Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.

Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.

O presente estudo teve o propósito de narrar a história do Colégio Regina Coeli, nos anos de 1948 a 1980, localizado em Veranópolis, buscando analisar as motivações e possíveis transformações decorrentes da passagem de uma escola confessional para uma comunitária, atentando para as culturas escolares. A escolha do recorte temporal está relacionada a fatos importantes, sendo demarcado o ano de 1948 para o início do estudo, pois foi neste ano que a escola passou a denominar-se Regina Coeli, com a inauguração do prédio construído especificamente para o colégio. A data limite de 1980 foi determinada levando-se em consideração dados sobre a direção da escola, que depois de ter passado da condição de confessional católica para comunitária, em 1969, continuou sendo administrada por Irmãs de São José até o ano de 1976. A partir de 1977, passou a ser dirigida por leigos, tendo tido dois diretores até 1980. Considerando essa delimitação, para a construção da narrativa, analisaram-se as culturas escolares, no que diz respeito aos espaços, aos sujeitos e aos saberes escolares. Pautada nos pressupostos teóricos da História Cultural, utilizou-se como metodologia a análise de documentos, referentes ao Colégio Regina Coeli, e a história oral, através de entrevistas com sujeitos que participaram da instituição de ensino objeto dessa pesquisa. Os documentos dizem respeito às atas de reuniões, ao “Relatório da verificação para efeito da concessão de „inspeção preliminar‟ Ginásio Regina Coeli”, às fotografias, aos livros de matrículas e aos jornais. As entrevistas foram realizadas com dois ex-diretores, duas Irmãs de São José (uma ex-professora e uma ex-aluna) e duas ex-alunas, que atuaram também como professoras na escola. A narrativa foi organizada em cinco capítulos, iniciando com as considerações iniciais, onde se detalha o processo de pesquisa, apresentando os objetivos e a metodologia adotada para a realização do estudo. Em seguida, apresenta-se um breve contexto histórico e educacional de Veranópolis, apontando aspectos do desenvolvimento social, político, cultural, econômico e educacional. Na sequência são narrados aspectos da cultura escolar do Colégio Regina Coeli, referente aos sujeitos, espaços e saberes, no período em que a escola, com o estatuto de confessional católica, era administrada pelas Irmãs de São José, compreendendo o período de 1948 a 1969, mas citando também aspectos do período anterior, de 1917 a 1947, em que a escola denominava-se São José. Depois, abordam-se as motivações e o processo de transição de estatuto da escola, de confessional católico para comunitário, bem como aspectos das culturas escolares em relação aos sujeitos, espaços e saberes escolares do período de 1969 a 1980. Para concluir, são expostas as considerações finais, que permitem compreendem que as transformações nas culturas escolares do Colégio Regina Coeli, decorrentes da transição de estatuto de escola confessional católica para comunitária, foram graduais, pois as Irmãs continuaram no Colégio Regina Coeli até o ano 2000, momento em que foram observados maiores tensionamentos. Diante dos resultados obtidos e da narrativa construída, evidencia-se a importância dessa pesquisa para a comunidade veranense e para os estudos na área da história da educação. / The present study aimed to tell the history of Regina Coeli School, in the years 1948 to 1980, located in Veranopolis, seeking to analyze the motivations and possible changes resulting from the transition of a confessional school for a community school, noting the school cultures. The choice of time frame is related to important facts, which marked the year 1948 for the beginning of the study, it was this year that the school was renamed to Regina Coeli, with the inauguration of the building built specifically for school. The date of 1980 was determined taking into account data about the school board, which after changing the condition of catholic confessional to community in 1969, kept being administrated by the Sisters of São José by the year 1976. From 1977, it began to be directed by lays, having two directors until 1980. Considering this delimitation, for the construction of the narrative, it was analyzed the school cultures, regarding the spaces, the subjects and school knowledge. Guided the theoretical principles of Cultural History, it was used as methodology the documental analysis, referring to Regina Coeli School, and oral history through interviews with people who participated in the educational institution object of this research. The documents relate to the meeting minutes, the "Verify Report for effect of concession of „preliminary inspection' Gym Regina Coeli", photographs, registration books and newspapers. Interviews were conducted with two former principals, two Sisters of São José (a former teacher and a former student) and two former students, who also acted as teachers in school. The narrative is organized into five chapters, starting with the initial considerations, which details the research process, presenting the objectives and methodology adopted for the study. Then, it presents a brief historical and educational background of Veranópolis, pointing aspects of social, political, cultural, economic and educational development. Following are narrated aspects of school culture of Regina Coeli School, referring to the subjects, spaces and knowledges, in the period in which the school, with the status of Catholic confessional, was administered by the Sisters of São José, covering the period 1948-1969 but also citing aspects of the previous period, from 1917 to 1947, when the school was called São José. Then, discuss the motivations and the transition process of the statute of the school, from Catholic confessional to community, as well as aspects of school cultures in relation to the subjects, spaces and school knowledge of the period 1969-1980. To conclude, the final considerations are exposed, allowing understand that changes in school cultures Regina Coeli School, arising from the transition of statute of Catholic Confessional school for Community School were gradual, as the Sisters continued in Regina Coeli College until 2000, at which time there was a higher tensions. Based on these results and the narrative constructed, highlights the importance of this research to the Veranense community and to the studies in the field of history of education.

