Orientador: Raquel Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Ana Maria Roque Dias Bovista / Banca: Leny Rodrigues Martins Teixeira / Resumo: Este estudo, vinculado à linha de pesquisa "Práticas e Processos Formativos em Educação" do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da FCT/UNESP, relata os resultados de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo analisar a compreensão que professores de Matemática têm da Resolução de Problemas como metodologia de ensino, como eles têm tomado conhecimento desta proposta metodológica e se há relação entre o entendimento sobre Resolução de Problemas e a prática pedagógica declarada pelo docente. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória, utilizou como instrumentos de coleta de dados um questionário e análise documental. O questionário era composto por questões abertas e fechadas que formavam categorias de análise respectivamente à Formação Docente e a Resolução de Problemas, ao Entendimento do Professor de Matemática sobre Resolução de Problemas e à relação entre o entendimento docente sobre Resolução de Problemas e a prática pedagógica. Responderam ao questionário 31 professores com aulas atribuídas de Matemática no ano de 2017, no Ensino Fundamental II e/ou Ensino Médio, das 26 escolas no munícipio de Presidente Prudente, sendo um professor por escola, com algumas escolas tendo mais de um professor respondente. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo para as questões abertas do questionário e para a análise das questões fechadas foram consideradas as frequências de respostas. A análise documental foi realizada nos documentos prescritos qu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study, bound to the research line of "Practices and Formative Processes in Education" of the Post-Graduation Program in Education of FCT/UNESP, reports the results of a research which aims analyzing the comprehension that Mathematics teachers have about the Problem Solving as a teaching methodology, how they became aware of this methodological proposal and if there is a connection between their understanding about the Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice they state. The research, which was constituted of qualitative approach and exploratory nature, used as collecting tools a questionnaire and document analysis. The questionnaire was composed of open and closed questions which formed categories of analysis respectively to Teacher Education and Problem Solving, to the Understanding of Mathematics Teachers about Problem Solving and to the relation between the teaching understanding about Problem Solving and the pedagogical practice. 31 teachers with regular classes in 2017, in Elementary school and/or High School, from 26 schools in the city of Presidente Prudente answered to the questionnaire, being one teacher for school, and some schools accounting for more than one teacher. For data analysis, it was used the content analysis technique to the open questions in the questionnaire, and to analyze the closed questions it was taken into account the frequency of the answers. The document analysis was carried out in the prescribed documents that direct the teaching work... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A presente pesquisa dedicou-se ao tema da liberdade nas escolas de Educação Infantil de zero a três anos e teve como objetivo identificar as concepções de crianças pequenas, educadores e mães sobre o tema em duas creches públicas do município de Jundiaí-SP. Buscou-se compreender também os motivos pelos quais a liberdade de ação das crianças pequenas não se generaliza como uma prática comum no interior das escolas por meio das concepções. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 18 crianças de três e quatro anos, 9 mães e 10 educadores (professores, agentes de desenvolvimento infantil, coordenadores e diretores) nas creches investigadas. Foram feitas também observações das rotinas diárias de trabalho com as crianças e exame dos Projetos Político Pedagógicos das duas instituições. O conjunto de relatos foi analisado de maneira qualitativa, tendo por base a técnica de Análise de Conteúdos com triangulação de dados. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as concepções de liberdade de adultos e crianças relacionam-se ao contato com a natureza e às possibilidades de movimentação corporal ampla, duas características acessadas pelas crianças pesquisadas nas creches, somente quando estão no espaço externo, período reduzido em relação ao que passam no interior das salas referência. Este estudo analisa e discute as concepções identificadas, com reflexões sobre impedimentos e possibilidades de liberdade de ação para as crianças pequenas no ambiente escolar / The present research was dedicated to the theme of freedom in pre-school education from zero to three years and had as objective to identify the conceptions of young children, educators and mothers on the theme in two public day care centers of the municipality of Jundiaí-SP. We attempted to understand too the reasons why the freedom of action of young children is not generalized as a common practice within schools based on identified conceptions. To attend this purpose, semi-structured interviews were made with 18 children aged three and four, 9 mothers and 10 educators (teachers, child development agents, coordinators and directors) in the day care centers. Observations of the daily routines of work with the children and examination of the Political Pedagogical Projects of the two institutions were also made. The collected data was analyzed in a qualitative approach. The results indicate that the conceptions of freedom of adults and children are related to the contact with nature and the possibilities of free body movement, two characteristics that are accessed by the children researched only when they are in outer space, a reduced period in relation to what they spend in the reference rooms. This study analyzes and discusses the conceptions identified, with reflections about impediments and possibilities of freedom of action for young children in the school

