A 9.5-year-old labrador presented with signs of progressive C1–C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed a broad-based, jagged and partially ill-defined intradural mass lesion at the level of C3–C4 cervical vertebra. Decompressive spinal surgery was performed and the removed mass was sent for histopathological examination that identified an intradural extraosseous osteosarcoma. This very rare canine spinal tumour appears to arise predominantly in the cervical spine and occurs with no predisposing factors. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis for spinal tumours.

Palco de manifestações multitudinárias neste início de século, as cidades têm presenciado o embate entre os desejos subjetivos por habitar espaços inclusivos, sustentáveis, compartilhados e geridos entre todos, e a crescente exclusão e destruição dos espaços comuns, provocadas principalmente pela especulação imobiliária e pelo consumo como experiência de vida. Em luta por um direito à cidade renovado, calcado no fazer cidade entre todos, de baixo para cima, coletivos de ativistas e movimentos de moradores vêm se conformando como laboratórios de comuns urbanos em todo o mundo. Em cinco anos de luta pela criação de um parque no Centro de São Paulo, impedindo a construção de três torres de concreto em uma região já adensada e com baixo índice de áreas verdes, o Movimento Parque Augusta tornou-se, a partir de suas práticas, um símbolo das possibilidades geradas nesses laboratórios, experimentando e produzindo em comum, como uma comunidade epistêmica. Este estudo traz um relato das características que permitem configurar o Movimento Parque Augusta como um comum urbano, construído em dois anos de observação colaborativa, análise de documentos e redes digitais. Ele mostra como a constituição da comunidade e sua governança, as ferramentas de ação, deliberação e comunicação por ele utilizadas, bem como os produtos construídos em comum, formam um protótipo que entregam como legado para coletivos e lutas afins / A stage of multitudinous demonstrations in the beginning of XXI century, big cities have witnessed the clash between subjective desires for inhabiting inclusive, sustainable, shared and managed spaces among all, and the increasing exclusion and destruction of common spaces, caused mainly by real estate speculation and consumption as a life experience. In a struggle for a renewed right to the city, based on making city among all, a bottom-up experience, collective activists and neighbors movements around the world have been conforming themselves as urban common laboratories. In five years of struggle for a park in São Paulo center area, preventing the construction of three towers in an already densely populated area with a low index of trees, Movimento Parque Augusta became, through its practices, a symbol of these laboratories possibilities, experimenting and producing in common, as an epistemic community. This study brings an ethnographic view about what characterizes Movimento Parque Augusta as an urban common, built in two years of collaborative observation, document and digital networks analysis. It shows how the constitution of the community and its governance, the tools of action, deliberation and communication used by it, as well as the products built in common, form a prototype that they deliver as a legacy for collectives and related struggles

A crescente demanda por cursos baseados na World Wide Web (Web) tem imposto uma série de desafios para a área da Tecnologia da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC), em particular quando se considera a Educação apoiada pela Web. Uma das necessidades emergentes da Educação via Web está relacionada com o uso de Objetos de Aprendizagem (OA) dentro de Sistemas Gerenciadores de Curso (SGC). Além de considerar a produção de OA com \"qualidade\", deve-se providenciar seu armazenamento e disseminação de modo eficaz. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades tem sido reportadas por professores envolvidos com cursos pela Web, tais como: o \"custo elevado\" para a autoria do OA; a falta de ferramentas para o compartilhamento desses materiais; e experiências práticas negativas no reúso desses conteúdos em um SGC. Uma primeira proposta para mitigar esses problemas tem sido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de Repositório de Objetos de Aprendizagem (ROA), visando principalmente facilitar a disseminação dos OA. Apesar do progresso já alcançado, ainda existem várias barreiras para a sua adoção pelos professores, como falta de integração simples entre o SGC e o ROA. Em geral as integrações atuais mostram-se difíceis para um usuário típico. Neste cenário, o objetivo deste projeto é apresentar um ROA inovador, o Repositório Interativo de Conteúdo Digital - iRepositório, cujo modelo prevê uma integração simplificada com um particular SGC e ainda oferece vários recursos para melhorar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, como o registro da eficácia educacional do OA. Como contribuição prática os fundamentos do iRepositório foram implementados para um SGC específico, o Moodle. Além de compartilhar OA entre cursos e usuários, ele provê recursos a outro componente do Moodle, o Tarefa Interativa - iTarefa, para armazenamento, classificação e busca de OA ou ainda facilidades para a manipulação dos Módulos de Aprendizagem Interativa (iMA). / The increasing demand for World Wide Web (Web) based courses has imposed some challenges in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field, in particular when considering the education supported by the Web. One of the emerging needs of education supported by the Web is related to the Learning Objects (LO) usage inside Learning Management Systems (LMS). Besides production of \"good quality\" LO, it must be provided efficient methods concerning their storage and dissemination. However, some difficulties have been reported by teachers of Web based courses: \"expensive costs\" for LO authoring; lack of tools for sharing these materials; and negative practical experiences for reusing them in an LMS. Some proposals to mitigate these problems have been the development of Learning Object Repository (LOR) tools, mainly in order to facilitate the dissemination of LO. Despite the progress already achieved, there are still several barriers for their adoption by teachers such as lack of easy integration between LMS environment and LOR. In general, current integrations are not simple for typical users. In this context, the target of this project is to presents an innovative LOR, the Interactive Repository of Digital Contents - iRepository. Its model provides seamless integration with a particular LMS and offers several resources to help teaching and learning processes, such as registry of LO educational effectiveness. As a practical contribution, the fundamentals of iRepository model were implemented for an specific LMS, the Moodle system. Besides promoting LO sharing among courses and users, it provides resources to other Moodle component, the Interactive Assignment - iAssign, for storage, classification e searching of LO, or even ease management of Interactive Learning Module (iLM).

