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This thesis projct examines the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Project Management, focusing on its impact on the working personnel. AI has the potential to improve management processes, increase efficiency, and enhance decision-making. This thesis aims to explore the implementation of AI in project management with a focus on the impact on working personnel. The study analyzes the benefits and challanges of AI implementation, the impact on the role of project managers and team members, and the ethical considerations of using AI in project management. The research incorporates a literature review and semi-structured interviews conducted with project managers from Greece and Sweden to gather comprehensive insights. The findings suggest that the integration of AI in project management can significantly benefit working personnel by reducing workload, increasing accuracy, and providing better insights. However, the implementation of AI requires careful consideration of ethical issues and proper training of personnel. / Detta examensarbete undersöker implementeringen av artificiell intelligens (AI) i projektledning, med fokus på dess inverkan på arbetsgivare. Studien innehåller en literaturgenomgång och semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektledare från Grekland och Sverige för att smala in omfattande insikter. AI har potential att förbättra projektledningsprocesser, öka effektiviteten och förbättra beslutsfattandet. Studien analyserar fördelarna och utmaningarna med AI-implementering, inverkan på rollen för projektledare och teammedlemmar, och de etiska övervägandena av att använda AI i projektledning. Resultatet tyder på att integrationen av AI i projektledning avsevärt kan gynna arbetande personal genom att minska arbetsbelastningen, öka noggrannheten och ge bättre insikter. Men implementeringen av AI kräver noggrant övervägande av etiska frågor och korrekt utbildning av personal.

In the context of designing and implementing ethical Artificial Intelligence (AI), varying perspectives exist regarding developing trustworthy AI for autonomous cars. This study sheds light on the differences in perspectives and provides recommendations to minimize such divergences. By exploring the diverse viewpoints, we identify key factors contributing to the differences and propose strategies to bridge the gaps. This study goes beyond the trolley problem to visualize the complex challenges of trustworthy and ethical AI. Three pillars of trustworthy AI have been defined: transparency, reliability, and safety. This research contributes to the field of trustworthy AI for autonomous cars, providing practical recommendations to enhance the development of AI systems that prioritize both technological advancement and ethical principles.

Cybercriminals' digital threats to security are increasing, and organisations seek smarter solutions to combat them. Many organisations are using artificial intelligence (AI) to protect their assets. Statistics show that the adoption of AI in cyber security worldwide has grown steadily over the past few years, demonstrating that more and more companies are searching for more effective methods than traditional ones. At the same time, some are cautious about its implementation. Previous research shows this is a topic of discussion in the cyber security branch. Researchers seek to understand further how AI is used, uncovering how it may benefit security and the challenges organisations face. Sweden is a country known for its high level of technological advancement and innovation, and it has seen a particularly significant increase in the integration of AI in cyber security practices. Using semi-structured interviews as the primary research method, a diverse range of companies, were interviewed regarding their viewpoints on the topic, both those implementing AI-based cyber security solutions and those who do not. The research objectives were to examine how companies in Sweden understand and perceive AI in cyber security, identify their perceived risks associated with any potential opportunities with AI adoption, and explore possible future developments in the field. Through in-depth interviews, participants discussed their experiences, concerns, and expectations surrounding the topic, showing anywhere from mixed to negative opinions from companies not utilising AI cyber security. This study shows how more research is needed to advance our understanding of AI cyber security and how it is implemented in companies. The study concludes that when showing interest in strengthening their security with the help of AI, organisations should consider the ethical and legal issues as well as the importance of choosing the right AI solutions. Professionals recommend AI implementation for companies wishing to increase cyber security defences in the rising and ever-changing cyber threats landscape. / Cyberbrottslingarnas digitala hot mot säkerheten ökar, och organisationer söker smartare lösningar för att bekämpa dem. Många organisationer använder artificiell intelligens (AI) för att skydda sina tillgångar. Statistik visar att användningen av AI inom cybersäkerhet världen över har ökat stadigt under de senaste åren, vilket visar att allt fler företag söker efter mer effektiva metoder än de traditionella. Samtidigt är vissa försiktiga vad gäller AI:s implementering. Tidigare forskning visar att detta är ett diskussionsämne inom cybersäkerhetsbranschen. Forskarna vill förstå mer om hur AI används, hur det kan gynna säkerheten och vilka utmaningar organisationerna står inför. Sverige är ett land som är känt för sin höga nivå av teknisk utveckling och innovation och man har sett en särskilt betydande ökning av integrationen av AI i cybersäkerhetspraxis i landet. Med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer som primär forskningsmetod intervjuades en rad olika företag om deras syn på ämnet, både de som implementerar AI-baserade cybersäkerhetslösningar och de som inte gör det. Målet var att undersöka hur företag i Sverige förstår och uppfattar AI inom cybersäkerhet, att identifiera deras upplevda risker i samband med eventuella möjligheter med AI-adoption och utforska möjlig framtida utveckling inom området. Genom djupintervjuer diskuterade deltagarna sina erfarenheter, farhågor och förväntningar i ämnet, som visade allt från blandade till negativa åsikter från företag som inte använder AI i cybersäkerhet. Studien visar att det behövs ytterligare forskning för att öka vår förståelse för AI-cybersäkerhet och hur den ska implementeras i företag. Studien drar slutsatsen att organisationer som visar intresse för att stärka sin säkerhet med hjälp av AI bör ta hänsyn till etiska och juridiska frågor samt vikten av att välja rätt AI-lösningar. Experter rekommenderar att AI implementeras för företag som vill stärka sin cybersäkerhet i det ständigt ökande och föränderliga cyberhotslandskapet.

