The purpose of the thesis work was to look at the concept process and get an overview of the workflow for the concept initiation flow, including the offer- and order process, where the focus was on the concept part. The project was held at RBBP/RBBS, R&D Bus Body Department to follow the concept development team in Poland (DOL team). The objectives were to document an example for a specific concept, highlight deviations in the different processes and come up with recommendations for improvements. Methods in this project were: going through the documentation at Scania (the offer-, order- and concept process), observations by attending different meetings, interviews with people from different departments, visiting the bus production in Poland and comparing the information with scientific methods. The concept part resulted in a flowchart that reflects the picked concept process. Findings in this thesis work were that they didn’t follow the offer process, and for the concept part, the DOL team worked with a more traditional way of concept generation by just developing one proposal, and the designers didn’t always know the customer’s needs. Some recommendations were to update the offer process and use the “creative” way for concept generation as much as possible, an advantage for the DOL team would be if the costumer’s needs, not the technical requirement would be presented in the requirements specification for developing a concept with high quality and low costs. / Syftet med examensarbetet var att titta på konceptprocessen och få en överblick över arbetsflödet för konceptinitieringsflödet, inklusive offert- och orderprocessen, där fokuset låg på konceptdelen. Projektet utfördes på RBBP/RBBS R&D Bus Body Departement, för att följa konceptutvecklingsteamet i Polen (DOL teamet). Målen var att dokumentera ett exempel för ett specifikt koncept, lyfta fram avvikelser i de olika processerna och komma med några rekommendationer till förbättringar. Metoder i detta projekt var: gå igenom dokumentationen på Scania (offert-, order- och konceptprocessen), observationer genom att delta på möten, intervjuer med personer från olika avdelningar, besöka bussproduktionen i Polen och jämföra informationen med vetenskapliga metoder. Konceptdelen resulterade i ett flödesschema som speglar det utvalda koncepts process. Avvikelser som hittades i arbete var att de inte följde offertprocessen, och gällande konceptdelen använde DOL teamet det traditionella sättet att skapa koncept genom att bara ta fram ett förslag samt att konstruktörerna inte alltid kände till kundens behov. Några rekommendationer var att uppdatera offertprocessen samt att använda det "kreativa" sättet för konceptgenerering så mycket som möjligt, en fördel för DOL teamet skulle vara om kundens behov och inte det tekniska kravet skulle presenteras i kravspecifikationen för att utveckla ett koncept med hög kvalitet och lägre kostnader.

En konceptlösning för ett elektrovinningssystem utvecklas baserat på Glenngårds (2019) tidigare arbete. Arbetet är genomfört så att det besvarar tre frågor om en potentiell konceptlösning. Frågeställningarna inkluderar vilka krav som behöver uppfyllas, design av en passande arkitektur och hur vissa konceptparametrar kan verifieras. Krav formuleras i huvudsak baserat på Glenngårds parametrar; säkerhet, kvalitet, användarvänlighet, enkelhet att tillverka, montera, underhålla systemet, kostnadseffektivitet och användning av standardiserade komponenter. Konceptet som genereras är baserat på att använda en elektrolytbehållare kring vilken andra system är fästa eller indränkta. Designen tillåter en grad av automatisering. En bruksprocess för konceptet beskrivs, relevanta komponenter förklaras och vidare utveckling föreslås. En lista med föreslagna tester för verifikation med hjälp av prototypen är också given. / A concept solution for an electro winning system is developed based on the previous work done by Glenngård (2019). This project is made to answer three questions about a potential concept solution, including what requirements need to be fulfilled, design of a suitable architecture and how to verify certain parameters of the concept. Requirements are formulated mainly based on Glenngård’s parameters; safety, quality requirements, ease of use, ease of manufacturing, ease of assembly, ease of maintenance, cost efficiency and use of standardized components. The concept that is generated is based on a single electrolyte container around which surrounding systems are attached or immersed. The design allows a degree of automatization. A process of use is described, relevant components are explained, and further developments are suggested. A list of suggested tests to be carried out for verification using a prototype is also provided.

