De nos jours, les projets de conception complexes de produits exigent que les équipes de concepteurs se réunissent pour faciliter le partage de leurs compétences et expertises respectives afin de produire un ensemble de solutions de conception efficace. Dû au besoin croissant d’échanger les connaissances, les projets de conception modernes sont encore plus structurés pour travailler avec des équipes distribuées qui collaborent sur un réseau informatique pour accomplir une conception optimale de produit. Néanmoins, dans ce processus de conception collaborative, l'intégration d'équipes multidisciplinaires – qui implique l'échange et le partage des connaissances et compétences – génère fréquemment des situations conflictuelles. Les différents points de vue et perspectives des experts, les différentes façons de communiquer et collaborer au niveau de connaissances, rendent le processus difficilement maitrisable. Pour accomplir un scénario optimal, certains problèmes doivent d’abords être résolus comme la spécification et formalisation des besoins, l’intégration d'ontologies, la détection et la résolution des conflits. Spécifier et formaliser les connaissances demandent un grand effort afin d’obtenir un modèle de représentation pour agréger plusieurs domaines différents des connaissances. Chaque expert pourrait s'exprimer afin que les autres comprennent leurs informations correctement. Il est donc nécessaire d’utiliser un modèle de représentation de données suffisamment clair et flexible pour accomplir cette tâche. Certains modèles actuels ne parviennent pas à fournir une solution efficace pour le partage des connaissances et pour la collaboration des projets de conception, car ces modèles n’intègrent pas les aspects géographiques, temporels, fonctionnels de la conception avec un modèle de représentation des connaissances flexible et générique. Ce travail propose une architecture, pour la conception collaborative, qui ambitionne d'être synchrone, générique, orientée aux services, basée sur les agents, et basée sur les ontologies. Des modèles particuliers de représentation sont transformés en instances d'ontologie et sont fusionnés pour accomplir le model final de conception d’un produit. C'est une approche synchrone parce que le processus de fusion est entrepris en même temps que l'interaction entre concepteurs. C'est générique parce qu'elle permet aux utilisateurs de travailler avec deux approches pour l’intégration d'ontologies : celle qui utilise une ontologie générique et celle qui utilise un processus d'harmonisation. Notre proposition se concentre sur les conflits de la conception collaborative et fait usage de Web Ontology Language (OWL) et des Services Web, le premier comme langage pour représenter les connaissances et le dernier comme un support technologique pour la communication. / Today’s complex design projects require teams of designers to work collaboratively by sharing their respective expertise in order to produce effective design solutions. Due to the increasing need for exchanging knowledge, modern design projects are more structured to work with distributed virtual teams that collaborate over computer networks to achieve overall optimization in design. Nevertheless, in a collaborative design process, the integration of multidisciplinary virtual teams – involving exchange and sharing of knowledge and expertise – frequently and inevitably generates conflicting situations. Different experts’ viewpoints and perspectives, in addition to several ways of communicating and collaborating at the knowledge level, make all this process very hard to manage. In order to achieve an optimal scenario, some problems must first be solved, such as requirement specification and formalization, ontology integration, and conflict detection and resolution. Specifying and formalizing the knowledge demands a great effort towards obtaining representation patterns that aggregate several disjoint knowledge areas. Each expert should express himself so that the others can understand his information correctly. It is necessary, therefore, to use a flexible and sufficiently extensive data representation model to accomplish such a task. Some current models fall short of providing an effective solution to effective knowledge sharing and collaboration on design projects, because they fail to combine the geographical, temporal, and functional design aspects with a flexible and generic knowledge representation model. This work proposes an information model-driven collaborative design architecture that supports synchronous, generic, service-oriented, agent-based, and ontology-based teamwork. Particular representation models are transformed into ontology instances and merged together in order to accomplish the final product design. It is a synchronous approach because the concurrent processes are undertaken at the same time that the interactions among designers take place. It is generic because it provides the users with two approaches for ontology integration: the use of a predefined generic ontology and the harmonization process. Our proposal focuses on collaborative design conflict resolution by using Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Web Services, the former as a tool for knowledge representation and the latter as a technological support for communication.

