Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar como o usuário de drogas vivencia a rua enquanto um território de cuidado. A partir da Etnografia, a pesquisa mostra a saída para às ruas, buscando uma aproximação com as realidades e modos de vida das pessoas em situação de rua. Para tal, houve o apoio do Movimento Nacional da População de rua (MNPR), em que se considera uma análise macrossocial das observações participantes desse coletivo (MNPR) e a participação de alguns de seus apoiadores. E uma análise microssocial com a ajuda das histórias de vida e trajetórias pessoais dos interlocutores privilegiados com experiência no tema das drogas. Nesses percursos, encontros, escuta e diálogo construídos com os experientes da rua foi possível identificar uma cultura da rua, em que a droga aparece enquanto estilo de vida, formação de uma identidade de resistência aos estigmas, sofrimentos e construção de relações no território. Percebeu-se também que as histórias de vida nos revelam o sofrimento social, a exclusão e a não adaptação ao sistema convencional e formal, demonstrando que a área da saúde não entende essas experiências de vida/saúde/doença em seus modelos de cuidado. Observa-se que o cuidado não é só realizado pelas redes formais, como é também realizado nas redes sociais de cuidado na rua, a partir das relações com o grupo, nas aldeias, no envolvimento com MNPR, nas praças e viadutos. Assim, a rua é um território com potência para o cuidado em saúde mental ao usuário de drogas. É nesses espaços sociais que as pessoas vivem suas histórias de vida, redes sociais de cuidado, cultura e identidades. As territorialidades de cuidado apontam para a necessidade de uma atenção em saúde pensada em um modelo dialógico e sociocultural, junto às diversidades territoriais e formas de vida, entendendo o território como espaço para produção de saúde. / This study aims to analyze how the drug user experiences the streets as care territory. From the Ethnography, the research shows this environment activity, seeking an approximation with the realities and ways of life of homeless people. Therefore, there has been support from the Movimento Nacional da População de Rua (MNPR), which considers a macrosocial analysis from the observations of the participants in this group (MNPR) and some of its supporters' participation as well. Also, a microsocial analysis with life histories and personal trajectories from privileged interlocutors that have had experience in the drug's field. On these routes, encounters, listening and dialogues that were built with the experts from the street, it was possible to identify a street culture in which drugs appear as a way of life, forming an identity of resistance to stigma, sorrows and building relationships in the territory. It was also realized that life histories reveal social suffering, exclusion and non-adaptation to the conventional and formal society system, demonstrating that the health area does not understand these life / health / illness experiences in their models of care. In addition, it was observed that care is not only carried out by the formal networks, but also in the social networks on the street care, from the relations with the group, in the villages, in the involvement with MNPR, in the town squares and overpasses. Thus, the street is a territory with power to the mental health care for drug users. In these social spaces, people live their life histories, social care networks, culture and identities. The territorialities of care point out to the necessity of health care thought in a dialogical and sociocultural model, together with the territorial diversities and life forms, understanding the territory as space for health production. / Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar como el usuario de drogas vivencia la calle como un territorio de cuidado. Desde la Etnografía, la investigación muestra la salida a las calles, buscando una aproximación con las realidades y formas de vida de las personas en situación vulnerable en la calle Para eso, hubo el apoyo del Movimiento Nacional de la Populación de calle (MNPR), en que se considera un análisis macrosocial de las observaciones participantes de ese colectivo (MNPR) y la participación de algunos de sus apoyadores. Y un análisis micro social con la ayuda de las historias de vida y trayectorias personales de los interlocutores privilegiados con experiencia en el tema de las drogas. En esos recorridos, encuentros, escucha y diálogo construidos con los expertos de la calle fue posible identificar una cultura de la calle, en que la droga aparece como estilo de vida, formación de una identidad de resistencia a los estigmas, sufrimientos y construcción de relaciones en el territorio. Se pudo notar también que las historias de vida nos revelan el sufrimiento social, la exclusión y la no adaptación al sistema convencional y formal, demonstrando que el área de la salud no entiende esas experiencias de vida/salud/enfermedad en sus modelos de cuidado Se observa que el cuidado no es solamente realizado por las redes formales, como es también realizado en las redes sociales de cuidado en la calle, a partir de las relaciones con el grupo, en las aldeas, en la participación con el MNPR, en las plazas y viaductos. Así, la calle es un territorio con potencia para el cuidado en salud mental al usuario de drogas. Es en esos espacios sociales que las personas viven sus historias de vida, redes sociales de cuidado, cultura e identidades. Las territorialidades de cuidado señalan para la necesidad de una atención en salud pensada en un modelo de diálogo y un modelo sociocultural, junto a las diversidades territoriales y formas de vida, entendiendo el territorio como espacio para producción de salud.