Denna rapport representerar masterprojektet som utförs av Wei Bai och Emma Styf, och skrevs av den förra. Projektet genomfördes med Volvo GTT Ergonomics avdelning (Volvo Group Trucks Technology).Med fokus på kommunikationen mellan lastbilsförare och andra trafikanter genomfördes användarstudier. 8 lastbilschaufförer observerades under arbetet och intervjuades om deras åsikter om andra trafikanter och nuvarande kommunikationsförhållanden. En undersökning skickades ut och fick 63 svar från bilförare, motorcyklister, cyklister och fotgängare. Genom att kombinera analysen av samrisker och undersökningen fastställdes den fokuserade kritiska situationen vid korsningen i stadstrafik, där kommunikationsbehovet främst ligger mellan lastbilföraren och sårbara trafikanter.Några av de anställda i Volvo GTT introducerades i konceptutvecklingsfasen i form av verkstad och användarutvärdering, för att hjälpa till med konceptgenerering och testning av designelement.De slutliga koncepten är två system som arbetar tillsammans på ett visuellt sätt, vilket förbättrar kommunikationen när sårbara trafikanter korsar vägen och när lastbilen vänder.Koncept A fungerar när lastbilen närmar sig ett korsning med fotgängare som väntar på att korsa. Truckens hastighetsstatus visas av LED-matrisen i frontgallret. När trucken har stoppats har lastbilschauffören möjlighet att sätta på en projicering av zebraövergången framåt för att låta fotgängarpasset. Projektionen är utformad för att vara interaktiv när det kommer fordon på andra sidan.Concept B arbetar för en lastbil som vrider höger. Ett projektionsområde på marken påminner andra trafikanter för att hålla säkert avstånd. Föraren får också uppstart och ljudsignaler om förekomsten av andra trafikanter. Trucken stannar automatiskt när en annan trafikanvändare är för nära. / This report represents the master thesis project conducted by Wei Bai and Emma Styf, and was written by the former. The project was conducted with the Ergonomics Department of Volvo GTT (Volvo Group Trucks Technology).With the focus on the communication between truck drivers and other road users, user studies were implemented. 8 truck drivers were observed during work and interviewed about their opinions on other road users and the current communication condition. A survey was sent out and got 63 responses from car drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians. Combining the analysis of co-rides and the survey, the focused critical situation was set at the intersection in urban traffic, in which the communication needs mainly lie between the truck driver and vulnerable road users.A few of employees in Volvo GTT were introduced in the phase of concept development in the forms of workshop and user evaluation, to help with the concept generation and design elements testing.The final concepts are two systems working cooperatively in a visual way, enhancing the communication when vulnerable road users are crossing the road and when the truck is turning.Concept A works when the truck is approaching an intersection with pedestrians waiting to cross. The speed status of the truck is shown by LED matrix in the front grille. Once the truck is stopped, the truck driver has the option to turn on a projection of zebra crossing to the front to let the pedestrian pass. The projection is designed to be interactive when there are vehicles coming on the other side.Concept B works for a truck turning right. A projection area on the ground reminds other road users to keep safe distance. The driver also gets head-up displayed and audio signals about the occurrence of other road users. The truck automatically stops when another road user has got too close.