Le niveau de complexité des défis auxquelles font face les sociétés contemporaines exige le développement de solutions basées sur la combinaison de compétences de multiples acteurs. Cette intelligence collective émerge de la capacité des acteurs de réaliser des projets dans lesquelles leurs actions sont hautement interdépendantes. Le système pédagogique traditionnel fait face à des limitations structurelles pour former les étudiants à cette pratique que nous caractérisons de conception collaborative. Malgré le fait que le modèle de l’apprentissage basé sur l’atelier est avant tout utilisé dans une approche individuelle d’auteur, ce système singulier qui distingue les études d’architectures depuis 300 ans s’avère être un processus d’apprentissage hautement collectif. Nous soutenons que le W-AU est une évolution de ce modèle qui, en reconfigurant certains de ses paramètres, est devenu une approche efficace pour la formation à la conception collaborative. Grâce à un ancrage historique du W-AU, une typologie de ses pratiques contemporaines, et une recherche-action menée dans 3 cas spécifiques, cette recherche identifie les forces et les limites de ce modèle. Ce travail met en lumière, entre autres, les rôles de certains acteurs clés et les gouvernances propres à servir de médiation au processus de collaboration. Par ailleurs, l'appropriabilité, l'exotisme et l'interaction collective des structures du système se révèlent être des caractéristiques clés pour catalyser le processus collaboratif. Enfin, cette thèse souligne que, malgré une pratique répandue, les spécificités du W-AU doivent être mieux comprises et maîtrisées pour soutenir efficacement la conception collaborative. / The complexity level of challenges that face contemporary societies requires the development of solutions based on combinations of skills from multiple actors. This collective intelligence emerges from the capacity of actors to carry out projects in which their actions are highly interdependent. The traditional pedagogical system faces structural limitations in training students in this interdependent practice that we characterize as collaborative design. Despite the fact that studio-based learning model is mostly used in an individual authoring approach, this singular system which typify the architecture studies for the last 300 years, reveal a highly collective learning process. In this thesis, we argue that the Design Charrette is an evolution of this model which, by reconfiguring some of its parameters, has become a proper approach for collaborative design. Through a historical and theoretical anchor of the Design Charrette, a typology of its contemporary practices, and through action research conducted within 3 specific cases, this research identifies the potential strengths and limitations of the Design Charrette as a model for training students in collaborative design. Among the findings, this work highlights some key actors roles and governance configurations proper to mediate the collaborative process. It draws attention that appropriability, exoticism and collective interaction of the system structures, are key factors to catalyse collaborative design process. Finally, this work point to the fact that, despite the widespread practice of the Design Charrette, its specifics settings need to be better known to support effectively collaborative design process. / A complexidade dos desafios que as sociedades contemporâneas enfrentam requer a concepção de soluções baseadas na mobilização das habilidades de múltiplos atores. Esta inteligência coletiva emerge da capacidade desses atores conduzirem projetos nos quais suas ações são altamente interdependentes. No entanto, o sistema tradicional de ensino, que está baseado em uma lógica disciplinar de avaliação individual, encontra dificuldades para formar estudantes a este tipo de práticas de concepção colaborativa. Na paisagem da educação de nível superior, o ensino da Arquitetura distingue-se da abordagem disciplinar unversitária por utilizar o dispositivo do Atelier, que visa a aprendizagem de competências através de uma abordagem integrativa dos conhecimentos num processo de projeto. Este processo de aprendizagem por meio do projeto é também realizado em um ambiente particular, caracterizado por padrões espaciais, temporais, físicos e sociais singulares. Embora o sistema de avaliação seja feito da mesma forma que o modelo umiversitário tradicional, que é estruturado em função de um trabalho individual, este dispositivo pedagógico se difere em primeiro lugar, pela postura de autor que o aluno deve demonstrar, e em segundo lugar, pela dinâmica coletiva de aprendizagem que é implementado neste ambiente particular de fornação. A partir dessas constatações, defendemos a tese de que o Atelier de Arquitetura é um dispositivo pedagógico capaz de formar à concepção colaborativa, desde que alguns dos seus parâmetros sejam reconfigurados. Nesta perspectiva, nós identificamos o atelier intensivo de curta duração como uma evolução