Bakgrund: Äldre blir allt friskare, vilket gör att de lever längre. Ålderdom är inte längre i symbios med sjukdom och död, utan med frihet och lycka. Då fler blir äldre i samtid ökar antalet pensionsavgångar i takt med att fler blir äldre och riskerar att skapa stora kompetensglapp i organisationer. Därför har senaste tidens debatter speglat diskussioner kring möjligheter att arbete längre då gårdagens yrkesliv speglar dagens pensionsålder.   Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för organisationers syn på kompetens samt för vilka metoder och strategier som används vid kompetensöverföring. Vidare ligger fokus på bevarandet av äldre medarbetares kompetens inom organisationen, visa vilken vilja äldre har att förlänga sitt yrkesliv samt vilket intresse organisationer har att tillvarata dem.     Metod: För att besvara vårt syfte har vi utgått från en induktiv ansats där våra kvalitativa intervjuer legat som grund för uppsatsens struktur. Studie är en mix av flerfallstudie och tvärsnittsdesign då vårt syfte inte är att generalisera utan skapa en ökad förståelse.   Slutsats: Vi har fått insikt om att det finns en medvetenhet kring generationsproblematik i organisationer. Dock har de inte några uttalade strategier eller metoder för hur de ska hantera kompetensförluster i takt med pensionsavgångar. Vi har upplevt att kompetens, kompetensöverföring och vilja hänger samman och inte kan frikopplas från varandra. Om inte organisationer på ledningsnivå vet vad för kompetens de talar om, är det också svårt att veta vad som är viktigt att överföra. Även viljan att arbeta med sådana aktiviteter är avgörande för att ett strategiskt arbete ska bli genomförbart. Det finns en vilja att förlänga sitt yrkesliv för äldre medarbetare, viljan förhindras dock av stelbenta attityder och värderingar i samhället. Samhället har tendenser att sätta bäst före datum på saker och ting, vilket även gäller organisationers arbetskraft. System bör därför individualiseras för att minimera kompetensglapp och maximera kompetensnivån i organisationer.  Nyckelord: Kompetens, Kompetensöverföring, Vilja, Äldre medarbetare / Background: Elderly people are healthier, which makes them live longer. Old age is no longer in symbiosis with the illness and death, but of freedom and happiness. As more people become older, the number of retirees is increasing as more people get older and are likely to create major competence losses in organizations. Recent debates reflected discussions about opportunities to work longer since yesterday's work reflects the current retirement age.   Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of organizations' views of competence and for which methods and strategies used in the transfer. Furthermore, the focus is on preservation of elder employees' competence within the organization, to show which will the elderly have to extend their working lives, and which interest organizations have to retain their competence.   Method: In order to answer our purpose, we have an inductive approach where our qualitative interviews formed the basis for the paper structure. Our study is a mix of multi-case study and cross-sectional design since our purpose is not to generalize but to create a better understanding.   Conclusion: There is an awareness of coming retirements within organizations. However, they have no expressed strategies or methods for how to deal with competence loss linked to retirements. We have seen that competence, competence-transfer and will are connected and cannot be separated from each other. Unless organizations at the management level know what competence they are talking about, it is also difficult to know what is important to transfer. Even though willingness to work with such activities are essential for a strategic effort to become feasible. There is also a will for elderly to extend their working life, but the will is blocked by inflexible attitudes and values in the society. Society tends to put expiration dates on things, also in organizations. System should be individualized to minimize competence loss and maximize the level of competence in organizations.    Keywords: Competence, Competence-transfer, Will, Elderly Employees

Bakgrund: Arbetet på en intensivvårdsavdelning ställer stora krav på de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas kompetens. Den första tiden i yrket innebär att i socialiseringsprocessen förvärva de kunskaper och färdigheter som krävs i yrket. Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors kompetens anses inte motsvara vårdens kompetenskrav. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskors uppfattningar om sin yrkeskompetens. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och intervjuer valdes som datainsamlingsmetod. Tio deltagare medverkade i studien. Intervjuerna analyserades efter en modifierad variant av Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier. I den första huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskorna kontinuerligt utvecklade sin yrkeskompetens. Utvecklingen främjades av positiva attityder till yrket, användning av tidigare erfarenheter och kollegialt stöd. I den andra huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna uppfattade att de hade bristande kliniska erfarenheter, det var svårt att införliva sig med den nya yrkesrollen och det var svårt att prioritera. Slutsats: Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor är inte helt förberedda för det kommande yrket. De har goda teoretiska kunskaper men saknar färdigheter i de praktiska momenten. Resultatet bekräftas av tidigare studier och Benners beskrivning av vad som karakteriserar sjuksköterskan som novis. / Background: The work in a critical care unit is posing great demands on the newly graduated critical care nurses competence. During the first episode in the profession a process of socialization occurs, where the newly graduated acquire the knowledge and skills needed in the profession. The newly graduated critical care nurses competence is not considered to meet the caregiver’s demands. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the newly graduated critical care nurses perceptions of their competence. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach. Interviews were used as datacollection method. Ten participants were included in the study. Interviews were analyzed after a modified variant of Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed two main categories. The first major category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses continuously developed their skills. The development was promoted by positive attitudes to the work, use of past experiences and collaboration. The major second category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses perceived a lack of clinical experiences, difficulties to incorporate themselves with the new professional role and difficulties with priority. Conclusion: The newly graduated critical care nurses are not entirely prepared for the future profession. They have good theoretical knowledge but lack in practical skills. The result is confirmed by previous studies and Benner’s description of what characterizes the nurse as a novice.

This study is based on my work as a teacher of Swedish language and literature to upper secondary school students, and my interest in developing the teaching of literature by using both new criticism theories and theories of literary perception focusing on reader response. The purpose of the study is to examine the learning process in trying to develop literary competence and to find out how to describe the competence shown by the students. My starting-point is a discussion about literary competence and the theory and model of literary competence by Örjan Torell. In examining literary competence, by how students use their constitutional competence as well as performance and literary transfer competences, Torell´s model shows the possibility and the need for both knowledge of literature and personal reception by focusing on the dialogue between author and reader. The method is qualitative and the empirics are material collected in one senior high school class in the Social Science programme during their second and third year. The material contains written reading logs, written answers to tasks and transcribed recordings of discussions of literature. The analysis shows a variety among the literary competence shown and developed by the students and points to the complexity of understanding the concept of literary competence. The model proves to be useful in focusing the teaching and learning of literature and the results indicate that teaching of literature by combining learning of epochs, genres, ideas and conceptions with personal reading is a valuable approach. Keywords: literary competence, literary teaching, literary reception, discussions of literature, reading logs, literary repertoire, text competence.

Cultural competence, mandated by Federal law since 1964, has not been appropriately addressed due to its lack of specifics and the lack of specifics within subsequent mandates. This study was designed to determine specific key elements of cultural and linguistic appropriateness which would "operationalize" cultural competence in the provision of healthcare services. Knowing the elements of cultural and linguistic appropriateness will assist non-Hispanic healthcare providers to remove personal barriers of cultural and linguistic differences for Texas' Hispanic population. The problem of cultural competence gained national focus during the Civil Rights movement of the '60s. Current research revealed that Hispanics continue to have the worst healthcare outcomes of any minority population. Census data reflecting that Hispanics are the fastest growing segment of the population, with Texas having the nation's second largest Hispanic population, make it imperative for healthcare providers to determine methods to improve healthcare for Texas' Hispanic population. A Delphi Technique was used to extract expert opinions from 26 highly qualified, Texas Hispanic healthcare providers regarding the key elements of cultural and linguistic appropriateness for Texas' Hispanic population. The ultimate goal of the research was to determine essential information which would assist non-Hispanic healthcare providers in removing personal barriers of cultural and linguistic appropriateness to the delivery of healthcare services for Texas' Hispanics. Through the approximately 16-month process of the Delphi Technique, the Panel produced 249 distinct elements in 11 groups of cultural appropriateness and 8 groups of linguistic appropriateness. Members of the Panel ranked the groups for importance, indicated the level of agreement/disagreement with each element, and rated each element for its individual importance. This study is important because it is the first time an expert panel of solely Hispanic healthcare providers has spoken collectively about what constitutes cultural and linguistic appropriateness. This research can provide a framework for professional practices, grant providing organizations, or evaluation teams to assess professionals and programs to determine their degree of cultural and linguistic appropriateness. The work can also form the basis for curricula to be used in Texas' healthcare professions preparatory schools or continuing education for practicing healthcare professionals.