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as possibilidades e os limites para a construção de práticas de Saúde Bucal na produção de cuidado à Saúde por uma Equipe de Saúde da Família. A interação de saberes e a articulação de ações entre atores de distintas disciplinas da saúde podem levar a uma relação interdisciplinar e conformar um campo de competências e responsabilidades voltado para ações de Saúde Bucal Coletiva. O Ministério da Saúde tem enfatizado, junto às equipes de saúde a adoção de práticas interdisciplinares por meio das políticas de Atenção Básica à Saúde, Estratégia Saúde da Família e das Diretrizes Nacionais de Saúde Bucal. Trata-se de um estudo cartográfico do cotidiano da equipe baseado na perspectiva da Pesquisa-Intervenção e fundamentado no Movimento Institucionalista. Trabalhou-se com dados primários produzidos nas reuniões de equipe administrativas e de discussão de casos de família que foram gravadas em áudio e posteriormente transcritas. Também fizeram parte dos dados o diário de campo das atividades de observação participante e das reuniões do grupo de pesquisa e de estudo. No percurso da pesquisa, foram produzidos analisadores que tiveram o objetivo de mobilizar a equipe para produzir um conhecimento a respeito de seu processo de trabalho e da Saúde Bucal, tais como a organização da agenda da Saúde Bucal; a equipe e uma de suas famílias: o caso da família do Sabiá Laranjeira e a discussão sobre a inserção da Saúde Bucal na Equipe de Saúde da Família Rubi. Foram identificados eixos transversais ao conhecimento produzido. Um deles refere-se às relações entre os trabalhadores da equipe, que a consideraram como justaposição de saberes, construída a partir das relações interpessoais. O outro expressa uma das tensões que a equipe vivencia com assistência, atenção à saúde e clínica ampliada. Essas tensões estão baseadas nos desencontros da oferta e da demanda dos serviços na unidade e na valorização exclusiva do aparato tecnológico da saúde. O terceiro eixo trata da alienação presente no processo de trabalho, determinada pela percepção fragmentada dos trabalhadores e usuários a respeito do objeto da produção do cuidado à saúde. O último eixo expõe tensões na arena da Atenção Básica em Saúde e da Estratégia Saúde da Família em função da formação do profissional de saúde para o trabalho em equipe. O método Cartográfico possibilitou acompanhar a processualidade da equipe e expor tensões presentes no seu processo de trabalho. Foi verificado que a construção de um campo de saberes e práticas voltadas para ações de Saúde Bucal Coletiva se constitui em processo influenciado pelas tensões do cotidiano do trabalho em equipe, e que determina a sua configuração ou não. Entretanto, nos momentos em que a interação e articulação foram construídas, mostrou-se potente para compor práticas de saúde mais qualificadas. / This research aims to investigate the possibilities and limits for the construction of Oral Health practices in the production of health care by a Family Health Team. The interaction of knowledge and the coordination of actions among actors from different health fields can lead to an interdisciplinary relationship and to suit a field of competence and responsibility aimed for actions of Collective Oral Health. The Ministry of Health has emphasized with health teams the adoption of interdisciplinary practices through policies of Primary Care, Family Health Strategy and the National Guidelines on Oral Health. It is a cartographic study of everyday team based on the perspective of Research-Intervention and grounded on the Institutional Movement. Primary data was produced in administrative team meetings and in discussion of family affairs, which were audio taped and later transcribed. The daily field activities of participant observation and of meetings of the group and study were also part of the data. In the course of the research were produced analyzers that aimed to mobilize the team to produce knowledge about their work process and oral health, such as the organization of an agenda of Oral Health; the team and one of their families: the case of the Sabiá Laranjeira Family and the discussion about the insertion of Oral Health in the Rubi Family Health Team. Have been identified crosscutting issue with the produced knowledge. One of them refers to relations among workers of the team, who considered it as a juxtaposition of knowledge and built on interpersonal relationships. Another expresses one of tensions that the team experienced with assistance, health care and extended clinic. These tensions are based on mismatches of supply and demand of services in unity and exclusive enhancement of the technological apparatus of health. The third issue is present in the alienation of work process, given by the fragmented perception of workers and users about the object of the production of health care. The last issue exposes tensions in the arena of Primary Health Care and Family Health Strategy according to the training of health professionals to work as a team. The Cartographic method enabled to follow the procesuality of the team and expose tensions present in their work process. It was found that the construction of a field of knowledge and practices for Oral Health Collective actions are in the process that is influenced by the tensions of daily work as a team, and that determines its configuration or not. However, at times when the interaction and articulation were built, was powerful to make qualified health practices.