contemporânea do dispositivo do Atelier que, graças a uma concentração de alguns dos seus parâmetros (espaciais, temporais, físicos e sociais), tornou-se um lugar de experimentação concreta da prática e da aprendizagem da concepçãocolaborativa. Nessa pesquisa, nós usamos o acrônimo "W-AU" (Workshop de Arquitetura e Urbanismo) para falar do atelier intensivo de curta duração, a fim de distingui-lo de sua versão longa. Para defender esta tese, em primeiro lugar, nós definimos o atelier tradicional através de uma perspectiva histórica, além de analisarmos sua estrutura e seu funcionamento para então identificar como este dispositivo dialoga com a noção de concepção colaborativa. Em seguida, nós realizamos uma tipologia do W-AU, em função de suas diferentes práticas contemporâneas, para situar três estudos de caso a partir dos quais, nós descrevemos diferentes implementações da concepção colaborativa. Esta análise nos permite trazer à luz o papel-chave dos diferentes atores, da configuração da governança e da configuração dos parâmetros do ambiente, visando promover o processo de concepção colaborativa. Esta pesquisa consiste portanto em identificar as potencialidades e limitações oferecidos pelo W-AU para a formação à concepção colaborativa nos estudos de Arquitetura. Dada a diversidade das variáveis que estão em jogo na implementação deste ambiente colaborativo, a ambição desta contribuição não é propor um procedimento-padrão para a realização deste gênero de dispositivo, mas sim identificar e divulgar algumas ferramentas e estratégias sucetíveis de serem mobilizadas pelos atores da concepção colaborativa, visando facilitar e otimizar a sua abordagem.

To facilitate collaborative design in vocational education institutions, we have conducted a project to establish a nationwide PDM platform for four different schools spread all over the country. The particular aim of a follow up project introduced in this paper is to sensitize the participating students to sustainable design and lifecycle assessment (LCA) and provide them with hands-on tools through the PDM platform to accomplish these tasks. As a collaborative case study project, a cordless drill driver was chosen to be re-designed with respect to Ecodesign aspects. Since LCA is truly a holistic task, we focused on the ecological aspects of material and production stage. Distribution, usage and end-of-life stages were left out as well as economic and social aspects. The drill driver was divided into housing, drill chuck, gear and power unit. Each component was assigned to one of the schools and had to be designed with respect to reduced environmental impacts. Since different CAD systems are used the decision to provide the needed tools and environmental information within the PDM platform rather than CAD environment was easy. Some of the PDM systems on the market do also provide lifecycle analysis modules but it is rather a black box approach than a transparent data and reporting source. Because LCA heavily relies on the method itself and the way analysis is conducted we decided to develop our own tools. Therefore, a new, adapted interface was developed using open source business intelligence software called Pentaho to facilitate on the fly reporting and analytics of the work in progress by the users. Furthermore, the Ecoinvent database was connected to the PDM system to provide required information on carbon footprint and cumulated energy demand. The paper discusses strength and weaknesses of tools and methods with respect to the introduced case study and gives an outlook on ontology representation for the data model for better analysis capabilities.

I omställningsprocessen mot ett mer hållbart samhälle kan en designer ha en viktig roll för social innovation och samverkan. En designer kan underlätta för föreningar att själva lösa sina problem genom nerifrån-och-upp metoder. Detta betyder att den traditionella designerrollen är i förändring och att nya färdigheter efterfrågas. Det här projektet har utforskat ett praktiskt och föreningsdrivet designangreppssätt. Målet med designprocessen var att designa en tjänst för stadsodlingsprojekt baserade i Stockholm. Tjänsten utvecklades tillsammans med aktiva medlemmar i projekten för att göra odlingen mer effektiv, tillgänglig och enkel att sprida. / More and more, designers take the role of facilitators in social innovation processes by using collaborative approaches aiming at a transition towards sustainability. To do so, they collaborate with active communities that create solutions for their own problems through bottom-up approaches. Consequently, the role of professional designers is shifting and new design skills and approaches are required. This project explored a community driven design approach, on a practical level. The goal of the design process was to design a service for urban farming communities situated in Stockholm. This service was co created with members of the communities to make them more efficient, better accessible and easier to replicate.