<p>This study is based on my work as a teacher of Swedish language and literature to upper secondary school students, and my interest in developing the teaching of literature by using both new criticism theories and theories of literary perception focusing on reader response. The purpose of the study is to examine the learning process in trying to develop literary competence and to find out how to describe the competence shown by the students. My starting-point is a discussion about literary competence and the theory and model of literary competence by Örjan Torell. In examining literary competence, by how students use their constitutional competence as well as performance and literary transfer competences, Torell´s model shows the possibility and the need for both knowledge of literature and personal reception by focusing on the dialogue between author and reader.</p><p>The method is qualitative and the empirics are material collected in one senior high school class in the Social Science programme during their second and third year. The material contains written reading logs, written answers to tasks and transcribed recordings of discussions of literature.</p><p>The analysis shows a variety among the literary competence shown and developed by the students and points to the complexity of understanding the concept of literary competence. The model proves to be useful in focusing the teaching and learning of literature and the results indicate that teaching of literature by combining learning of epochs, genres, ideas and conceptions with personal reading is a valuable approach.</p><p>Keywords: literary competence, literary teaching, literary reception, discussions of literature, reading logs, literary repertoire, text competence.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-170). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-170). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rand Graduate School, 2002. / Title from web page (viewed Aug. 27, 2003). Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of the study is to highlight educators' preferences and attitudes towards tablet in preschool by describing the use of this digital tool in the preschool educational activities. The use of tablet in preschool is in the study looked upon as a phenomenon. The description of the phenomenon is built on the analysis and interpretation of educators' statements about it. The research questions focus on the following aspects: educators' attitudes towards the tablet and its use in pre-school educational activities, the tablet's current area of use, the culture surrounding the use of this digital tool and the educators’ statements about advantages and disadvantages of tablet's use in preschool. The survey’s data collection method is qualitative interviews and the analysis is based on the phenomenological approach. The survey results are discussed related to previous research on children's digital skills at an early age as well as recent research on the tablet and its use in pre-school educational activities. In the final description of the phenomenon it is clear that the educators, who participate in this study, have a generally positive attitude towards using the tablet in preschool. However, according to the interviews, the use of this digital tool seems to be both multifaceted and a complex phenomenon.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjama klasės auklėtojo vadybinė kompetencija ugdymo procese. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas- ištirti klasės auklėtojų vadybinės kompetencijos naudojimo ugdymo procese lygį. Teorinėje darbo dalyje pateikiama medžiaga apie kompetenciją, pedagogo kompetencijas, vadybą, pedagogo vadybinę kompetenciją bei klasės auklėtoją, apimant jo atliekamas funkcijas ir pareigas bei jas siejant su vadybine kompetencija. Praktinėje darbo dalyje pateikiami klasės auklėtojų ir mokinių apklausos rezultatai: teorinės klasės auklėtojų žinios apie vadybinę kompetenciją, vadybinės kompetencijos naudojimo ugdymo procese dažnumą bei kokybę bei vadovavimo klasei stilius. / The article provides management competence of classroom tutor and management competence using level and using rate in education process. This work concists of two parts: theoretical part in wich are introducing educator competences, educator management competence and classroom tutor and practical part in wich it is given four research work results evaluations: classroom tutor distribution af academic management competence knowledges; respondents (classroom tutor, pupil) assesment of management competence level; respondents (classroom tutor, pupil) assesment of management competence using rate and respondents assesment of mostly usable management style, wich is using in the classs.