When Canada took on the leadership role of the Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team (K-PRT) in Afghanistan, the liberation of women and children via multi-departmental collaboration was promoted by the government as a critical goal of the operation. Research from the fields of public administration, international development, and critical security studies hypothesizes that collaborative approaches to governance, particularly in fragile states, ensures that greater resources are available to address human rights issues, including gender equality. It is therefore surprising that the gendered implications of Canada’s collaborative governance commitments within the K-PRT have not been deeply explored. Through a feminist frame analysis, informed by critical and post-structural feminist theory, this dissertation asks whether the Canadian collaborative approach permits more attention to be paid to policy and programming on gender equality. Framing the case of the K-PRT from a feminist perspective, this dissertation identifies the hegemony of masculinity within the policy context that guided the Canadian collaborative approaches in Kandahar, highlighting how international guidelines for collaboration legitimized the leadership of the military and instrumentalized gender for militarized purposes. It also exposes the masculine structure of the K-PRT, identifying how the design of the PRT favoured the might of the military, and presented the exceptionalism of women as the only marker of gender. Finally, this dissertation highlights the narrative of masculinity that is threaded throughout the K-PRT, working to normalize the militarization of civilian departments and actors implicated within the Canadian collaborative approach. The application of a gender lens to the case of the K-PRT reveals the necessity of feminist analysis of collaborative approaches, as these are increasingly being seen as best practices for addressing state fragility worldwide.

Despite flexibility waivers granted to states by the United States Department of Education from some provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act, our nation’s public schools continue to struggle to improve reading proficiency as measured by high stakes assessments. To reach state targets for reading proficiency schools must use data at the earliest point possible to inform instructional strategies and identify students at risk of failure. The response to intervention model holds promise for improving reading outcomes particularly for early elementary students. The effective use of reading curriculum based measures (R-CBM) to determine if instruction is adequate to produce students who score proficient or advanced on state mandated reading assessments is critical to achieving the goals for student learning. The population selected for this study included all third grade students from an East Tennessee school district. The third graders attended 13 schools and included 911 third grade students of which 770 students participated in the study. This included 372 male and 398 female students. Approximately 47% of the students were economically disadvantaged as determined by qualifying for free and reduced priced meals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 4 predictor variables (fall R-CBM, winter R-CBM, spring R-CBM, and median R-CBM) and the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) third grade reading and language arts assessment. Each data set included 4 R-CBM scores expressed in words read correctly and TCAP reading language arts scale scores. Gender and free and reduced price meals eligibility information for all third graders from the 2010-2011 school year were also collected. Results reflected a strong predictive relationship between the AIMSweb R-CBM and TCAP reading and language arts measure for third grade students. Zero order correlations in the multiple regression analysis ranged from .70 to .74 for the 4 predictor variables. A linear equation was developed to predict TCAP scores from a single R-CBM score (fall, winter, spring, and median). Based on this study practitioners may be able to establish goals for student reading that are strongly correlated with achieving proficiency on the TCAP reading and language arts assessment.