Background Maritime transportation is vital for international trade, and any disruption to this flow can have severe financial and environmental consequences. Ship mines, both old and new, present significant risks as man-made obstacles. The perilous task of minesweeping, historically carried out by humans at great risk, necessitates the development of unmanned vessels. These autonomous solutions aim to effectively address the dangers posed by ship mines while ensuring the safety of human lives. Objectives This thesis aims to explore the potential of next-generation Mine countermeasure vessel (MCMV) and develop a concept for an autonomous or remotely operated vessel capable of effectively clearing sea mines. This thesis is limited to only considering surface vessels for the MCMV, and alternative designs like submersible vehicles are not considered. Furthermore, the study relies on conventional platform technology, potentially limiting the vehicles’ capabilities compared to emerging technologies. Methods The methodology employed in this degree project is centered on the analysis of current trends and technologies in Mine countermeasure (MCM) operations. Three world-leading products in the field are described in depth to then go through a comprehensive evaluation to serve as a foundation for concept development. Results The outcome of this thesis is a catamaran-based concept that incorporates additional functionalities to enhance its adaptability and self-defense capabilities. The concept extends upon the design of an existing product, incorporating new features such as adjustable width and the ability to support forward reconnaissance, as well as contribute to air defense capabilities within the fleet. Conclusions The future of MCM operations is expected to shift towards automated systems, characterized by smaller and more affordable platforms. This technological advancement enables the increased deployment of MCMVs, with their effectiveness being determined by the number of units rather than individual speed. As technological developments in marine environments continue to progress, the significance of ensuring safety and control in these settings becomes of utmost importance. AutonomousMCMVs will play a vital role in addressing these challenges and contribute significantly to the safety and security of marine environments in the future. / Bakgrund Sjötransporter är avgörande för internationell handel, och störningar i detta flöde kanfå allvarliga ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenser. Fartygsminor, både gamlaoch nya, utgör betydande risker. Uppgiften med att röja dessa hinder, har historisktutförd av människor innebärandes stora risker. Detta har drivit på utvecklingen avobemannade fartyg. Dessa autonoma lösningar syftar till att effektivt ta itu medfarorna som fartygsminor utgör samtidigt som de garanterar människors säkerhet. Syfte Detta examensarbete syftar till att utforska potentialen hos nästa generations MCMVoch utveckla ett koncept för ett autonomt eller fjärrstyrt fartyg som effektivt kanröja sjöminor. Antagandet görs att MCMV antingen kommer att vara autonomeller fjärrstyrd, och alternativa konstruktioner som undervattensfordon övervägs inte.Dessutom bygger studien på nyttjande av konventionell plattformsteknik, vilket po-tentiellt begränsar fordonens kapacitet jämfört med framtida tekniker. Metod Metodiken som används i detta examensarbete är centrerad på analys av aktuellatrender och teknologier i MCM-området. Tre världsledande produkter inom områdetbeskrivs ingående för att sedan gå igenom en omfattande utvärdering, resultatet nyt-tjas för att ligga till grund för konceptutvecklingen. Resultat Resultatet är ett katamaranbaserat koncept som innehåller ytterligare funktioner föratt förbättra dess anpassnings- och självförsvarsförmåga. Konceptet utgår från ut-formningen av en befintlig produkt, med nya tillförda funktioner som justerbar breddoch förmågan att aggera som framskjuten spaning, samt bidra till luftförsvarska-paciteten inom flottan. Slutsatser Framtiden för MCM-verksamheten förväntas skifta mot automatiserade system, kän-netecknade av mindre och mer prisvärda plattformar. Denna tekniska utvecklingmöjliggör byggnation av fler MCMV, där effektiviteten snarare bestäms av antaletenheter än fartygens hastighet. När exploateringen i marina miljöer fortsätter, blirbetydelsen av säkerhet och kontroll i dessa miljöer av yttersta vikt. AutonomaMCMV kommer att spela en viktig roll för att hantera dessa utmaningar.