Robotic exoskeletons are designed to assist patients with motor dysfunctions. Recent researches focus on extending the robotic assistance to patient activities other than ground level walking. This study aims to analyse the lower limb muscle activity during inclined slope walking contrasting with that of ground level walking. Two different angles of inclination were chosen: 9 degrees and 18 degrees. 9 degrees inclined slope is the universal ramp size for wheelchairs. The hypothesis is that muscle activation, and ultimately metabolic cost, in inclined slope walking is different from that of ground level walking. Collected motion data and simulation in OpenSim prove that the difference in metabolic cost is because of increased activity of ankle dorsiflexors and hip extensors and reduced activity of knee extensors. Finally, muscle activities along with other criteria such as kinematic alignment and joint range of motion are summed up as biomechanical considerations for robotic exoskeleton design.

Background: There has been tremendous progress in the use of genomics1 in biomedical research and medical care since the launch of the Human Genome Project in 1990. However, it has also introduced new ethical challenges regarding the feedback of findings generated in genomic sequencing. While some would argue in support of the return of individual findings generated from genomics research, participants' preferences regarding which findings should be fed back differs. Most literature discusses feedback of findings in high income countries and very few address this issue in lower and middle-income countries (LMICs). As a result, it remains unclear whether and how individual findings from genomic studies in Africa should be fed back, who should provide these results and when. Methods: In order to contribute to addressing this gap, an empirical study was conducted to explore expectations and preferences for feedback of individual genetic findings in an HIV-TB genomics research project in Botswana. A qualitative study methodology involving deliberative focus group discussions (dFGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) was used. Participants for this study were adolescents involved in an HIV-TB genomics study being conducted at the Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence (BBCCCE). Parents and caregivers of children enrolled in that same genomic study were also enrolled in this study. A total of 93 participants (44 adolescents and 49 parents and caregivers) were enrolled in 12 dFGDs (6 groups of adolescents and 6 groups of parents and caregivers). Each group of participants met twice within a week, resulting in a total of 24 dFGD meetings. Participants of the dFGDs and in-depth interviews were selected purposively. Additionally, indepth interviews were conducted with 12 dFGD participants (6 adolescents and 6 parents or caregivers). The dFGDs and IDIs were conducted in Setswana, audio-recorded, transcribed and translated into English. Data were imported into NVivo 12 and analysed using the framework approach for qualitative data analysis. Results: The study findings revealed that participants' desire to receive individual genetic results is underpinned by their cultural values, mainly solidarity and reciprocity. Participants viewed research participation as a mutual relationship and considered the return of research results to be one way of reciprocating their efforts. This seems to be underpinned by the principle of Ubuntu which advocates for solidarity and reciprocity within communities. Participants noted that when reciprocity obligations are respected, participants feel valued and expressed that not respecting reciprocity expectations could undermine participants' trust and participation in future studies. Almost all participants wanted to receive individual genetic results. While parents and caregivers wanted to receive individual genetic results regardless of their severity, preventability or actionability, adolescents were reluctant to receive results for genetic conditions that are severe and non-preventable, especially if they are also unactionable. Participants advanced different reasons for feedback of results including for awareness, improving lifestyle, accepting one's' situation, and preparing for the future. The findings also reveal the importance of taking into account participants' context, relations and empowerment when making decisions about whether and which results ought to be fed back. When asked about practical considerations for feedback of results, both adolescents and parents expressed that they would prefer to receive individual genetic results in person, with adolescents preferring researchers to provide feedback, while parents preferred feedback from doctors associated with the study. Adolescents and parents both expressed that feedback should be supported by counselling, but they differed on the timing of feedback. Most participants shared that they would like to be informed about the possibility of discovering individual genetic results during the consent process and that consent be obtained for feedback during the enrolment process. They further expressed that in cases where prior consent to feedback was not obtained, then participants should be re-contacted where lifesaving genetic information is discovered. Participants emphasized the need for researchers to ensure that participants' decisions regarding feedback of results are well-informed. Autonomy, transparency, and communication were identified as key values to uphold during the consent process. Conclusion: In conclusion, expectations of solidarity and reciprocity could translate into an obligation to feedback selected individual genetic results in African genomics research. Decisions on practicalities for feedback of results should take into account participants' context and considerations of participants' preferences. For example, in settings like BBCCCE it might be feasible for the study team to relay participants' results to treating doctors in the same centre, while also organising counselling services if necessary. However, in cases where a study is done in a public facility with limited resources, that could be difficult to implement. Consequently, researchers may have to take up the responsibility of feeding back individual results as well as providing genetic counselling in such settings. To make these decisions, researchers should engage with relevant stakeholders including policymakers and local Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) so as to make informed decisions regarding the feasibility and acceptability of their approach to feedback of results. Obtaining participants' consent for feedback of results is important to ensure that their rights and wellbeing are protected in research. This is critical in building trust relationships between participants and researchers. Lastly, although this study is focused in Botswana, these findings could also be generalised to similar contexts in Africa and provide an authoritative voice to H3Africa to be able to mandate projects with potential to generate individual genetic results to make provisions to feedback these results to study participants.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how teachers for the younger ages perceive the conceptof social issues and what subject-specific didactic considerations they make regarding them intheir social studies teaching. The research questions that the paper aimed to answer are whatsubject-specific didactic considerations teachers for the younger ages make in their teaching ofsocial issues, and what role does the teacher believe they take or should take in social studiesteaching. Previous research regarding teaching social issues has examined the teaching of olderstudents. This, together with the few descriptions in the policy documents regarding socialissues for younger students, is the basis for the interest to fulfill this study.The method is based on a phenomenographic research approach and empirics were collectedthrough qualitative semi-structured interviews. A total of six teachers were interviewed, withformal qualifications in the subject of social studies. Their answers were then analyzed basedon the theory within the phenomenographic research approach and Vygotsky's socioculturalperspective.The result consists of three qualitatively different categories that describe the teacher'sperception of the concept of social issues and teaching of the content including the purpose andmethod. The results show that teachers work with social issues from a democratic perspective,a values-based perspective and based on current events.