O presente trabalho teve como propósito pesquisar, analisar e compreender o processo histórico do Colégio São Carlos, criado pela Congregação das Irmãs de São Carlos Borromeo – Scalabrinianas, em 1936, em Caxias do Sul. Pensando nas culturas escolares dessa instituição, busquei construir uma narrativa histórica que contemplou o seu cotidiano: sujeitos, práticas, espaços e tempos vividos no Colégio São Carlos. O estudo baseou-se nos pressupostos teóricos da História Cultural. As fontes utilizadas foram os documentos escritos (relatórios, projetos, orientações didáticas, movimento escolar, etc.) e fotográficos produzidos e arquivados pela instituição, bem como os documentos do Arquivo Histórico Municipal João Spadari Adami. Assim, busquei interpretar de maneira menos homogeneizante o universo da escola, desenvolvendo uma visão mais ampla em relação às práticas escolares através da valorização das ações cotidianas, dos profissionais, de sua trajetória, além de questões de gênero. O texto foi organizado em quatro capítulos: as considerações iniciais com uma breve ênfase de como foi o processo da pesquisa; no capítulo 2, o contexto histórico das décadas de 1930 a 1970, de Caxias do Sul, retratando o papel da mulher na sociedade caxiense, sua educação e a formação da Congregação Scalabriniana. No capítulo 3 analisei de que forma essa congregação se estruturou em Caxias do Sul e suas atividades educacionais com a criação do Colégio São Carlos. Por fim, no capítulo 4, abordei as práticas escolares da instituição em relação aos seus discentes, os rituais e as rotinas. Nas considerações finais, concluo afirmando a importância do papel da mulher e seu processo educativo através da atuação da congregação carlista. Disseminando uma visão de pureza da mulher, as Irmãs preconizaram a educação das moças proporcionando conhecimentos através de vários cursos oferecidos pelo colégio. Atuaram educando essas moças, considerando o que a Igreja almejava como ideal para a mulher. Assim, foi de grande êxito o trabalho do Colégio na educação da mulher caxiense, mas não apenas. Ao narrar a história dessa instituição contribuí para pensar a educação em Caxias do Sul e no Rio Grande do Sul, a escolarização feminina, a contribuição e as interfaces entre escola e Igreja, entre outros aspectos, em perspectiva histórica. / This study had the purpose to research, analyze and understand the St. Carlos College‟s historical process, established by the Sisters‟ Congregation of St. Carlos Borromeo - Scalabrinians in 1936 in Caxias do Sul. Thinking in school cultures that institution, sought to construct a historical narrative contemplated his daily life: subjects, practices, spaces and times lived in St. Carlos College. The study was based on theoretical assumptions of Cultural History. The sources used were written documents (reports, projects, teaching guidelines, school movement, etc.). and produced photos and archived by the institution, as well as documents the João Spadari Adami‟s Municipal Historical Archives So, I tried to interpret in a less homogenizing way the school‟s world, developing a larger view regarding school practices through the enhancement of everyday actions, professionals, its history and gender issues. The text was organized into four chapters: the opening remarks with a brief emphasis on how the research process was, in Chapter 2, the historical context of the decades from 1930 to 1970 of Caxias do Sul, portraying the role of women in the Caxias do Sul society, their education and training of the Congregation Scalabrinian. In chapter 3, I analyzed how this congregation was structured in Caxias do Sul and its educational activities with the creation of the St. Carlos College. Finally, in Chapter 4, I discussed the school practices of the institution in relation to their students, rituals and routines. In the final considerations, I conclude by stating the importance of women's role and their educational process through the Carlist congregation‟s agency. Disseminating a vision of women purity, the Sisters have advocated the girls‟ education providing knowledge through many courses that were offered by the college. Acted educating these girls, considering what the Church craved as ideal for women. Then, the College's work educating the Caxias do Sul‟s women was a great work, but not only that. Telling the history of this institution, it was contributed to thinking about education in Caxias do Sul and in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the female enrollment, contribution and interfaces between school and church, among other things, in historical perspective.