No description available.

High school youth in Grades 9-12 who are in public schools without comprehensive sexual health education (CSHED) are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors and have higher rates of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases than are their peers in schools with CSHED. The purpose of this correlational study was to explore the statistical relationship between the consistent implementation of CSHED, before and after the enactment of the Chicago Public Schools' (CPS) sexual health education policy, and the sexual risk behaviors of Chicago high school youth in Grades 9-12. The study was based on Antonovsky's salutogenic model of health and wellbeing. CPS students' sexual risk behaviors were analyzed using data obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for the years of 2007 and 2013. Logistic regression was used to estimate prevalence and odds ratios of each sexual risk behavior. The findings showed a complex pattern of and variances across the sexual risk behaviors analyzed. The prevalence of sexual behaviors among all students remained relatively stable. The prevalence estimates for students who drank alcohol or used drugs before the last sexual encounter and who were never taught about AIDS or HIV increased from 2007 to 2013. The likelihood of not using birth control pills before the last sexual intercourse encounter decreased among Black students; the likelihood that Hispanic/Latino students ever had sex, and had sex with 4 or more people in their life, decreased. The decrease of sexual risk behaviors indicates a positive influence by CSHED, while the increases indicate continuing challenges to the promotion of healthy sexual behaviors. These findings show the need for legislators and school administrators to increase support for the enactment of CSHED policy to help mitigate the sexual risk behaviors of high school youth.

O presente estudo objetivou analisar as ações e serviços de saúde ofertados por equipes de saúde prisional para o cuidado às pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids nas unidades prisionais nos municípios de Ribeirão Preto e Serra Azul-SP. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo inquérito, realizado entre agosto e novembro de 2015 com pessoas privadas de liberdade vivendo com HIV, encarceradas por mais de seis meses nas unidades prisionais estudadas. Os dados, coletados por meio de entrevistas, foram analisados através de técnicas estatísticas descritivas, bem como mediante a construção de indicadores de oferta que correspondiam ao valor médio obtido pela somatória de todas as respostas de todos os entrevistados para cada pergunta e dividido pelo total de respondentes, sendo categorizados como satisfatórios (>3,5 a 5,0), regulares (> 2,5 a 3,5) e insatisfatórios (1,0 a 2,5). Para comparação do desempenho na oferta de ações e serviços de saúde entre as unidades prisionais realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) com teste de Tukey. Esse teste foi realizado quando atendidos os pressupostos de homocedasticidade pelo teste de Levene. A normalidade não foi testada, uma vez que n>=30. Para as análises que indicaram violação dos critérios para o uso da ANOVA, foi realizado o teste de Kruskall-Wallis com teste de comparação múltipla. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Participaram da pesquisa 85 apenados vivendo com HIV, a maioria do sexo masculino (82,4%), entre 23 - 39 anos (56,4%), pardos (45,9%) e com baixa escolaridade (70,6%) (ensino fundamental I ou II) O indicador composto de oferta das ações e serviços de saúde prestados pelas equipes de saúde prisionais obteve média geral de 2,63 (dp 1,8), classificado como regular. Os cuidados gerais de saúde, os atendimentos médicos, de equipe de enfermagem, prontidão no atendimento , orientações sobre a tuberculose, disponibilização de exames sorológicos e divulgação de informações foram avaliados de modo regular. Os indicadores relacionados ao atendimento com psicólogos, dentistas e assistentes sociais, e as demais atividades envolvendo orientações em saúde foram classificados como insatisfatórios. A disponibilidade de preservativos, vacinas e exames de escarro para tuberculose foram avaliados como satisfatórios. O manejo do HIV/aids nas prisões configura-se um desafio ao SUS, na organização de um subsistema com atribuições compatíveis com as prerrogativas da atenção primária à saúde. Entretanto, as condições organizacionais das prisões, violações de direitos humanos, processo de trabalho com equipes incompletas de saúde responsáveis pelo manejo de um agravo que exige aplicações de distintas densidades tecnológicas impõe obstáculos à concretude da integralidade do cuidado às pessoas que vivem com HIV no contexto prisional / The present study aimed to analyze the health actions and services offered by prison health teams to care for people living with HIV/aids in prison units in the cities of Ribeirão Preto and Serra Azul-SP. This is a descriptive inquiry study, conducted from August to November 2015 with people deprived of freedom living with HIV, detained for more than six months in the