During the past three decades, much research has occurred into students' conceptions as well as factors influencing them and how the conceptions are formed. This study reports on students' conceptions involving energy and the human body. Initially, a number of student conceptions within the overarching area of energy and the human body were identified by developing and administering questionnaires to 610 students ranging from Year 8 through to Year 12. Students' responses to the questionnaire items resulted in previously identified conceptions as well as a number of unreported ones. The unreported notions included: carbohydrates are different to sugars; energy is needed for organs to function; fats and their role in energy storage; the eye and ear do not convert energy but transfer it to the brain; sweat cools the skin due to contact with air; objects need energy to start moving but not to move; and aspects of respiration and digestion. Conceptions such as the particulate nature of energy, energy's usefulness, conservation and transfer of energy, role of digestion and respiration, sources of energy were associated with previously identified notions which were derived from both informal and formal learning situations. But, it was not possible to distinguish which source knowledge was derived from. From these notions, a series of possible pathways for conceptual development within the area of energy and the human body were described. Further analysis of the data indicated a number of ontological changes that can occur as the student-cohort became older. These ontological changes included a decline in the notion of energy being particulate to being non-particulate and not being described, through to being involved in the chemical bonds of molecules, the role and processes of digestion, the number of energy types and energy sources and how the eye and ear function. / All these conceptions changed with student age and became more scientifically acceptable in their nature as students' formal education increased. Based upon the findings of the above questionnaires, a diagnostic paper and pencil instrument set of 20 items based upon a modified two tier multiple-choice format was developed to identify student held conceptions on energy and the human body. Subsequently, an interventionist strategy was designed and implemented to help students avoid the development of misconceptions as they construct acceptable concepts related to digestion and to respiration. This strategy follows the passage of food from its ingestion through to the absorbed foods conversion into ATP for use by the body. The findings of this study are to be of use to science teachers worldwide, not only in Western Australia as the findings of this thesis are relevant to educators of students in Years 8 to 12. The findings are related to energy in general but specifically to the students' own body. These findings relate directly to an intrinsically interesting feature, the student's own body. Another outcome of these misconception findings are two instruments which are likely to be of value to educators of Years 8 to 12 students. These are a diagnostic instrument designed to identify a number of alternative conceptions learners may hold and secondly a lesson sequence dealing with digestion and respiration and the role these have in the conversion and transfer of energy in the body.

Ce travail présente une analyse cognitive sur les rapports entre argumentation et démonstration. L'hypothèse de départ est que la recherche en didactique sur la démonstration a besoin, pour progresser, de comprendre la nature et la complexité de cette notion en la replaçant dans le référentiel de l'activité rationnelle de l'élève : comment il décide, fait des choix, valide. Nous commençons par proposer une caractérisation de l'argumentation et de la démonstration en mathématiques. Les théories linguistiques contemporaines nous permettent d'avancer l'hypothèse que la démonstration est une argumentation particulière et nous a conduits à proposer le modèle de Toulmin comme outil méthodologique pour leur comparaison. Cette comparaison est faite selon deux points de vue : la structure, et le système de référence. D'une part, une analyse structurelle de l'argumentation et de la démonstration permet de rendre compte de certaines continuités ou écarts nécessaires pour passer d'une argumentation à une démonstration (d'une argumentation abductive à une démonstration déductive, d'une argumentation inductive à une démonstration par récurrence, etc.). D'autre part, il est possible, au moyen de ce modèle, de prendre en compte les énoncés mobilisés par les élèves pendant l'argumentation pour les comparer avec les théorèmes utilisés pendant la démonstration. La continuité ou l'écart du système de référence, conception ou théorie, s'appuie sur cette comparaison. Nous avons mis en place un dispositif expérimental afin de montrer comment analyser les productions des élèves avec le modèle de Toulmin, et afin d'éclairer et de comprendre les rapports cognitifs entre argumentation et démonstration. Nous avons proposé trois problèmes de géométrie demandant la construction d'une conjecture (pour la production d'une argumentation) et la construction d'une démonstration. Les résultats obtenus permettent de proposer une analyse cognitive de l'argumentation et de la démonstration à partir de l'analyse structurelle et celle du système de référence.