Exacerbation of heritage features throughout the history of copyright brought serious consequences for their development. The copyright laws of historical progress in the scenarios with international and national economic traits notably eventually provide man, creator of intellectual work, a secondary role. Its activity has always been important, but there was a predominance of the equity, having. With the bourgeois revolutions of the eighteenth century began a process of modification of certain ideals, policies for inclusion in the letters of the states of certain fundamental rights. The coexistence of two systems of copyrights in the world ended up further back from the moral prerogatives of the authors. Yet the international legal texts now recognize them, although they are not fully respected. At a later stage there is a change of direction in the understanding of legal systems, is now setting up the foundation for the interpretation of copyright, to emphasize a repersonalization of its institutes. Our purpose in this study is to question whether it is possible to reconsider the legal institutions copyright, even with the new information society, and if possible, today, to meet the social expectations for the achievement of fundamental rights to information, culture and education, placed in check with this new social formation. We will analyze such issues based on the principle of human dignity for in the end, demonstrate the possibility of harmonizing these rights with the alternative use of works protected by copyright laws, taking as an example, the creative commons. / A exacerbação dos traços patrimoniais ao longo da história dos direitos autorais trouxe sérias consequências para o seu desenvolvimento. O progresso histórico das legislações autorais nos cenários internacional e nacional com traços notadamente econômicos acabou por atribuir ao homem, criador da obra intelectual, um papel secundário. Sua atividade sempre foi importante, mas havia o predomínio do patrimônio, do ter. Com as revoluções burguesas do século XVIII inicia-se um processo de modificação de alguns ideais, pela inclusão nas cartas políticas dos Estados de alguns direitos fundamentais. A coexistência de dois sistemas de direitos autorais no mundo acabou por afastar ainda mais as prerrogativas morais dos autores. Mesmo assim os textos legais internacionais passaram a reconhecê-las, conquanto não sejam inteiramente respeitadas. Numa fase posterior há uma mudança de rumo no entendimento dos sistemas legais, sendo agora a constituição o fundamento para a interpretação dos direitos autorais, a enfatizar uma repersonalização de seus institutos. Nosso propósito neste estudo é questionar se é possível fazer uma releitura dos institutos jurídicos autorais, mesmo diante da nova sociedade da informação, bem como se é possível, nos dias de hoje, atender aos anseios sociais pela consecução dos direitos fundamentais à informação, cultura e educação, colocados em xeque com esta nova formação social. Faremos uma análise de tais questões com base no princípio da dignidade humana para, ao final, demonstrar a possibilidade de harmonizar tais direitos com o uso alternativo de obras protegidas pelas leis autorais, tomando, como exemplo, o creative commons.