studied prison units. The data collected through interviews was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, as well as the construction of offer indicators that corresponded to the mean value obtained by the sum of all answers of all interviewed for each question and divided by the sum of total respondents. They were classified as satisfactory (>3.5 to 5.0), regular (>2.5 to 3.5) and unsatisfactory (1.0 to 2.5). To compare the performance of the offer of health actions and services between the prison units, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey\'s test was conducted. This test was performed when the homoscedasticity assumptions where met, verified by Levene\'s test. The normality was not tested considering n>=30. For analyses indicating a violation of criteria applied to use ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis\'s test with a test of multiple comparisons was used. The adopted level of significance was 5%. In the study, 85 imprisoned living with HIV participated in the study, the majority was male (82.4%), between 23-29 years (56.4%), brown (45.9%) and with low education level (70.6%) (elementary school I or II). The indicator composed of health actions and services provided by prison health teams obtained the general mean of 2.63 (sd 1.8), classified as regular. The general health care, the medical appointments, the nursing team, attention readiness, orientations for tuberculosis, availability of serological tests, and disclosure of information were assessed as regular. The indicators related to appointments with psychologists, dentists, and social workers, and other activities involving health orientations were classified as unsatisfactory. The availability of contraceptives, vaccines and sputum exams for tuberculosis were satisfactory. The management of HIV/aids in prisons is a challenge for SUS, in the organization of a subsystem with attributions compatible with the prerogatives of the primary health care. However, the organizational conditions of prisons, violations of human rights, work processes with incomplete health teams responsible for the management of a disease requiring distinct applications of technological densities, imposes obstacles to the concreteness of the integrality of care to people who live with HIV in a prisonal context

Au sein de la société occidentale, la lecture s'est imposée comme la pratique culturelle et intellectuelle de référence, notamment sous sa forme savante, qui s'accompagne de l'utilisation d'instruments (e.g. feutres surligneurs, notes Post-it) L'apparition de dispositifs de lecture numérique au cours du XXème siècle a marqué une étape importante dans l'évolution des pratiques de lecture. Attisant de nombreux débats, ces derniers ne sont pas perçus comme une évolution allant de soi de l'acte de lire. Ces dispositifs ont induit un changement important dans l'environnement du lecteur avec leur force de calcul et de programmation, qui donne la possibilité de développer des outils inédits, en particulier à destination du lecteur savant. En vue de proposer une nouvelle forme d'instrumentation, il est nécessaire de comprendre les pratiques actuelles des lecteurs savants et leurs besoins. Ce travail de recherche présente une série d'entretiens compréhensifs, réalisée auprès d'une population d'enseignants-chercheurs, pour identifier les qualités attendues d'un instrument sur écran. Par ailleurs, le développement des technologies numériques est lié à la collecte et à la gestion de données. A ce titre, les technologies du Web sémantique incarnent un moyen d'établir l’interopérabilité et la réutilisation de ces données. Ainsi,dans un deuxième.temps, l'objectif de cette recherche est de concevoir un modèle formel sous la forme d'une ontologie donnant lieu à la standardisation d'un gisement précis de données, issues des traces et des marques de lecture, développées avec le langage OWL. / In the Western soociety, reading is considered as the intellectual practice par excellence, especially in an expert from which is çommonly açcompanied by the use of tools (e.g- highlighter, Post-it note). The arrival of digital reading devices during the 20th century has been a milestone in the development of reading practices. Leading to many debates, these devices are not perceived as a self-évident évolution of reading. Digital devines have induced important changes within the reader's environment with their calculation and programming power, enabling new tools developmentfor the expert reader. In order to design a new tool, it is necessary to understand the actual practices of expert readers and their needs. This study présents a set of comprehensive interviews, çonduçted with scholars, aiming to identify qualities expected at the idea of a digital reading tool. Otherwise, digital technology development alllows to collect and manage more and more data. In this capacity, semantic Web technologies appear as means to make data interoperable and reusable. Thus, soeondly, this research project aims to design a formai modes as an OWL ontology, leading to the standardisation of a specific data set, coming from annotations practices.