La conception d’un système mécatronique est un problème d’optimisation multidisciplinaire et multi-objectif. Les approches d’optimisation actuellement utilisées, pour l’optimisation des systèmes multidisciplinaires, sont coûteuses en temps de calcul, difficiles à mettre en œuvre et non flexibles avec la phase de conception préliminaire, où les objectifs et les contraintes de conception changent fréquemment. D’où la nécessité de chercher une nouvelle technique plus simples à mettre en œuvre, moins coûteuse et qui permet d’adapter dynamiquement une solution suite à un changement des spécifications. C’est dans ce contexte que cette thèse se focalise sur le développement d’une approche multi-agents de conception qui, se basant sur les connaissances disciplinaires et par un comportement coopératif, permet de trouver collectivement une solution optimale qui satisfait les contraintes et les performances demandées.L'approche proposée est basée sur un processus de conception pour faciliter la conception collaborative distribué des systèmes mécatroniques. Cette approche est appliquée à la conception préliminaire d'un véhicule électrique pour illustrer comment l'utilisation du paradigme multi-agent aide les concepteurs à prendre des décisions efficaces et de parvenir à une décision optimale de l'ensemble du problème. Une étude comparative avec les méthodes classiques d'optimisation est faite afin de démontrer la validité et l'efficacité de l’approche proposée. / The design of a mechatronic system is a multidisciplinary and multi-objective optimization problem. Optimization approaches currently used for the optimization of multidisciplinary systems are expensive in computation time, difficult to implement, and inflexible with the preliminary design phase, in which the objectives and design constraints change frequently. It is therefore necessary to look for new techniques easier to implement and less expensive, that enable to adapt dynamically a solution due to a change in specifications. In this context that this thesis focuses on the development of a multi-agent design approach, based on disciplinary knowledge and cooperative behavior; make possible to collectively find an optimal solution that satisfies the required constraints and performance.The proposed approach is based on a design process to facilitate collaborative distributed design of mechatronic systems. This approach is applied to the preliminary design of an electric vehicle to illustrate how the use of the multi-agent paradigm helps designers in making effective decisions and to achieve an optimal decision of the overall problem. A comparative study with traditional optimization methods is made to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Que ce soit dans ses objectifs, son organisation, ses outils ou ses techniques, le projet en architecture subit des transformations profondes. Certaines découlent des politiques publiques, liées notamment à l’environnement, d’autres d’une maîtrise croissante du rapport qualité-coût, d’autres encore des innovations constructives et de l’essor du numérique, d’autres enfin de l’évolution du cadre des marchés publics, à l’exemple de la conception-réalisation. Dans ce contexte, on observe des pratiques de pilotage et de gestion des projets plus complexes dans lesquelles l’architecte n’est plus le seul à détenir la compétence de synthèse. Cette dernière, au contraire, prend des formes plus partagées dans lesquelles l’ingénieur occupe une place croissante. Pourtant, celle-ci reste peu décrite et mal connue, ou limitée dans sa définition à la synthèse d’exécution définie par la loi n° 85-704 du 12 juillet 1985, dite loi MOP (maîtrise d'ouvrage publique). Caractériser les conditions d’exercice de la synthèse et ses impacts sur les processus de projet est l’enjeu de cette thèse. Nous nous intéressons ici à un aspect, certes circonscrit, mais décisif pour la réussite du projet, à savoir les modalités de collaboration entre ingénieurs et architectes : formes de pensées et d’organisation, outils de représentation, divergences et convergences de leurs actions. L’analyse porte sur le partage de la dimension architecturale et constructive dans huit situations de synthèse issues de trois cas d'étude : la Maison Hermès à Tokyo, la station d'assainissement Seine-Aval à Achères, la Fondation Louis Vuitton à Paris.Par une observation sur le terrain et par des entretiens menés auprès d'ingénieurs et d'architectes, ce