The purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to further clarify and expand or understanding of the relationship between interpersonal conflict, incivility, and their roles as stressors in the stressor-strain relationship. The second goal was to examine how neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, trait anger, and sphere specific locus of control moderate the stressor-strain relationship between task conflict, relationship conflict, incivility and workplace and health outcomes. The results suggest that extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, trait anger, and locus of control play significant roles in how workplace aggression affects individuals. These findings suggest that occupations that experience a high level of workplace aggression should consider incorporating these personality traits into their selection system as a way of limiting or reducing the effects workplace aggression can have on individual health, wellbeing, and job outcomes.

The new economy is characterised by globalisation, increased competition, and rapid changes. In order to remain competitive, organisations need to be proactive and innovative to survive. This is mirrored in the South African retail industry which is developing into a dynamic industry driven by changes in technology, shifts in consumer behaviour, saturating markets, and increased competition as a result of globalisation. In light of these increased demands on organisations to be more flexible, adaptable, and competitive, new demands have subsequently been placed on leaders. The retail industry is highly labour-intensive and requires effective leadership at all levels, and Transformational Leadership (TL) has been shown to be an effective leadership style to improve various organisational outcomes. In recent years, personality has been used as a means to predict TL behaviours in leaders. One model of personality that has proved its utility in identifying leadership characteristics has been the Five Factor Model of Personality. However, not much is known about the relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors in the retail industry. The current study utilised a quantitative research approach in which 101 leaders in a retail organisation in South Africa were assessed on TL and the Big Five personality factors, using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Fifteen Factor Plus Personality Questionnaire. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the statistical relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant relationships between three of the Big Five personality factors, namely extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness, and any of the TL dimensions or the composite TL score. There are two statistically significant relationships between one Big Five personality factor, namely agreeableness, and two TL dimensions, namely inspirational motivation (.196; p < .05), and individualised consideration (.200; p < .05). Only one Big Five personality factor, namely emotional stability, is statistically significantly related to all the TL dimensions as well as the composite TL score, ranging from a low of .539 (p < .01) for idealised behaviour to a high of .556 (p < .01) for the composite TL score. The study concluded that the Big Five personality factors should be used with caution to identify and develop potential TL behaviours in the diverse South African retail context. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

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The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between the transformational leadership (TL) style of officers and their followers’ organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in a South African military environment. TL was measured by means of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Form 5X) and OCB by means of the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale (OCBS). A sample of 300 followers was identified at a military unit in the South African Army and the participants were requested to complete the two questionnaires. The MLQ produced a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 and the OCBS a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79, which were both statistically significant and acceptable. The main hypothesis of the empirical study was accepted, which predicted a significant relationship between TL and OCB (r = 0.412, significant at the 0.001 level). The hypotheses predicting a significant relationship between TL the five sub-dimensions of OCB produced mixed results. These results are as follows; there was no significant relationship between TL and Civic Virtue (r = 0.180), between TL and Sportsmanship (r = 0.132) and between TL and Courtesy (r = 0.207). Additionally, the hypotheses predicting a significant relationship between TL and Altruism (r = 0.499) and between TL and Conscientiousness (r = 0.315) were accepted. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between the transformational leadership (TL) style of officers and their followers’ organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in a South African military environment. TL was measured by means of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Form 5X) and OCB by means of the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale (OCBS). A sample of 300 followers was identified at a military unit in the South African Army and the participants were requested to complete the two questionnaires. The MLQ produced a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 and the OCBS a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79, which were both statistically significant and acceptable. The main hypothesis of the empirical study was accepted, which predicted a significant relationship between TL and OCB (r = 0.412, significant at the 0.001 level). The hypotheses predicting a significant relationship between TL the five sub-dimensions of OCB produced mixed results. These results are as follows; there was no significant relationship between TL and Civic Virtue (r = 0.180), between TL and Sportsmanship (r = 0.132) and between TL and Courtesy (r = 0.207). Additionally, the hypotheses predicting a significant relationship between TL and Altruism (r = 0.499) and between TL and Conscientiousness (r = 0.315) were accepted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between WFC and stress with Conscientiousness which is part of the Big Five personality Traits Model in moderation. The study was undertaken in the South African Police Service members in Alice town in the Eastern Cape. The study was based on a sample size of eighty four (n=84) out of 134 (N=134) police officers. A simple convenient random sample was used to sample participants. With the use of descriptive, correlation and inferential statistics the finding revealed instead that Conscientiousness has no significant relationship with WFC at (r= 0.02792, p= 0.8022) also Conscientiousness had no significant relationship with stress at (r= -0.04465, p= 0.6885). Overall, after separating the group according to those that scored low and those that scored high on conscientiousness scale, the study found the group low in conscientiousness not significantly correlated with WFC and stress (r= -0.02263, p= 0.9414). and the group with a high conscientiousness the study revealed a high significant relationship for police officers that scored high on Conscientiousness at (r= 0.40119, p< 0.00). The group low in conscientiousness has no correlation between WFC and stress thus different values of conscientiousness cause a change in the relationship between WFC and stress. Thus those who are low in conscientiousness do not have a relationship between WFC and stress. A call is made to the SAPS as an institution to consider prioritizing personality trait particularly applicants that score low on conscientiousness personality test during recruitment and selection of new police officers to avoid the outcomes associated with the nature of police work.

Les déterminants de la performance du vendeur ont fait l’objet d’un vaste courant de recherche dont il ressort que les variables personnelles sont les plus explicatives de la variation de la performance. Parallèlement, la recherche sur le plateau de carrière du vendeur qui est encore peu développée, propose des actions visant à éviter le plateau.Cette recherche propose un modèle structurel de déterminants de la performance du vendeur fondés sur certains traits de personnalité : l’esprit de compétition, la rigueur, l’estime de soi et l’efficacité personnelle et analyse les relations entre ces traits entre eux et entre l’effort et la performance. Cette recherche précise également la modération du plateau de carrière sur certaines variables du modèle.Il ressort de cette recherche la validation d’un modèle conceptuel de déterminants de la performance du vendeur fondé sur les traits de personnalité et, de la modération positive et faible du plateau de carrière sur les liens entre l’esprit de compétition, la rigueur et l’effort et,la performance, qui forment ces traits de personnalité.Cette étude met en lumière le rôle d’une triade composée de l’efficacité personnelle, de l’effort et de la rigueur comme variables explicatives de la performance des vendeurs performants. Une autre caractéristique des vendeurs performants concerne l’orientation deleurs efforts dirigés en efforts habiles, avec un haut niveau d’effort qui tend à devenir unenorme de travail pour les vendeurs performants expérimentés. Au contraire, les vendeursstandards ont une direction de leurs efforts moins habile.Une autre caractéristique des vendeurs performants concerne l’efficacité personnelle et leurcapacité à analyser leurs expériences d’abord passées puis présentes pour déterminer leurs expériences actives de maîtrise. Les vendeurs performants sont rigoureux et, tout en restant centré sur l’objectif à atteindre, savent analyser la situation et adapter les actions et les moyens à mettre en oeuvre pour l’atteindre. Enfin, l’esprit de compétition agit en catalyseur de cette triade efficacité personnelle-effort-rigueur. Pour les vendeurs performants de 45 ans et