The subject of this dissertation is the confessional revivalist organisation Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS – approximately the Swedish Evangelical Mission Society) between 1856 and 1910. EFS was founded in 1856 in a Pietistic tradition, and its aim was to revitalise from within what was seen as a too dormant State church, and also to counteract the influence of the emerging free churches. The study has five main sections. The introductory part consists of the theoretical framework and the historical context. In the second chapter EFS’ aims and expectations are studied on a national level. The third chapter examines the content of published and distributed tracts. The fourth chapter focuses on the activities of the itinerant colporteurs, and the fifth and final part studies the work of a local EFS-congregation. The aim of the dissertation is twofold. The first objective is to describe the transformation EFS underwent during the period studied. This process is described in terms related to Jürgen Habermas’ expression “public sphere”. When EFS was founded, as a board, it can be seen as one of other middle- and upper-class associations, and as such a part of the Swedish public sphere. By 1910 EFS had begun to move away from the Swedish State church and had become more like contemporary popular movements and free churches – it had started to take the shape of an limited alternative sphere, a denomination. The second aim is to use EFS as an example to describe and analyse the changed perception of religion during the second half of the 19th century. This change is described as a process of secularisation. Secularisation is seen here as the process that turned religion into an individual, voluntary and optional act of faith, among other religious and non-religious alternatives, for ordinary people. Of particular interest is the paradoxical relation between revivalism and secularisation. Various revivalist movements emphasised the personal relation to God and the individual right to interpret the word of God. The individual choice for salvation was also stressed within revivalism. These movements also created new alternatives to the all-embracing State church. Thus both the position of the Church, and the universal claims of Christianity in general, were undermined. The transformation EFS underwent is seen as an adaptation to the rise of modern society, which became more pluralistic and hence competitive during the final decades of the 19th century. This development meant that new strategies were required for religious organisations overall, in order for them to be able to compete and flourish. / digitalisering@umu

Václav Valeš: Restitution of Church Property in the Czech Republic After 1989 This work describes the sensitive theme of church property restitution in the Czech Republic after 1989. Two laws of restitution accepted from 1990 to 1991 (the law Nr. 298/1990 Coll. and the law Nr. 338/1991 Coll.) solved in particular the activities of Roman Catholic religious orders and congregations. The common law solving church restitutions generally was in 1992 and 2008 not accepted and this situation continues today. This situation restricts churches and religious societies in their work in many areas. A tiny proportion of their properthy were churches and religious societies returned by another way (executive way between 1996-1998, declaratory action).Besides the analysis of existing legislation this work also contains relating judicature of the Constitutional and Supreme Court of the Czech Republic. Keywords confessional law, the Czech Republic, church property, restitution process after 1989

This paper clarifies where the distinction of what is viewed as religious and non-religious by teachers within religious education. More specifically, the study explores teachers’ affection and tendency to employ objects and practical activities throughout the education in this discipline. By employing experiential learning, teachers can include lived religion in their teaching. While experiences can increase the comprehension for the students, educations must be non-confessional, a line that is blurry. The method used in this study is of qualitative nature, based on semi-structured interviews with teachers teaching religion the study utilizes a thematic analysis upon how these respondents have used objects and practical activities in class. This study suggests that teachers equip and utilize objects in different ways. On the one hand, it was discovered that objects were used to educate in lived religion, on some occasions it further served as a didactic tool. On the other hand, some interviewees choose to exclude objects, entirely, from their teaching. Numerous teachers also include mediation in their teaching sessions, to either serve as a pause or to create a religious experience. Some interviewees choose to exclude meditation because of its risk of becoming confessional teaching. According to the findings in this study, to stage a religious ritual is often depicted as a confessional event, the definition is however unclear. This unclear distinction and the fact that teachers’ interpretations differ from the applicable guidelines, results in a wide variance and differences in the religious education, in the Swedish public schools.

