Bakgrund: Migration är vanligt förekommande i världen och i Sverige är invandring en stor anledning till folkökningen. När människor behöver söka sig till hälso- och sjukvården i ett nytt land så kan språkbarriärer uppstå, vilket påverkar kommunikationen. För att uppnå en god relation samt ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt i vården, så är kommunikation en betydelsefull aspekt. Ett sätt att kommunicera på vid språkbarriär är via tolk, vilket sjuksköterskor beskriver som värdefullt men ibland problematiskt. För att förbättra kommunikationen med patienter vid språkbarriärer så behöver patienters perspektiv undersökas, inte endast vårdpersonalens.  Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av kommunikation vid språkbarriärer mellan patient och vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvård.  Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på tio kvalitativa originalartiklar. Datainsamling utfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. De artiklar som har valts ut till studien har uppfyllt inklusions- och exklusionskriterier, samt har bedömts vara av hög kvalitet i kvalitetsgranskning.  Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier lyftes fram under resultatanalysen; Hur språkbarriärer påverkar den personcentrerade vården, Missförstånd och konsekvenser samt Användning av tolk. Den första huvudkategorin delades in i tre underkategorier; Upplevd diskriminering, Känslor till följd av språkbarriärer och Preferenser gällande hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Även den sista huvudkategorin delades in i tre; Professionell tolk, Informell tolk och Andra sätt att kommunicera.  Slutsats: Språkbarriärer har stor påverkan på kommunikationen mellan patienter och vårdpersonal. Detta kan av flera anledningar få negativa följder i vården. För att säkerställa en personcentrerad vård, så är vårdpersonalens bemötande och utveckling av de kommunikationssätt som finns avgörande. / Background: Migration is common in a global perspective and immigration is an important reason for the population increase in Sweden. When individuals are in need of healthcare in a new country, language barriers can arise and affect the communication. To achieve patient-centered care and a good relationship in healthcare, communication is a crucial aspect. Use of interpreters is one way to overcome language barriers, which nurses describe as valuable but sometimes problematic. To improve the communication with patients when there are language barriers, patients’ perspectives needs to be explored in addition to healthcare professionals.  Aim: To investigate patients’ experiences of communication, when there are language barriers between patients and health care professionals in health care.  Method: A literature study based on ten qualitative original articles. The databases Pubmed and CINAHL were used for data collection. The articles chosen for the study met the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. Their quality was also assessed as high in the quality analysis.  Results: Three main categories were highlighted under the analysis of the results; How language barriers affect person-centered care, Misunderstandings and consequences and The use of interpreters. The first main category was divided into three sub-categories; Experienced discrimination, Feelings due to language barriers and Preferences regarding healthcare professionals. The last main category was also divided into three; Professional interpreter, Informal interpreter and Other ways to communicate.  Conclusion: Language barriers have a big impact on the communication between patients and healthcare professionals. This can affect healthcare negatively for many reasons. The behavior of healthcare professionals and development of existing means of communication, is crucial to ensure a patient-centered care.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa barnmorskors och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av och förhållningssätt till att förmedla sexologisk information till kvinnor som drabbats av gynekologisk cancer. Vårdpersonal överlag upplever en stor utmaning i att förmedla sexuell information till människor som drabbats av cancer och tidigare forskningsresultat visar att många patienter aldrig får någon sexologisk information överhuvudtaget (Sheppard & Ely, 2008, Hughes, 2009 och Rasmusson et al, 2012). En kvalitativ metod med explorativ ansats valdes i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att den skapar en fördjupad förståelse för vad barnmorskor och sjuksköterskor själva tycker och har för erfarenhet av att prata om sexualitet med denna patientgrupp. Fem barnmorskor och fyra sjuksköterskor alla med minst ett års erfarenhet av att vårda kvinnor som drabbats av gynekologisk cancer deltog i studien. Under analysprocessen återkom ständigt betydelsen av kompetens och den gick att identifiera på tre nivåer; den individuella nivån, den organisatoriska nivån samt på den normativa nivån. När valda teoretiska perspektiv lades på de deskriptiva teman framträdde; individuell kompetens som förutsättning, organisatoriskt utrymme – individuellt eller kollektivt ansvar, patienters kön och ålder – betydelse för hur och av vem frågan tas upp och föreställningar om sjukdomsdiagnos och sexualitet. I studien framkom att intervjupersonerna uppfattar att sexualitet ska inkluderas i den holistiska omvårdnaden men möjligheten till sexologisk information för de cancerdrabbade kvinnorna påverkas av vårdpersonalens eget förhållningssätt till ämnet. En konsekvens av begränsat organisatoriska utrymmet är att den individuella kompetensen får liten betydelse. Hög ålder i kombination med sjukdom osynliggör sexualiteten. Vårdpersonal upplever svårigheter att prata om sexualitet i relation till sjukdom. Genom att synliggöra svårigheter på olika nivåer ges möjlighet till förändringar i att förmedla sexologisk information inom vården. / The aim of this paper is to highlight midwives and nurses' experiences and attitudes to discussing sexological information to women affected by gynecological cancer. In general, healthcare professionals find it a great challenge to convey sexual information to people affected by cancer. Previous research shows that many patients never receive any information of a sexual nature at all (Sheppard & Ely, 2008; Hughes, 2009 and Rasmusson et al, 2012). A qualitative method with an exploratory approach was chosen in the form of semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of what midwives and nurses themselves think and what they experience when talking about sexuality with their patients. Five midwives and four nurses, all with at least one year of experience caring for women affected by gynecological cancer participated in the study. During the analysis process the importance of competences arose frequently and three levels were identified; the individual level, the organisational level and the normative level. When the chosen theoretical perspective was applied to the descriptive themes emerged; individuals competences and knowledge, organisational environment - whether there is an individual or collective responsibility, the patient’s sex and age, how and by whom the question of sexuality is raised and beliefs about illness and sexuality. The study revealed that healthcare professionals see a need for sexuality to be included as part of the holistic nursing care process, but the possibility of sexological information for the affected women is affected by the nursing staff's own attitude to the subject. One consequence of limited organisational environments is that the individual competency may be of little importance. Both old age and illness can contribute to making sexuality invisible. Health professionals find it problematic to consider sexuality in relation to illness. By exposing these difficulties at various levels give us the opportunity to changes in the process of conveying sexological information as part of a comprehensive health care process.