travail met en avant deux types de résultats : 1) une caractérisation des situations de synthèse qui précise le rôle des représentations, dont trois types sont identifiés : les représentations spécifiques, les représentations échangées et les représentations partagées ; 2) une évaluation des incidences de la synthèse sur le pilotage et le management des projets. Ces résultats mettent en lumière de nouvelles modalités de collaboration entre ingénieurs et architectes et de gestion de projet qui, sans être totalement représentatifs des projets menés en loi MOP, sont susceptibles de les rendre plus efficients. / Whether in its objectives, its organisation, its tools, or its techniques, the architectural project is undergoing profound transformations. Some arise from public policies, notably relating to the environment, others from increasing control over project cost management, yet others from innovations in construction and developments in digital technology, and others, finally, from changes in the framework of public contracts, such as design-build. As a result of these factors, more complex project management practices are emerging, in which the coordinating role is no longer confined to architects alone. Instead, it now takes more collaborative forms, with engineers playing an increasingly more important role. Nonetheless, there has been little description of this synthesising activity and it is poorly understood, or limited in its definition to the execution summary defined by act No. 85-704 of 12 July 1985, the so-called public project ownership (MOP) act. The aim of this thesis is to explain what is meant by project synthesis. We are interested here in a circumscribed aspect of the architectural and construction project – but one decisive to its success – which is the forms of collaboration between engineers and architects: modalities of thinking and organising, representational tools, differences and similarities in their activities. The theoretical and practical implications of this hypothesis will be explored through an analysis of the sharing of the architectural and constructional dimensions of eight examples of synthesis, drawn from three case studies: Maison Hermès in Tokyo, the Seine-Aval sewage plant in Achères, the Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris. Through observation on the ground and interviews with engineers and architects, this analysis highlights two kinds of result: 1) a description of situations of synthesis, which details the role of representations, identifying three types: specific representations, exchanged representations, and shared representations; 2) assessment of the impacts of synthesis on the conduct and management of projects. These results demonstrate new forms of collaboration between engineers and architects and of project management which, though not entirely representative of projects conducted under the MOP act, offer methodological contributions that could help make them more effective.

As plastic pollution is considered a potential geological marker of the Anthropocene, some living organisms have evolved and adapted into symbiotic relationships with polymers. The wicked problem of pollution and toxic exposure contributes to waste colonialism, which is inherent to the current state of climate and ecological emergency. From plastics to fungi and back again, this project speculates on the possibilities to decolonise plastic waste with the help of a plastic-decomposing fungus. My research prompts toward anthropo-de-centrism and multispecies storytelling as design methods to develop care for plastic waste. The project draws upon the complexity of fungi-plastics-humans relations and is supported by a transdisciplinary collaborative research focused on fungi cultivation. At the core of this practice, I relate the omnipresence of fungi and plastics to queer ecologies, and as such, I develop my design proposal with generative toxicity as theoretical and creative framework.  To materialise this, I propose a workshop bridging between local communities of designers and self-taught mycologists, in order to change the general opinion on plastic waste by focusing on hosting and care as forms of slow activism. The longer-term aim would be a systemic rebalancing of our permanently polluted world. Queer ecologies could therefore contribute to refine what sustainability means for design today by facilitating multispecies care and decolonising gestures.