A crescente demanda por cursos baseados na World Wide Web (Web) tem imposto uma série de desafios para a área da Tecnologia da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC), em particular quando se considera a Educação apoiada pela Web. Uma das necessidades emergentes da Educação via Web está relacionada com o uso de Objetos de Aprendizagem (OA) dentro de Sistemas Gerenciadores de Curso (SGC). Além de considerar a produção de OA com \"qualidade\", deve-se providenciar seu armazenamento e disseminação de modo eficaz. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades tem sido reportadas por professores envolvidos com cursos pela Web, tais como: o \"custo elevado\" para a autoria do OA; a falta de ferramentas para o compartilhamento desses materiais; e experiências práticas negativas no reúso desses conteúdos em um SGC. Uma primeira proposta para mitigar esses problemas tem sido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de Repositório de Objetos de Aprendizagem (ROA), visando principalmente facilitar a disseminação dos OA. Apesar do progresso já alcançado, ainda existem várias barreiras para a sua adoção pelos professores, como falta de integração simples entre o SGC e o ROA. Em geral as integrações atuais mostram-se difíceis para um usuário típico. Neste cenário, o objetivo deste projeto é apresentar um ROA inovador, o Repositório Interativo de Conteúdo Digital - iRepositório, cujo modelo prevê uma integração simplificada com um particular SGC e ainda oferece vários recursos para melhorar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, como o registro da eficácia educacional do OA. Como contribuição prática os fundamentos do iRepositório foram implementados para um SGC específico, o Moodle. Além de compartilhar OA entre cursos e usuários, ele provê recursos a outro componente do Moodle, o Tarefa Interativa - iTarefa, para armazenamento, classificação e busca de OA ou ainda facilidades para a manipulação dos Módulos de Aprendizagem Interativa (iMA). / The increasing demand for World Wide Web (Web) based courses has imposed some challenges in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field, in particular when considering the education supported by the Web. One of the emerging needs of education supported by the Web is related to the Learning Objects (LO) usage inside Learning Management Systems (LMS). Besides production of \"good quality\" LO, it must be provided efficient methods concerning their storage and dissemination. However, some difficulties have been reported by teachers of Web based courses: \"expensive costs\" for LO authoring; lack of tools for sharing these materials; and negative practical experiences for reusing them in an LMS. Some proposals to mitigate these problems have been the development of Learning Object Repository (LOR) tools, mainly in order to facilitate the dissemination of LO. Despite the progress already achieved, there are still several barriers for their adoption by teachers such as lack of easy integration between LMS environment and LOR. In general, current integrations are not simple for typical users. In this context, the target of this project is to presents an innovative LOR, the Interactive Repository of Digital Contents - iRepository. Its model provides seamless integration with a particular LMS and offers several resources to help teaching and learning processes, such as registry of LO educational effectiveness. As a practical contribution, the fundamentals of iRepository model were implemented for an specific LMS, the Moodle system. Besides promoting LO sharing among courses and users, it provides resources to other Moodle component, the Interactive Assignment - iAssign, for storage, classification e searching of LO, or even ease management of Interactive Learning Module (iLM).

Vortrag über aktuell bedeutsame Probleme des Urheberrechts mit dem Schwerpunkt Open Access-Lizenzierung

Economic downturns and the subsequent trends of privatization and marketization that follow have prompted the development and expansion of urban commons as the commoner searches for more participatory forms of governance. Modern member-driven and non-profit organizations, like makerspaces, are utilizing the digital commons to provide more accessibility and autonomy, reducing the need for external funding and providing a means to crowdsource information and manage shared resources. This research investigates how combining digital and physical forms of governance, communication and learning can enable urban commons to sustain themselves and eventually compete with the mainstream market. In this research the case study of the Stockholm Makerspace is analyzed through two theoretical lenses, firstly Ostrom’s eight design principles and secondly the community capitals framework. The research methodology involved an open-ended survey, desktop study, and a digital ethnography. I found that digital commons provide an accessible arena for conflict resolution, community planning, and informal education by facilitating interpersonal relations for urban dwellers with weak social ties. The digital infrastructure also provides a platform for group monitoring and community awareness that I think is vital to maintaining a satisfied body of members.