We propose new theoretical models, which generalize the classical Avrami-Nakamura models. These models are suitable to describe the kinetics of nucleation and growth in transient regime, and/or with overlapping of nucleation and growth. Simulations and predictions were performed for lithium disilicate based on data reported in the literature. One re-examined the limitations of the models currently used to interpret DTA or DSC results, and to extract the relevant kinetic parameters. Glasses and glass-ceramics with molar formulation 0.45SiO2? (0.45-x)MgO?xK2O?0.1(3CaO.P2O5) (0?x?0.090) were prepared, crystallized and studied as potential materials for biomedical applications. Substitution of K+ for Mg2+ were used to prevent devritification on cooling, to adjust the kinetics of crystallization and to modify the in vitro behaviour of resulting biomaterials. The crystallization of the glass frits was studied by DTA, XRD and SEM. Exothermic peaks were detected corresponding to bulk crystallization of whitlockite-type phosphate, Ca9MgK(PO4)7, at approximately 900ºC, and surface crystallization of a predominant forsterite phase (Mg2SiO4) at higher temperatures. XRD also revealed the presence of diopside (CaMgSi2O6 in some samples. The predominant microstructure of the phosphate phase is of the plate-type, seemingly crystallizing by a 2-dimensional growth mechanism. Impedance spectroscopy revealed significant changes in electrical behaviour, associated to crystallization of the phosphate phase. This showed that electrical measurements can be used to study the kinetics of crystallization for cases when DTA or DSC experiments reveal limitations, and to extract estimates of relevant parameters from the dependence of crystallization peak temperature, and its width at half height. In vitro studies of glasses and glass-ceramics in acelular SBF media showed bioactivity and the development of apatite layers The morphology, composition and adhesion of the apatite layer could be changed by substitution of Mg2+ by K+. Apatite layers were deposited on the surface of glass-ceramics of the nominal compositions with x=0 and 0.09, in contact with SBF at 37ºC. The adhesion of the apatite layer was quantified by the scratch test technique, having been related with SBF?s immersion time, with composition and structure of the glass phase, and with the morphology of the crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics. The structure of three glasses (x=0, 0.045 and 0.090) were investigated by MAS-NMR ( 29Si and 31P), showing that the fraction of Q3 structural units increases with the contents of Mg, and that the structure of these glasses includes orthophosphate groups (PO43-) preferentially connected to Ca2+ ions. Mg2+ ions show preference towards the silicate network. Substitution of Mg2+ by K+ allowed one to change the bioactivity. FTIR data revealed octacalcium phosphate precipitation (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) in the glass without K, while the morphology of the layer acquires the shape of partially superimposed hemispheres, spread over the surface. The glasses with K present a layer of acicular hidroxyapatite, whose crystallinity and needles thickness tend to increase along with K content. / São propostos novos modelos teóricos, que generalizam o modelo clássico de Avrami-Nakamura, apropriados para a cinética de nucleação e de crescimento em regime transiente, e/ou com sobreposição entre o estágio de nucleação e o de crescimento. Foram efectuadas simulações com base em resultados da literatura, reportados para o dissilicato de lítio. Foram examinadas as limitações dos métodos correntemente usados para obter estimativas de parâmetros cinéticos, com base em resultados de ATD. Desenvolveram-se e investigaram-se vidros e materiais vitrocerâmicos susceptíveis de aplicação biomédica com a formulação molar 0.45SiO2?