moins, l’effort et l’efficacité personnelle sont deux variables essentielles et le relais est pris ensuite, au-delà de 45 ans par la rigueur et l’esprit de compétition.Le plateau de carrière des vendeurs performants est un plateau accepté notamment parce qu’ils vivent un enrichissement du poste. Cet enrichissement du poste est la conséquence du stress dans le rôle et des expériences positives. / The research on the performance determinants of the salesperson has been widely studied and it appears that the variation on performance is mostly due to personal variables.The research on the salesperson plateau is less studied and aims mainly at actions to avoid plateauing.This research proposes a structural model on the performance determinants of salesperson based on personality traits: competitiveness, conscientiousness, self-esteem and self-efficacy,and analyses the relationships between these traits among them, and between effort and performance. This research points out as well the weak moderating effect of the plateau on the variables of the model.A conceptual model on the performance determinants of the salesperson is validated and, theweak positive moderating effect of the plateau on the structural path between competitiveness,conscientiousness, effort and performance is confirmed.This study points out the role of a triad made of self-efficacy, effort and conscientiousness a sexplaining variables of the performance of performing salespeople. Another characteristic of aperforming salesperson regards their effort which is smart, and their high level of effort becomes normative for senior performing salespersons. To the contrary, average performing salespersons have a less smart effort and a more hard effort.Another characteristic of performing salespersons regards self-efficacy and their ability inanalyzing their experiences firstly past experiences, and then present experiences in order todetermine their enactive mastery. Performing salespersons are conscientious and whileremaining focused on the objective, they analyze the situation and adapt their actions and means to reach the objective. Competitiveness is a catalyzer of the triad self-efficacy-effort conscientiousness.For performing salespersons of age ≤ 45, effort and self-efficacy are the main drivers and then, after the age 45, conscientiousness and competitiveness become the main drivers.The career plateau of performing salespersons is accepted in particular because they experience job enrichment, and this job enrichment is a consequence of the role stress and positive experiences.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Change has become a prevalent feature of today’s organizations, resulting in an increased demand for workers who are able to adapt to the dynamic nature of the environment. Recently, many have suggested that traditional models of job performance should be expanded to include an adaptive performance dimension. Research in this relatively new domain has focused on defining adaptive performance and understanding how it may be predicted. This study contributes to these efforts by testing the personality trait of conscientiousness as a predictor of adaptive performance, with both constructs being studied at their domain and facet levels. The incremental validity of conscientiousness over cognitive ability is also examined, and autonomy is investigated as a moderator of the conscientiousness-adaptive performance relationships. A sample of 212 undergraduate students who work at least 20 hours per week participated in the study by completing an online survey and a cognitive ability assessment. Conscientiousness was supported as a good predictor of adaptive performance overall. However, the predictor-outcome results did vary over the domain and facet levels, emphasizing the importance of studying both levels. At the two-facet level of conscientiousness, the achievement motivation facet was shown to have stronger relationships with the adaptive performance dimensions compared to the dependability facet. At the six-facet level of conscientiousness, the three achievement motivation facets and one dependability facet (i.e., dutifulness) were significantly related to all eight performance dimensions, but the other two dependability facets (i.e., orderliness and cautiousness) were not significantly related to all of the adaptive performance dimensions. Conscientiousness did provide significant incremental validity over cognitive ability at the domain level and for almost all of the facet-level relationships, but cognitive ability was not related to adaptive performance or any other study variables. Autonomy was supported as a moderator with 16 significant interactions uncovered at the facet level. However, these significant interactions only involved three (i.e., interpersonal, learning, and cultural) of the eight adaptive performance dimensions. Overall, these results supported the conscientiousness-adaptive performance relationship and contributed new findings to the adaptive performance domain that have implications for employee selection and performance management.