This essay investigates the prospect of confessionalism’s potential resurgence in contemporary poetics through female poets on Instagram and discusses its relevance and likeness to mid 20th century confessional poetry. Two case studies of highly popular Insta- poets Rupi Kaur and Alicia Cook are presented and a close reading of a few of their poems is introduced in order to investigate their adaptation of what I call an over-confessional style that addresses issues such as mental health, family, sexuality, and the perception of the female body. Kaur and Cook employ visual strategies and forms in their poetry in order to achieve an over-confessional style which is not simply individualistic but carries such larger social and public concerns. Studies of Insta-poetry are scarce due to its newness and partly due to the widespread dismissal of the genre by academics and researchers. However, because of the growing popularization of digital media and Insta-poetry as a literary mainstream more studies of the genre are needed and there has been a rising critical interest in the genre. The public nature of Instagram and the autobiographical lyric style of confession have made Insta- poetry very accessible and relatable to readers, resulting in a new relationship between the poet and the reader. I demonstrate that Kaur’s and Cook’s writing displays autobiographical, aesthetic and thematic tendencies commonly associated with confessional poetry, but also pushes the confessional mode to its limits. Apart from broader structural comparison, I attempt a literary analysis of Insta-poetry in order to provide an understanding of the social aspect and the visual strategies of Insta-poets.

Many consider Sweden as one of the most secularised countries in the world. While the country is rapidly growing more religiously and culturally diverse there still remains a Lutheran touch in the school curriculum. Skolverket depicts itself as being nondenominational and objective, but many have argued against this statement. The educational system’s roots of both being organised and run using Christian religious materials clearly presents the complex situation that can be recognized even today.  Researchers and students alike agree that there is an issue regarding the representation of all cultural and religious groups in the Swedish educational system. The students in the work of Carina Holmqvist Lidh testify of the lack of representation or frequent misrepresentation in their formal education. Many feel the religion they meet in schools cannot be recognized as their own. This is a problem both in the condensed teaching materials which are used and the very limited lesson time a teacher has at hand. An active didactical choice, deeming what’s important knowledge or not, falls in the lap of educators and the consequences that I want to present in this essay is that many religious orientations risk going unnoticed.  That’s why in this essay my goal is to create a discussion about the ways the Lutheran Christian faith has historically, and continues to affect religion education, all while deeming itself as non-confessional and neutral. Furthermore, owing to fellow students’ essays and professors' analysis of textbooks depiction of non-Lutheran religious groups I hope to present the problem with this Lutheran-touch, which leaves many students from other religious orientations feeling their faith is misrepresented or left out in traditional teaching.

The religious landscape in Sweden has changed in recent years as a result of secularization processes, individualization, and migration. This has led to religion occupying new places in society and one such place is media. The visibility of religion in the media creates space for debate about what role religion should play in different context, which in this thesis applies to school. Since 2018, there has been a debate in the media regarding the being or non-being of independent confessional schools. This bachelor thesis aims to examine the arguments that appear in the criticism versus the defense of independent confessional schools in debate articles in Sweden. Debate articles from the Swedish newspapers Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet and Expressen are examined with qualitative text analysis. The result shows that the most common arguments among those who want to ban independent confessional schools are: religious indoctrination, segregation, and extremism. From the other side of the debate are the ones who defend independent confessional schools and the most common arguments from this side are: freedom of religion, corresponds to the Swedish curriculum, and integration. Further, an additional aim is to analyze how the debate can be understood using the theoretical concepts of narrative, institutional and cultural transformation processes in mediatization theory. The analysis shows that there are signs of these transformation processes in the debate articles. Many of the debate articles on the ban side are structured according to media logics where one perspective is set against another to provoke reactions from the readers, which expresses the narrative transformation process. The institutional transformation process is reflected in how actors from different institutions communicate in the debate, where political actors control the debate and religious actors adapt accordingly. The cultural transformation process is made visible by seeing how the debate relates to the surrounding society which is characterized by secular norms on one hand and increased religious diversity on the other.