Children are, by law, required to use specialised child restraint systems (CRS) when riding in cars. The protective capabilities are required as the children’s bodies are not developed enough toproperly take the forces of a collision (Folksam, 2019). CRS today are regulated by various standards and have proven to be very efficient in protecting the child, but incorrect use reduces the effectiveness of the restraints. This thesis was carried out in collaboration with Folksam to study the frequency of misuse within Stockholm, Sweden and to design a CRS that combats them. The study involved a larger observation study that took place in 12 different and randomly selected kindergartens around the greater Stockholm area. The findings showed that CRS fastened with ISOFIX had double the rate (82%) of correct installation in comparison to belt fastening (42%). At the same time, belt fastening was also much more common (72% occurrence rate) than ISOFIX. 10.9% of all registered did not use a CRS at all. The most common misuse was found to be for group 1 CRS, generally being around too loose tether straps and incorrect use of internal belt. The conceptual designs were developed using both quantitative and qualitative research methods and were then evaluated on how well they fulfilled each requirement. A double belt concept was chosen due to its potential to minimise misuse the most. The thesis ended with concluding that its purpose has been fulfilled and includes recommendations for future work. / Barn behöver, enligt lag, använda specialiserad skyddsutrustning (bilbarnstol) när de färdas i bil. De skyddande egenskaperna är nödvändigt för barnen då deras kroppar inte har utvecklats tillräckligt än för att hantera kollisioner (Folksam, 2019). Idag är bilbarnstolar reglerade av olika standarder som har visats kunna skydda barnen, men felanvändning gör att effektiviteten sänks. Denna uppsats är gjord i samarbete med Folksam för att studera bilbarnstolars felanvändning samt ett designkoncept av en bilbarnstol för att motarbeta dem. Studien innefattade en större observationsstudie som tog plats på 12 olika, slumpmässigt utvalda förskolor i Stockholmsområdet. Studien visade att bilbarnstolar med ISOFIX fäste har en högre andel korrektanvändning (84%) än bältesinfästning (42%) inom grupp 1 bilbarnstolar. Det identifierades också att endast 27% av alla bilbarnstolar inom grupp 1 klassificeringen hade ISOFIX. 10,9% av alla som deltog i undersökningen använde sig inte av någon typ av bilbarnstol. De vanligaste felanvändningarna var för grupp 1 bilbarnstolar, där underförankringsband oftast var för löst samt inkorrekt användning av internbälte. Koncept på den föreslagna bilbarnstolen skapades med hjälp av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa forskningsmetoder, där koncepten sedan evaluerades beroende på hur bra dem uppfyller olika krav. Ett dubbel-bälteskoncept blev valt för att det visade störst potential att minska felanvändning. Denna uppsats avslutades med att målet blev uppfyllt samt att rekommendationer gavs för fortsatt arbete.

In this work, a company's product development process with a specific focus on the decision-making steps in the earlier phases is investigated in order to improve the  overallproduct development and design process. Based on interviews with various  functions involved in the product development process,and a case study where a prototype of a real product was developed it was found that customer inputs and design requirements should be detailed and clearly integrated into the early decision-making steps in order to reduce confusion and facilitate the overall design process. During the case study, the general product design and development process by Ulrich and Eppinger was largely adhered to, although some modifications were made to identify potential improvements. The study suggests that there should be more investment of time in the product development process during the early stages, to clarify the underlying problem. This will facilitate communication and further development between the stages in which there will be a clear understanding between the developer(s) and management of what is important. It is also suggested to rank the different specifications quantitatively rather than qualitatively in orderto facilitate the decision-making process. The report includes the study of the company's product development process as well as the development of a specific product. The developed product is related to outdoor activities and can be described as a ladder that enables dogs as well as its owner to safely enter a rooftoptent. All critical steps in the development are described in detail

This study incorporated an intervention that combined discussion and sentence writing to promote vocabulary development. Fourth grade students were assigned to either an intervention or control condition. Teachers in the intervention classrooms used a word learning protocol that was designed to provide students with student-friendly definitions and a minimum of 15 exposures to each target word through both receptive and expressive tasks. These tasks called upon students to begin to make connections between spontaneous and scientific concepts to support their word learning. Teachers in control classrooms followed instructional routines as specified in their school’s reading series. Multiple choice assessments from the district adopted reading series for vocabulary and comprehension along with a researcher-developed sentence writing task were used to measure growth in word knowledge. On the multiple choice vocabulary assessment, the intervention group outperformed the control group on one of the three weekly assessments from the reading series. There were no differences in comprehension scores on weekly reading tests across groups. On the sentence writing task, results indicated that the intervention group outperformed the control group with the intervention group showing a statistically significant difference in the rate at which they learned words. / Literacy & Learners