[pt] A tese de cunho qualitativo interpretativo investiga metodologias de Design que sustentam projetos que resultem na promoção do desenvolvimento das interações sociais e padrões de comunicação dos sujeitos com autismo. Defende-se que a metodologia design em parceria, os princípios da tecnologia calma e os princípios do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem, empregados em projetos junto a pessoas com autismo, potencializam os múltiplos modos de comunicação e expressão. Como percurso metodológico, há a observação participativa de uma criança com autismo em sala de aula e o relato de experiência de oficina com educadores, terapeutas e mediadores. A pesquisa propõe procedimentos que auxiliem designers e educadores no desenvolvimento de projetos e no manejo de sistemas de informação e de objetos de mediação em ambientes formais e informais de educação. Reflete-se sobre a importância do uso de metodologias de design que abarque o sujeito com autismo apoiado em seus potenciais. Conclui-se que designers podem ter participação ativa em situações que impactam a sociedade, pois, para além deles desenvolverem expertises técnicas de solução de problemas, eles concebem metodologias processuais de construção de sentidos que apoiam as interações sociais. Neste sentido, enfatiza-se a aproximação de saberes das áreas de design e educação no desenvolvimento de metodologias e princípios que fortaleçam as singularidades de pessoas com autismo, com vistas a diminuição das barreiras comunicacionais e a consolidação de práticas educacionais e sociais inclusivas. / [en] This qualitative and interpretive thesis investigates design methodologies that support projects that promote the development of social interactions and communications patterns amongst autistic people. It is highlighted the fact that collaborative design methodology, calm technology and Universal Design for Learning principles, when applied to projects for autistic people, potentialize multiple ways of communication and expression. As methodological path, were used participatory observation of an autistic kid in a classroom and testimonials from teachers, terapeuts and mediators who participated in a workshop. The research proposes procedures that can help designer and educators in project development and in the information system and object mediation management in both formal and informal learning environments. The importance of design methodologies that include the autistic person in its potential is a reflection topic. It is concluded that designers can have an active participation in situations that impact society, once they go beyond the development of technical expertises for problem solving, they actually conceive sense making methodologies that foster social interactions. In this sense, an emphasis is made in the education and design intertwinedness in the development of principles and methodologies that strengthen autistic people s singularities, aiming to the diminishment of communication barriers and the consolidation of educational and social inclusive practices.

面臨紡織貿易自由化之時代來臨，全球紡織產業之競爭勢必更加劇烈，通路商與品牌商之議價能力也將逐漸增強，相對而言，製造廠商勢必在成本、交期、品質與配銷上更需符合客戶需求，因此未來國內中下游之大型成衣廠、織布廠必須更落實多點佈局、全球分工之營運模式，方能面對中國大陸、印度等低成本國家之價格競爭。而對於高附加價值產品在國內生產仍具競爭利基，則可加強產品之協同設計，以提供客戶更完善之服務，並延伸價值鏈之價值活動，以建構更強有力的競爭優勢。 本研究主要探討紡織產業如何運用產業電子化以創造全球競爭力，除分析國內外紡織業者導入產業電子化之之現況與未來發展外，並以個案分析實際驗證紡織產業導入產業電子化系統之過程與成效。 本研究分析重點以產品協同設計及全球運籌管理系統之導入為主軸，同時藉由商業模式(Business Model)分析、流程模式(Process Model)分析及資訊科技模式(IT Model)分析瞭解如何導入電子化系統及預估導入之可能效益。 研究結果發現，目前國內並無紡織專用之產品協同設計系統，需藉由國內相關單位共同努力建立一套協同設計平台，以加強與客戶之協同作業。而全球運籌管理系統則可參考資訊產業之營運模式，並導入國內IT供應商已建立之相關模組，同時再配合相關作業流程之改造，必能以最有效率之方式建置相關系統。

Visual communication is a part of everyone's daily existence. It is a ubiquitous mode that shapes not only the environment that individuals inhabit, but the very identity of the individual. Graphic designers, who create the vast majority of the visual communication encountered, play a crucial role in the production of cultural identity. It is a necessity that designers understand that role, as agents of cultural production.[ethno]graphic design is an ever-evolving approach to graphic design which utilizes anthropological methods in the creative process. This document presents a collection of projects which take an anthropological approach to the design process, utilizing techniques developed by cultural anthropologists to aid the design process — primarily ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, collaboration, multivocal representation and reflexivity.