Les recherches sur le développement des conceptions en physique mettent l'accent soit sur des processus intraindividuels, soit sur des processus situés dans les situations collectives. En revanche, les situations individuelles et leur intérêt dans la construction des idées restent mal définies. Une expérimentation pré-/post-test a permis de suivre 106 enfants de 10 ans qui prédisent, justifient et expliquent de manière générale le phénomène de flottaison des objets. L'entraînement leur propose d'utiliser des objets et des outils pour élaborer à trois reprises une explication du phénomène, sans feedback de l'adulte. Quatre conditions expérimentales sont comparées. Dans deux conditions, les enfants travaillent par trois fois soit individuellement, soit en dyade. Deux autres conditions articulent des situations solitaires et dyadique : dans une condition, ils s'entraînent en individuel puis en dyade puis en individuel ; dans une autre, ils s'entraînent en dyade puis en individuel puis en dyade. Les évolutions cognitives diffèrent selon les conditions. Le fait de travailler régulièrement en dyade favorise l'enrichissement des justifications particulières. Le fait de faire travailler les enfants ensemble enrichirait le répertoire argumentatif pour décrire la réaction des objets. L'entraînement individuel-dyadique-individuel favorise de meilleures prédictions. Cette articulation spécifique des situations amènerait une restructuration plus profonde des connaissances. Il y a donc des articulations de situations plus favorables selon les performances attendues. L'analyse des conduites pendant l'entraînement et les études de cas révèlent l'importance des contradictions rencontrées, dues à la fois à l'hétérogénéité des objets, aux interactions entre pairs et à la présence d'outils. Des pistes de recherche et d'application sont enfin proposées.

<h1>Abstract</h1><p>In this study, the conceptions of a number of teachers in the Swedish primary and lower-secondary school about cultural pluralism, the values connected to this pluralism by the <em>Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-School Class and the Leisure-time Centre, Lpo 94</em>, and the possibilities for pupils to gain knowledge about these values, were studied. The conceptions of the teachers were regarded and interpreted as ideology, since the study was made from a point of departure containing an assumption about how the content of the curriculum is of importance for the development of relations of power and dominance between different groups in society. The purpose of the study was to interpret the statements of a limited number of teachers about cultural pluralism, values and knowledge, regarding the ontological, axiological and epistemological assumptions and conceptions expressed therein. The empirical data of the study was gathered through qualitative interviews with eleven teachers working in six different primary and lower-secondary schools in the Mid-Sweden region. The conceptions expressed in the statements given by the respondents were categorized. These categories were then interpreted through a typology containing four different types of ideology, here called restorative (implying a return to a social order of the past), transmissive (implying a conveyance of existing values, relations and conditions), moderative (implying short-term adjustments of existing institutions and conditions) and transformative (implying long-term and radical change) ideology. This interpretation showed that only fragmentary parts of the restorative and transformative types of ideology were expressed through the different assumptions and conceptions, while distinct and substantially developed expressions of transmissive as well as moderative ideology could be interpreted. This was discussed with reference to three different themes: the connotations conveyed by the concept of culture, the ideological content of official and semi-official documents of the curriculum – mainly Lpo 94 and the report (<em>Skola för bildning</em>) of the Committee of Curriculum – and the historically strong progressivist tradition in the Swedish school system.</p><p>Keywords: conceptions, cultural pluralism, curriculum, ideology, knowledge, primary and lower-secondary school, teachers, values.</p>

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de l'appropriation par des enseignants de la «démarche d'investigation », méthode d'enseignement apparue en 2005 dans les programmes de collège français. Une étude préliminaire en deux étapes (chapitre 1) a permis de dégager des objectifs de formation. Une analyse épistémologique a montré que cette démarche était un objet particulier, donnant une image restreinte de l'activité scientifique : les problèmes posés aux élèves doivent être à la fois favorables au dépassement d'obstacles cognitifs et résolus par hypothético-déduction. L'analyse de fiches de préparation de séquences d'investigation a mis en évidence que leurs auteurs, enseignants de collège, proposaient des problèmes et démarches plus variés. Nous avons également relevé des confusions dans l'utilisation de deux notions clé de la démarche d'investigation : les conceptions et la notion d'hypothèse. La formation mise en place s'est construite autour de ces notions. Nous avons cherché à savoir non seulement comment les enseignants se les appropriaient, mais aussi comment ils justifiaient les adaptations qu'ils apportaient aux directives (chapitre 2). Des questionnaires et enregistrements audio d'une séance de travail en groupes, consacrée à l'élaboration d'une séquence d'investigation, ont montré une meilleure maîtrise, en fin de formation, des notions visées. Nous avons aussi analysé les stratégies mises en place par les enseignants pour tenter de concilier les exigences des programmes avec les contraintes institutionnelles et matérielles qui s'imposent à eux.