. Ledarna i ett företag samt en designerad person ansvarig för restströmmarna kan få nytta av av roadmapen. Trots att roadmapen består av tre påföljande varandra växlar kan de olika växlarna i roadmapen nyttjas individuellt eller delvis beroende på företagets omständigheter. Därtill kan även företag utan cirkulära processer inspireras av roadmapen i deras arbete att bli mer hållbara.

Potenziell disruptive Technologien sind schwer zu vermarkten, weil sie mit Werten verbunden sind, die für etablierte Unternehmen neu sind. Ohne geeignete Geschäftsmodellinnovation gelingt es den etablierten Unternehmen nicht, neue, potenziell disruptive Technologien auf den Markt zu bringen. Die aufkeimende Literatur über disruptive Innovationen bietet nur begrenzte Empfehlungen zu spezifischen Geschäftsmodellelementen, die dazu dienen können, potenziell disruptive Technologien zu integrieren. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, wie große Pharmaunternehmen Biotechnologien in die Gestaltung ihrer Geschäftsmodellinnovation einbezogen haben, um erfolgreiche Elemente der Geschäftsmodellgestaltung zu ermitteln. Es wird ein qualitativer Forschungsansatz gewählt, der aus drei Studien besteht. Zunächst werden nach einer systematischen Literaturrecherche zur Geschäftsmodellforschung in der pharmazeutischen Industrie 45 Arbeiten ausgewählt und qualitativ ausgewertet. Zweitens werden qualitative halbstrukturierte Interviews mit 16 Experten in großen Pharmaunternehmen geführt. Die Transkripte werden mit der Methode der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Schließlich wird eine Clusteranalyse durchgeführt, um den von allen digitalen Angeboten großer Pharmaunternehmen vorgeschlagenen und gelieferten Wert zu ermitteln. In dieser Arbeit werden erstmals zwei Geschäftsmodelle großer Pharmaunternehmen aus der Zeit vor und nach der Einführung der Biotechnologien beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wird argumentiert, dass für die Anpassung an potenziell disruptive Technologien folgende Geschäftsmodellelemente empfohlen werden: Kollaborationsportfolios und digitale Servitisierung. Erstens sollten etablierte Unternehmen ein Portfolio von Kooperationsformaten entwickeln, indem sie die Breite der Partner (einschließlich der Wettbewerber) diversifizieren und alle Aktivitäten in ihrer Wertschöpfungskette abdecken. Zweitens sollten die etablierten Unternehmen den Wert, den sie anbieten, und die Art und Weise, wie sie diesen Wert für etablierte und neue Kundensegmente bereitstellen, innovativ gestalten, indem sie ihre Produkte mit ergänzenden Dienstleistungen bündeln, insbesondere mit solchen, die digital ermöglicht werden. Digitale Dienstleistungen dienen dazu, die Bedürfnisse der Kunden mit denen des Herstellers zu verknüpfen. Neben der Weiterentwicklung der Theorie über disruptive Innovationen können die empfohlenen Elemente des Geschäftsmodells von führenden mittelständischen Pharmaunternehmen (z. B. Fresenius oder Servier) und Unternehmen aus anderen Branchen direkt genutzt werden, um andere potenziell disruptive Technologien zu vermarkten. Diese Forschung unterstützt politische Entscheidungsträger bei der Entwicklung von Strategien zur Förderung der Kommerzialisierung potenziell disruptiver Innovationen in ihrem spezifischen Kontext. / Potentially disruptive technologies are challenging to commercialize because they are associated with values new to established firms. Without fitting business model innovation, incumbent firms fail to bring new potentially disruptive technologies to the market. The burgeoning literature on disruptive innovation provides only limited recommendations on specific business model elements that can serve to accommodate potentially disruptive technologies. To close this research gap, this thesis explores how big pharmaceutical firms accommodated biotechnologies in the design of their business model innovation to discover successful business model design elements. A qualitative research approach consisting in three studies is adopted. First, following a systematic literature review on business model research in the pharmaceutical industry, 45 papers are selected and qualitatively analyzed. Second, qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted with 16 experts in big pharmaceutical firms. The transcripts are analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Finally, a cluster analysis is conducted to identify value proposed and delivered by all digital offers of big pharmaceutical firms. This thesis is the first to describe two business model designs of big pharmaceutical firms from before and since the accommodation of biotechnologies. This research argues that business model designs recommended for the accommodation of potentially disruptive technologies are collaboration portfolios and digital servitization. First, established firms should devise a portfolio of collaboration formats by diversifying breadth of partners (including competitors), and by covering all activities in their value chain. Second, incumbent firms should innovate in the value they offer and how they deliver it to mainstream and new customer segments though bundling their products with complementary services, especially those that are digitally enabled. Digital services serve for back-coupling customers’ needs with the producer. Besides advancing theory on disruptive innovation, the recommended business model design elements can be directly used by top midsize pharmaceutical firms (e.g., Fresenius or Servier) and firms from other industries to commercialize other potentially disruptive technologies. This research supports policy makers in devising strategies for the promotion of the commercialization of potentially disruptive innovations in their specific contexts.