The aim of this work is to identify the most common communication errors in terms of transactional analysis taken from selected levels of management of medical facility, which undermine the social interaction at work, and analyse their causes and impact on the behaviour and experience of parties involved. Part of the work is a set of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of these barriers. For these goals to be met, I have developed questionnaires, particularly for top management, and especially for middle management, where the respondents assess themselves on how often they face barriers in the workplace and the impact of these barriers on their behaviour and experience. Their responses are processed in charts by allocation criteria. Communication theories and the barriers related to the identified data give an idea of how the top management of this medical facility (and possibly at other medical facilities of similar size and structure) should communicate with senior consultants with care. The contribution of this work should be to improve communication and achieve not only greater satisfaction for all employees, but also increase productivity during business hours. For this to transpire, it is first necessary to increase communication, especially the knowledge of effective communication, then accept their mistakes and make a constant effort to eliminate them. Some important basic concepts in communication, transactional, barriers of communication and removing communication barriers are clarified in the theoretical part. The practical part is focused on the environment of unnamed hospital. The most commonly met crossed transactions in the workplace and their impact on the behaviour and experience are shown and described there.

The importance of corporate communication is even more highlighted nowadays than it has been couple years ago. The reason behind is that companies are constantly growing and effective employee communication within such companies is becoming more difficult. This Diploma thesis aimed to find out how to improve internal communication in selected company. For this purpose a solid communication theory has been presented and a real company chosen to be examined in the analytical part. The analytical part examined and wraped up outcomes from questionnaire and interviews. The outcome of the thesis offers an answer to a research question How can multinational company improve its employee communication and revealed opportunities for improvement. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Excerpt: I am wearied by sexual repression in the family. I find parental obsession with virginity for its own sake tiresome. I am troubled by the neighbour boy who, when playing some form of truth or dare, dared my daughter, twice his age, to jump in the air and grab her penis; she says, “That’s going to be tricky, since I don’t have one.” He says, “Really? Why not?” He was seven. My own son figured this out in the bathroom with me at around two.

In times of rapid economic development and internationalization of business, effective cross-cultural communication among managers remains a challenge. This thesis aims to research and analyze cross-cultural communication in business context based on qualitative case study of a small Swedish company and its international business partners. Previous research has focused on differences and similarities in people’s behaviour and ways of communication based on their cultural background. Through in-depth analysis and application of existing theories to the chosen case study company, the findings of this research demonstrated that although national culture does have an undeniable influence on people’s behaviour and their communication style, implications in communication between business partners of different cultural backgrounds often connected to an individual approach to cross-cultural communication. A great emphasis was placed on the language being one of the biggest communication challenges facing SMEs in international arena. Finally, misunderstandings occurring due to communication through technological devices were discussed.