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé les conceptions de 275 enseignants tunisiens et identifié en quoi certaines de ces conceptions pourraient être des obstacles aux apprentissages. Une conception anatomisante du cerveau pourrait s'opposer à sa conception en termes de réseaux neuronaux. Mettre le cerveau aux commandes de tout le corps, avec un relent de dualisme corps esprit, empêche de penser son épigenèse et sa construction en fonction de son activité propre ; il en est de même pour une conception d'un déterminisme purement génétique ou purement environnementale de nos comportements. Jusqu'à quel point ces obstacles ne dépendent-ils que d'un manque de connaissances, en particulier sur les réseaux neuronaux et l'épigenèse cérébrale ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons analysé les conceptions d'élèves (1an avant le bac) et d'enseignants (inscrits en DEA didactique ou autres) avant et après un enseignement sur l'épigenèse (trois situations d'enseignement, dont une en visioconférence). Les résultats de cette seconde partie de la thèse confirment que ces conceptions peuvent évoluer à la suite d'un enseignement.

<p>This paper examines pupils’ conception of the Swedish schools constitutive values expressed in the Swedish curriculum. The main question was, at to what extent the schools constitutive values have influenced the pupils conception of their own values. That question problematizes the relation between values, constructed and carried by central administration, and their interpretation at local level by pupils. The study was conducted with qualitative analysis which included qualitative interviews with seven pupils in the last year of the Swedish school system. Phenomenology, hermeneutics, and phenomenographics have influenced the study. The qualitative interviews were abstracted into categories, related to this papers theoretical framework. The categories were taken from a taxonomy that breaks up the constitutive values into smaller pieces. The categories are presented here: <em>questions about conception of life, moral education, values education, civics education and citizenship education</em>. As well as categories the taxonomy shows a variable that goes from private to public and <em>questions about conception of life,</em> is the most private area and <em>citizenship education</em> is the most public. What each category resulted in was that pupils´ conception of the schools constitutive values could relate to the theoretical framework. Although many of the informants’ quotations pointed out standpoints that were related to the theoretical framework, some weren’t. Those included mostly the categories of public questions, such as <em>civic education</em> and <em>citizenship education</em>. In question of the pupils conception of moral education and values education the quotations showed that schools tend to focus on a rule based philosophy when fostering the pupils in to good moral and values. Also, pupils tend to focus on private good and see the schools constitutive values as a way to gain private good. This papers result brings up questions about; if the schools constitutive values are not well understood by pupils or if the constitutive values only are to be understood as private good. It also shows that the values constructed at a central level have a long way to travel to be acknowledged by the pupils. And along that travel several actors, such as teachers, interpret the constitutive values.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to find out whether young women´s conceptions on femininity are based on school culture or other possible factors. The theory chosen for this study is the sociological perspective. A theory where sociologists such as Emile Drukheim, Talcott Parsons and Pierre Bourdieu are all prominent. The discussion links to <em>Habitus </em>and their theories on social, cultural and collective groups. A qualitative method has been used. Ten young women have bee interviewed and their answers have been compared and analyzed for results. The women has been divided into two segments. One consisting of the ethnically Swedish young women and one out of non-ethnically Swedish young women. In conclusion, the ethnically Swedish group of young women are all involved in building up the norm at the particular school examined. Furthermore, the non-ethnically Swedish young women are followers of this norm. Conceptions on the current heterosexual norm that exists within the school culture are built based upon the different social groups.</p><p><em> </em></p>