This research provides a detailed and systematic update of the traditional sailboat design process, with specific attention being paid to the tools used for evaluation purposes, and in doing so creates an improved and optimized design process for sailboats. More specifically, this report seeks to modify a systems-engineering approach to the ship design process, in order to properly incorporate modern sailboat evaluation techniques as well as elements of traditional sailboat design while providing analysis of a case study from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's ocean vehicle design class. In considering all intricacies of sailboat design and with applications and gradual improvement in quality of design through the use of multi-objective optimization methods, a new sailboat design process evolves, which initially considers a wide variety of design options and alternatives. Specific attention is paid in this process to the evolution of the ordering and analysis of each segment of the subprocesses, reducing design risk through the use of industry standard assessment procedures and ensuring consistent interaction with the customer. In doing so, an improved and effective design process is established, to be used by future sailboat design teams at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. / Master of Science / Boats and marine vehicles of different types have long been a mainstay in the growth and development of this country's military, economic and transportation infrastructure. Whether being used for fishing purposes in the Pacific Northwest or moving oil and gas to different cities along the eastern seaboard, marine transportation plays a critical role in day to day life. Long before the invention of gasoline powered engines, most boats were powered by wind which was harnessed by the use of sails. In the 1800's sailboats were used extensively for fishing, delivering mail and a number of other important activities. Nowadays, the use of sailboats is more geared towards recreational endeavors including racing or simply cruising local waterways. It is the responsibility of the sailboat designer to deliver options and products commensurate with the prospective owner's preferences. As such, it is important for the designer to develop a process or system which incorporates useful tools which can successfully evaluate design alternatives. In doing so, useful information will be produced by which the owner and designer can collaboratively make decisions. Unlike a military or commercial ship, the owner of a sailboat is most likely the main operator and shares a personal connection with the boat. This study modifies a systems-engineering approach to the ship design process, in order to properly incorporate modern sailboat evaluation techniques as well as elements of traditional sailboat design. In doing so, the operation provides a process and tool benchmark for future sailboat design teams at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

I dagsläget används regnmätare för att ta reda på nederbördsdata över specifika områden för att sedan kunna övervaka väderförhållanden och dimensionera ledningsnät. För att regnmätare ska fungera behöver de stå stabilt och vertikalt för att undvika mätfel. Regnmätarna ska även kunna genomgå underhållsarbete vilket i dagsläget sker på ett icke effektivt sätt då minst två personer måste närvara vid detta arbete på grund av att arbetet genomförs på en hög höjd. Målet med detta arbete är att skapa koncept som kan underlätta detta arbete genom att göra regnmätaren mer lättillgänglig för en person att kunna genomföra arbetet. För att komma dit har skribenten haft diskussioner med personer inom vatten- och avloppsbranschen som har delat med sig av sina tankar kring detta och kommit med förslag. Sedan har olika designmetoder använts för att skapa en mängd av olika idéer. Idéerna har sedan visats upp för inblandande personer och diskussioner kring dess funktion och kostnad har uppstått där alla parter fick komma med förslag på förbättringar. Detta tillsammans med att skribenten har vägt de olika idéerna med hjälp av en kravmatris där kraven som hållarna behöver klara av har satts upp i en matris. Utifrån både matrisen och diskussionerna valdes sedan två olika koncept som hade högst potential att arbetas vidare med. / Currently rain gauges are used to ascertain rainfall data over specific areas to then be able to monitor weather conditions and dimension pipeline networks. For rain gauges to work they need to be stable and vertical to avoid measurement errors. The rain gauges must also be able to undergo maintenance work, which currently is done in an inefficient way as at least two people must be present for this type of work since it is carried out at a higher altitude. The goal of this thesis is to create concepts that can facilitate this work by making the rain gauge more easily accessible for one person to be able to carry out the work. To get there the writer has had discussions with people in the water and sewage industry who have shared their thoughts on this and come up with suggestions. Since then, different design methods have been used to create a variety of different ideas. The ideas have then been shown to the people involved and discussions about its function and cost did come along, where all parties could come with suggestions for improvements. This together with the fact that the writer has weighed the various ideas using a requirements matrix where the requirements that the holders need to meet have been set up in a matrix. Based on both the matrix and the discussions, two different concepts were then chosen that had the highest potential to be worked on further.