Diese Doktorarbeit untersucht die Rolle die Bürgerinitiativen an der Schnittstelle zwischen städtischen und digitalen Räumen spielen können. Sie folgt drei Untersuchungslinien. Zunächst wird untersucht, wie die Forschung zu aus Graswurzelbewegungen entstandenen Alternativen für nachhaltige und gerechte Städte von einer besonderen Art des digitalen Gemeinguts profitieren kann: des kollaborativen kartografischen Mappings. Zweitens wird die Verflechtung von digitalen Gemeingütern mit physischen städtischen Gemeingütern untersucht, um zu verstehen, wie die gemeinsame Nutzung zu transformativen Effekten in der Stadt führen kann. Drittens wird versucht, das transformative Potenzial der Gemeingüter als ein Narrativ des Wandels für nachhaltige und gerechte Städte im digitalen Zeitalter zu bewerten. Methodisch stützt die Arbeit sich auf Aktionsforschung, primäre Einzelfallstudien sowie eine vergleichende Fallstudienanalyse. Ein vorläufiges Ergebnis ist die Identifizierung von basisgeleiteten kollaborativen Mappings – hier betrachtet als Initiativen des gemeinsamen Wirkens (Commoning) – als wertvolle Wissensquellen zu alternativer Stadtökonomik. Die Hauptergebnisse zwingen uns dazu, das klassisch-naturalistische Verständnis des Gemeinguts in Frage zu stellen, welches dazu neigt, ein Gemeingut als gegeben zu betrachten. Stattdessen wäre es für die Forschung von Vorteil, einen gemeinsamen Prozess zu untersuchen: die Rückgewinnung, Schaffung und Nutzung gemeinsamer städtischer Ressourcen. Über die künstliche Trennung zwischen materiellen und immateriellen Facetten des Gemeingutes hinaus lässt sich (urbanes) Commoning am besten als eine relationale Praxis in Pflege und Aufbau von Partnerschaften für die Reproduktion von Leben in der Stadt definieren. Dies ist umso wichtiger, dass digitale Werkzeuge zwar neue Potenziale eröffnen können, aber im Gegensatz zu anderen Diskursen (Sharing Economy, Smart Cities) für das Commoning der Stadt nicht von zentraler Bedeutung sind. / This doctoral research investigates the role that citizen-driven initiatives can play at the intersection of the urban and digital spaces. It follows three lines of investigation. First, it explores how research about grassroots alternatives for sustainable and just cities may benefit from a particular type of digital commons: collaborative cartographic mappings. Second, it investigates the intertwin of digital commons with physical urban commons to understand how commoning may lead to transformative impacts in the city. Third, it seeks to evaluate the transformative potential of the commons as a narrative of change for sustainable and just cities in the digital age. Methodologically, it relies on action research, primary individual case-studies as well as a comparative case-study analysis. A preliminary result is the identification of grassroots-led collaborative mappings – seen as commoning initiatives – as valuable sources of knowledge about alternative urban economies. Main results compel us to question the classical/naturalist understanding of the commons that tends to consider it as a given. Instead, research would benefit to investigate a commoning process: the reclaiming creation, and use of shared urban resources. And, further, transcending artificial divides between the tangible and intangible facets of the commons, (urban) commoning is best defined as a relational practice of caring for and building partnerships for the reproduction of life in the city. This is all the more important that another significant result of the present work is that, while they may open new potential, digital tools are not central to commoning the city, in contrast other discourses (Sharing Economy, Smart Cities). Epistemologically, the author recommends aligning the effort of researching urban commoning to the Diverse/Community Economies research agenda which calls for performative studies of more-than-human urban commoning-communities.

Technology has become closely interwoven with our lives, positioning us as authors of large and diverse databases. These extensive collections of digital assets will be left behind as digital legacies after users eventually die. Addressing the inevitability of death in digital systems, including considerations for pre-configuring, or accessing these digital legacies, calls for thanatosensitivity in design. As a relatively new field, thanatosensitive HCI research on digital legacy has primarily focused on data storage and security as well as social networking systems. However, people might create online content that can be of relevance postmortem beyond the next of kin and private network, such as contributions to digital commons communities. In my research, I explore challenges and opportunities for thanatosensitive design in the context of digital commons communities by examining two design cases as samples of that area: GitHub and the Free Music Archive. Through a process inspired by programmatic design research, I followed a mixed method approach including literature reviews, interviews, workshop sessions, and iterative design synthesis. The outcome is a guidebook consisting of annotated portfolios with design exemplars for each design case, accessible to different stakeholders for further collaboration. Drawing on the annotations and intersections between both cases, I frame the knowledge contributions of this study as insights from the design process, aiming to provide directions for future research on thanatosensitivity in systems for digital commons contributions.

The focus of this research has been on how the county of Hertfordshire negotiated the economic, social and political changes of the late nineteenth century. A rural county sitting within just twenty miles of the nation’s capital, Hertfordshire experienced agricultural depression and a falling rural population, whilst at the same time seeing the arrival of growing numbers of wealthy, professional people whose economic focus was on London but who sought their own little patch of the rural experience. The question of just what constituted that rural experience was played out in the local newspapers and these give a valuable insight into how the farmers of the county sought to establish their own claim to be at the heart of the rural, in the face of an alternative interpretation which was grounded in urban assumptions of the social value of the countryside as the stable heart of the nation. The widening of the franchise, increased levels of food imports and fears over the depopulation of the villages reduced the influence of farmers in directing the debate over the future of the countryside. This study is unusual in that it builds a comprehensive picture of how agricultural depression was experienced in one farming community, before considering how farmers’ attempts to claim ownership of the ‘special’ place of the rural were unsuccessful economically, socially and politically. Hertfordshire had a long tradition of attracting the newly wealthy looking to own a country estate. Historians have suggested that in the late nineteenth century there was a shift in how such men understood ownership of these estates, showing little enthusiasm for the traditional paternalistic responsibilities; in the face of a declining political and social premium attached to landownership, their interest lay purely in the leisure and sporting opportunities of the rural. However, as this research will show, the newly wealthy were not immune to that wider concern with social stability, and they engaged with their local environment in meaningful ways, using their energies and wealth to fund a range of social improvements. This research extends our understanding of just how the rhetoric of the rural was experienced by the residents of a county which so many saw as incorporating the best of the ‘south country’. In so doing, it makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of how this period of agricultural depression was interpreted by the wider nation, and the impact on social and cultural understanding of the place of the countryside within the national identity.