Syfte &amp; frågeställning: Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur trovärdigheten till en influencer påverkas av betalda samarbeten i hopp om att kunna bidra till en djupare förståelse om de faktorer som påverkar en influencers trovärdighet som marknadsförare. För att besvara studiens syfte har följande frågeställning undersökts; Hur påverkar betalda samarbeten trovärdigheten till en influencer? Metod: För att kunna besvara syftet och få en djupare förståelse för ämnet har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Uppsatsen har en abduktiv ansats som utgångspunkt. Teoretiska utgångspunkt: Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt är befintliga teorier om influencers och reklam på sociala medier. Vidare fungerar “The source credibility model” (Ohanian 1990) som teoretisk utgångspunkt för studien då modellen beskriver trovärdighet genom fyra begrepp som fungerat som utgångspunkt för formandet av uppsatsens intervjuguide. Empiri: Tretton semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med individer som lämpar sig för studien enligt framtagna respondentkriterium. Resultat: Baserat på respondenternas syn på betalda samarbeten har tre teman identifierats som tillsammans eller individuellt påverkar trovärdigheten till en influencer. Det första temat “Mängd” syftar till att beskriva hur mängden betalda samarbeten kan påverka en influencers trovärdighet. Det andra temat “Tid” syftar till att beskriva hur avtalstiden på ett samarbete kan påverka en influencers trovärdighet. Det tredje temat “Kongruens” syftar till att beskriva hur kongruensen mellan ett varumärke och en produkt kan påverka en influencers trovärdighet. Dessa tre teman kan oberoende av varandra eller tillsammans påverka trovärdigheten. Dessa teman adderar till tidigare forskning genom att tydliggöra ytterligare faktorer som påverkar trovärdigheten till en influencer. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors that affect an influencer's credibility by investigating how the credibility of an influencer is affected by paid collaborations. Method: In order to be able to answer the purpose and gain a deeper understanding of the subject, a qualitative study has been conducted through semi-structured interviews. The essay has an abductive approach as a starting point. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who were suitable for the study according to developed respondent criteria. Theoretical framework: The theoretical starting point of the thesis is existing theories about influencers and advertising on social media. Furthermore, “The source credibility model” (Ohanian 1990) serves as a theoretical starting point for the study as the model describes credibility through four concepts that served as a starting point for shaping the essay's interview guide. Results: Based on the respondents' views on paid collaborations, three themes have been identified that together or individually affect the credibility of an influencer. The first theme "Amount" aims to describe how the amount of paid collaborations can affect an influencer's credibility. The second theme "Time" aims to describe how the contract period of a collaboration can affect an influencer's credibility. The third theme "Congruence" aims to describe how the congruence between a brand and a product can affect an influencer's credibility. These three themes can independently or together affect credibility. These themes add to previous research by clarifying additional factors that affect the credibility of an influencer.  This thesis is written in Swedish.