Patients in psychiatric care experience a need for and expect to develop interpersonal relationships with professional caregivers and to be respected and listened to. Despite demands for care to be person-centred and recovery-oriented, patients experience that psychiatric inpatient care fails to meet their expectations. Nursing research suggest that nurses aspire to engage with and meet the needs of patients, but that the strenuous reality of inpatient care prevents them from doing so. Exploring the content and context of psychiatric inpatient care from the perspective of professional caregivers might provide valuable insights regarding what caregivers do, and more importantly it can aid in understanding why they do what they do.This thesis aimed to explore the content and context of adult psychiatric inpatient care from the perspective of professional caregivers. This was achieved by clarifying the concept of person-centred care in the context of inpatient psychiatry, describing staff members’ reasoning on their choice of action and perceptions of interprofessional collaboration in challenging situations in inpatient psychiatric care settings, and exploring nurses’ experiences of good nursing practice in the specific context of inpatient psychiatry. A systematic review of the literature identified 34 scholarly papers that were analysed using evolutionary concept analysis. Focus group interviews were conducted with 26 professional caregivers and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 skilled, relationship-oriented nurses and analysed using an interpretive descriptive approach to qualitative analysis.Reviewing the literature on person-centred care in inpatient psychiatry clarified how person-centred care is expected to result in quality care when interpersonal relationships are used to promote recovery. Professional caregivers’ reasoning on choice of action described different concerns in caregiver-patient interaction resulting in a focus on either meeting patients’ individual needs or solving staff members’ own problems. Describing professional caregivers’ perceptions of interprofessional collaboration suggested that they are being constrained by difficulties in collaborating with each other and a lack of interaction with patients. Exploring nurses’ experiences of good nursing practice revealed how circumstances in the clinical setting affect nurses’ ability to work through relationships. It is argued that these findings describe the workings of two opposing forces in psychiatric inpatient care. The concept of caring as a process forms the basis for discussing the content of care as a moral endeavour in which nurses strive to do good. The concept of demoralizing organizational processes is used to discuss the context of care as demoralizing and allowing for immoral actions.The main conclusions to be drawn are that, from a nursing perspective, nurses in psychiatric inpatient care need to focus on patients’ experiences and needs. For this they need sufficient resources and time to be present and develop relationships with patients.Nurses in psychiatric inpatient care also need to take personal responsibility for their professional practice. Attempts to transform psychiatric care in a person-centred direction must consider all of these aspects and their interrelatedness. Further research on psychiatric inpatient care is needed to understand more about how the content of care relates to the context of care. / <p>Godkänd; 2015; 20150526 (sebgab); Akademisk avhandling som med vederbörligt tillstånd av Filosofiska fakulteten vid Luleå tekniska universitet för avläggande av Filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen försvaras i Deltasalen, D 770, Luleå tekniska universitet fredagen den 25 september 2015, kl. 10.00. Fakultetsopponent: Docent Ulla Hällgren Graneheim, Institutionen för omvårdnad, Umeå universitet Betygsnämnd: Professor Margareta Lilja, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, Luleå tekniska universitet Professor Johan Sandström, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, Luleå tekniska universitet Docent Lauri Kuosmanen, Institutionen för omvårdnad, Åbo universitet Huvudhandledare: Professor Stefan Sävenstedt, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, Luleå tekniska universitet Biträdande handledare: Universitetslektor Malin Olsson, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, Luleå tekniska universitet Professor Rolf Adolfsson, Institutionen för klinisk vetenskap, Umeå universitet</p>