Bakgrund: Kommunikation är grundläggande för att bemötandet inom omvårdnad ska fungera. Om kommunikationen brister och orsakar en inkorrekt informationsöverföring, riskeras inte bara patientsäkerheten utan också att felaktig vård ges till följd av misstolkningar. Med samhällsutveckling och ökande global migration sker en kontinuerlig förändring av förutsättningar för hälso- och sjukvården. Förändrade förutsättningar innebär att hög kompetens krävs av sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskan bör inneha kunskap till att identifiera hur kulturella faktorer kan inverka på upplevelser av och förväntningar på vård och behandling samt vara införstådd om hur deras sätt att kommunicera påverkar och uppfattas av patienter. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa mötet mellan omvårdnadspersonal och patient vid kommunikationsbarriärer ur ett transkulturellt perspektiv. Metod/Design: En allmän litteraturöversikt. Resultat/Slutsats: Kommunikationsbarriärer inom omvårdnad består främst av lingvistiska och kulturella hinder. Kulturmedvetenhet och kulturkompetens hos sjuksköterskan ökade förutsättningarna att möta kommunikationshinder. Tolkanvändning presenterades som ett positivt och negativt hjälpmedel att tillgå vid språkbarriärer men visades vara komplext i många avseenden. Med personcentrerad vård kan sjuksköterskan övervinna kommunikationshinder då det främjar patientens individualitet och delaktighet. Förslag på fortsatt forskning: Ytterligare forskning behövs inom området för att stärka kulturkompetensen hos sjuksköterskor samt för att kunna implementera det i klinisk praxis. / Background: Communication is fundamental for the approach of nursing to work properly. If communication fails and causes an incorrect transfer of information, not only is patient safety at risk but also that wrong care is given due to misinterpretations. With the development of society and increasing global migration, there is a continuous change in the conditions for health care. Changed conditions mean that high skills are required of the nurse. The nurse should possess knowledge to identify how cultural factors can affect the experiences and expectations of care and treatment as well as be aware of how their way of communicating is influenced and perceived by patients. Aim: The aim was to illuminate the encountering between healthcare professionals and patients in communication barriers from a transcultural perspective. Method/Design: A general literature review. Results/Conclusion: Communication barriers in nursing consists mainly of linguistic- and cultural barriers. Cultural awareness and cultural competence of the nurse increased the conditions for addressing the communication barriers. The use of an interpreter was presented as a positive and a negative resource when language barriers appeared, since it was found to be complex to use out of many aspects. With person-centered care, the nurse can overcome communication barriers as it promotes the individuality and participation of the patient.

Nursing care for paediatric terminally ill patients in the Czech Republic is continuously evolving and developing. It is important for the nurses to learn to use suitable communication. Theoretical part of this work includes information on terminal stages of illnesses in children and the corresponding care that should be provided. It further focuses on communication with the child and his/her parents. The theoretical background for this work is the conceptual Callista Roy Adaptation model for nursing applied on a paediatric terminally ill patient. The main aim of this work was to focus on revealing features in nurse communication with a child patient with regard to his/her medical diagnosis. We have focused on mapping medical diagnosis for paediatric patients in terminal stage of their illness that evoke communication barriers in nurses involved with the patients. Further step of this research was obtaining the information about the type of barriers the nurses evolve. Another aim was to create educational material for nurses based on information obtained from the research that would lead to improved communication between the nurse and the terminally ill child. A personal aim was also set in this work to gain necessary information and experience for the starting carrier as a paediatric nurse. Five research questions were posed to reach the aims of this work aimed at identifying communication barriers with regard to medical diagnosis child patient in the terminal stage of the disease, barriers in communication with a child patient in the terminal stage of the disease, evaluation of the quality of nurse communication with terminally ill child patients, use of communication aids in nursing care for these patients and we also wanted to know what changes in the communication with the terminally ill children the nurses experienced since the beginning of their working practice. The practical part is divided into two qualitative research investigations. In the first phase of this research eleven nurses working at paediatric oncology wards and eight nurses from hospice care aimed at child patients participated. Half-structured interview technique was used for the research. Based on the practical aim, second phase of the research consisted of evaluation of the impact educational material created as a result of the first phase of the research had on the nurses. The first phase of the research showed that the communication barriers are evoked in nurses by the following diagnoses: bone tumours, brain tumours and multiple sclerosis. Further barriers found in nurses regarding communication with terminally ill patients included: children above 12 years of age, lack of knowledge about suitable communication and about the patient, unsolved issues with own mortality, fear and embarrassment of possible mistakes and the patient personality. Nurses use many means of communication. Nurses noticed changes in communication that happened during their carrier; they mentioned more reassurance, more knowledge, better assessment of the children and suitable timing. They also feel better during the time of mourning, understanding the role of the parents; they feel more humble and respectful towards life itself. Nurses evaluate their level of communication with child patients very positively and have a will to educate themselves further. The nurses showed signs of psychological load. It was also revealed that a psychologist is not functional or altogether missing in their place of work. The second phase of the research showed that nurses welcomed and appreciated the educational material created for them, they found it useful in their nursing practice, they evaluated it as useful for beginner nurses. Based on this material a children book was purchased for the ward. The recommendation for practice is the use of the Callista Roy Adaptation model for nursing. I have personally gained both wide theoretical knowledge and experience from the interviewed nurses.

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This dissertation is an exploratory study aimed at empirically identifying and examining manifestations of communication barriers in the South African National Defence Force. A convergence model of communication is presented, describing the stages involved when individuals share the same information. The convergence model of communication delineates the relationship among the physical, psychological, and social aspects of communication. Two complementary theorems deduced by Kincaid (1988) from the convergence principle and the basic cybernetic process involved in information processing are applied in the analyses. The theorems specify the conditions under which intercultural communication will lead to convergence between members of different cultures involved. An empirically testable model was developed to collect information about possible communication barriers. The barriers are an indication of the restrictions on communication in the system and therefore indicate the possibility of restricting cultural convergence. / Communication / M.A. (Communication)