Titel: Varför väljer fastighetsmäklare att byta bransch?Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Anna Sjögren och Emma ÖhmanHandledare: Dr. Jonas Kågström och biträdande Martin AhleniusDatum: 2021 - juni  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur motivationsfaktorerna yttre motivation, inre motivation, Grit – passion och uthållighet för långsiktiga mål, och relationsbyggande påverkar svenska fastighetsmäklares jobbtillfredsställelse och avsikt att byta bransch.  Metod: Denna studies metod är av kvantitativ karaktär med ett deduktivt synsätt, där datan har insamlats med hjälp av en webbaserad enkät. Enkäten har skickats ut till urvalet, bestående av 4497 stycken svenska fastighetsmäklare, av hela populationen på 7110 stycken fastighetsmäklare. Totalt resulterade enkäten i 932 svar, där 910 av dessa kunde användas. För att analysera datan har statistikprogrammen Jamovi och Smart PLS använts. För att kunna redovisa och tolka resultatet har deskriptiva analyser gjorts, bivariata korrelationsanalyser, faktoranalyser samt strukturella ekvationsmodelleringar.  Resultat &amp; slutsats: Undersökningen visar på aggregerad nivå att Grit i hög grad påverkar den inre motivationen och att inre motivation är den faktor som har störst betydelse för en fastighetsmäklares upplevda jobbtillfredsställelse. Jobbtillfredsställelse i sin tur är den faktor som påverkar deras avsikt att byta bransch mest. Men, undersökningen visar även att jobbtillfredsställelse påverkar den yttre motivationen och att yttre motivation påverkar avsikten att byta bransch. Dessutom påverkas jobbtillfredsställelsen av faktorn relationsbyggande. Dessa motivationsfaktorers betydelse varierar dock beroende på olika demografiska variabler. Utifrån resultatet och hypotesprövningen, togs en egen modell fram, som benämns ”REAMF-modellen”.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar med kunskap om vilka motivationsfaktorer som påverkar svenska fastighetsmäklares avsikt att byta bransch. Denna studies resultat är också användbart i praktiken för ledare inom branschen. Genom att som ledare veta vilka motivationsfaktorer som motiverar de enskilda anställda fastighetsmäklarna, kan passande motivationsstrategier framtas för just dessa, för att öka deras upplevda jobbtillfredsställelse, för att därmed minska deras avsikt att byta bransch.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Denna studies motivationsfaktorer förklarar ca 40% av varför svenska fastighetsmäklare har för avsikt att byta bransch. Det hade varit intressant att undersöka fler motivationsfaktorer som kan påverka detta val. En replikering av denna studie, i något annat land, efterfrågas också till vidare forskning. Slutligen vore det intressant att se om REAMF-modellen är applicerbar på andra yrken. / Title: Why do real estate agents choose to leave the industry?Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Anna Sjögren and Emma ÖhmanSupervisors: Dr. Jonas Kågström and assistant Martin AhleniusDate: 2021 - June  Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine how the motivational factors extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, Grit – passion and perseverance for long-term goals, and relationship building affect Swedish real estate agents' job satisfaction and turnover intention.  Method: This study is based on a quantitative research method with a deductive approach, where the data has been collected using a web-based survey. The survey was sent to the sample, consisting of 4497 Swedish real estate agents, of the entire population of 7110 real estate agents. The survey resulted in 932 respondents, of which 910 could be used. To analyze the data, the statistical programs Jamovi and Smart PLS have been used. To interpret the study’s results, descriptive analyzes have been performed, bivariate correlation analyzes, factor analyzes and structural equation modeling.  Result &amp; Conclusions: The result of this study shows at an aggregate level that Grit highly influences the intrinsic motivation and that intrinsic motivation is the factor that mostly affects the perceived job satisfaction. Job satisfaction in turn is the factor that affects turnover intention the most. But, the result also shows that job satisfaction affects extrinsic motivation, and that extrinsic motivation affects turnover intention. In addition, job satisfaction is affected by the factor relationship building. However, the significance of these motivational factors varies depending on different demographic variables. Based on the results and the hypothesis test, a separate model was developed, which is called the “REAMF model”.  Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to knowledge about which motivational factors that affect Swedish real estate agents' turnover intention. The results of this study are also useful in practice for the employers. By knowing which motivational factors that motivate the individual real estate agents, appropriate motivational strategies can be developed to increase their perceived job satisfaction, and accordingly decrease their turnover intention.  Suggestions for future research: This study's motivational factors explain about 40% of Swedish real estate agents turnover intention. Further research is suggested to examine other motivational factors that may affect turnover intention. A replication of this study, in another country, is also requested for further research. Finally, it would be interesting to see if the REAMF-model is applicable in other industries.

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