(0.45-x)MgO?xK2O?0.1(3CaO.P2O5) (0?x?0.090), preparados mediante a substituição de Mg2+ por K+. A cristalização das fritas de vidro foi estudada por ATD, DRX e SEM. Foram detectados picos exotérmicos correspondentes à cristalização de fosfato (cristalização em volume) do tipo whitlockite Ca9MgK(PO4)7 a aproximadamente 900ºC, e de forsterite (Mg2SiO4) acompanhada de alguma diopside (CaMgSi2O6; cristalização superficial) a temperaturas superiores. A microestrutura predominante da fase fosfato é do tipo placa, aparentando cristalizar por um mecanismo de crescimento bidimensional. Foi usada espectroscopia de impedâncias para monitorizar a cristalização em condições em que os ensaios de ATD ou de DSC revelam limitações, recorrendo a alterações significativas de propriedades eléctricas associadas à cristalização da fase de fosfato. Os vidros e vidros cerâmicos desenvolvidos revelaram bioactividade em meio acelular in vitro, desenvolvendo camadas apatíticas em SBF. A morfologia, composição e aderência da camada de apatite pôde ser modulada com base na substituição parcial de Mg2+ por K+. Foram depositadas camadas de apatite sobre vidros ceramizados (x=0 e 0.09), em SBF a 37ºC. A adesão da camada de apatite foi quantificada pela técnica de indentação deslizante tendo sido relacionada com o tempo de imersão em SBF, com a composição e estrutura da fase vítrea, e com a morfologia da fase cristalina dos vidros cerâmicos. Foi investigada a estrutura de três vidros (x=0, 0.045 e 0.090) por MAS-RMN (29Si e 31P), verificando-se que nos vidros mais ricos em Mg, a participação da unidade estrutural Q3 é mais significativa, e que a estrutura dos vidros inclui grupos ortofosfato (PO43-) mais próximos de iões Ca2+ do que dos iões Mg2+, sendo estes incorporados preferencialmente na rede de silicato. A substituição parcial de Mg2+ por K+ permitiu ajustar a cristalização dos materiais vitrocerâmicos e modular a bioactividade pretendida. Resultados de FTIR revelaram precipitação de fosfato octacálcico (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) no vidro sem K, enquanto que a morfologia da camada adquire a forma de hemisférios parcialmente sobrepostos, espalhados sobre a superfície. Os vidros com K apresentam uma camada de hidroxiapatite acicular, cuja cristalinidade e espessura de agulhas tende a aumentar com o teor de K.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released heat illness data which highlighted that ~29 heat stress hospitalizations and ~3 heat-related deaths occurred every day during the summer months within the US from years 2000 to 2014. Heatstroke- the most severe form of heat illness which oftentimes lead to death- has been cited to be entirely preventable if a timely intervention is introduced. This dissertation uses microwave radiometric thermometry to perform wireless non-invasive internal body temperature monitoring which can enable intervention methods that help to prevent deaths associated with heat-illness. Overall, this dissertation develops a comprehensive closed-form analytical radiometric model and validates the effectiveness of the comprehensive model through a controlled life-like human body temperature sensing experiment. Wireless sub-skin temperature data is predicted from a human tissue mimicking phantom testbed to within 1%. A generic isolated radiometer system equation is derived for all possible calibration source combinations. The generic isolated radiometer system equation predicts comparable results to that of an ideal simulation. While improved isolation decreases measurement uncertainty, it does not improve the accuracy of estimated noise temperatures using a perfectly-isolated radiometer system equation assumption. A highly reproducible tissue-mimicking biological phantom (bio-phantom) recipe (comprised of urethane, graphite powder, and a solvent) was developed to accurately emulate the electrical properties of actual dry human skin versus frequency up to 18 GHz. The developed solid state skin phantom begins in pourable liquid form and then cures at room temperature into a dry solid state mold. An in-plane electromagnetic bandgap structure was developed and integrated within an on-body inward facing spiral antenna design. The inclusion of the in-plane electromagnetic bandgap structure demonstrated a +2.64dB gain improvement in the antenna broadside and -8dB in the rear gain while in-contact with the body as compared to the conventional spiral antenna. Likewise, the measured main beam efficiency is improved from 54.43% for the conventional antenna to 86.36% for the EBG antenna. Two techniques based on signal-flow graph theory were derived to explain both the non-coherent steady-state radiative transfer and the coherent radiative transfer within multi-layered dielectric media with non-uniform temperatures and any number of stratified layers. Both models allow for the accurate characterization and sensing of the thermal emissions originating from subsurface tissue layers.