Aim: The research aims at analyzing the intra-units cost charging across different countries, projects, and functions in order to establish cost charging transparency, fairness, and accountability. Furthermore, would suggest a framework seeking to ensure a smooth and consistent intra units cost charging across countries, projects and functions of a MNC. Methodology: The study was guided by a qualitative strategy with an element of action research. A total of 7 interviews were conducted with 5 people; 2 of them were interviewed twice due to the nature of the study involving action research and gaining feedback from them. Findings: The analysis revealed that there are variances in the determination of the rate used by various units of this MNC which causes a perception of unfairness and cumbersomeness in determining the costs to be charged between units. The desire to get a harmonized costs charging framework was noticed and recommendations for potential ways to arrive at that were laid out as well. Conclusion: It is essential to deal with intra-unit’s costs charging on a continuous basis as the MNC tends towards a harmonization of this process. There is a need to be flexible and adaptable to imminent changes.

The growth of private equity, as well as consolidation trends across other industries, have produced a strong and vibrant mergers and acquisitions market. A challenge during these acquisitions is information asymmetry, which makes agreeing on the transaction price a challenge. An increasingly popular instrument to get around this problem is to use earnout contracts, which puts the difference between what the buyer is willing to pay and what the seller is willing to accept as contingent on future performance of the company. This thesis focuses on testing four different models for estimating the expected pay-out of earnout contracts. The investigated models were geometric Brownian motion, autoregressive integrated moving average, artificial neural network and a hybrid model to forecast the underlying metrics which were used with Monte Carlo methods to compute the expected pay-out of the earnout contract. Furthermore, a bankruptcy adjusted and a model using implied market volatility were evaluated. The results were that the hybrid model showed the most promising predictions when estimating the expected pay-out. The bankruptcy adjustment was not successful since the model failed to reach sufficient accuracy. Using implied market volatility showed inconclusive results. / Tillväxten för riskkapital-industrin och konsolideringstrender inom andra industrier har resulterat i en aktiv marknad för bolagsförvärv. En tydlig utmaning under ett förvärv är informationsasymmetri, vilket gör det svårt att komma överens om bolagets värdering. En alltmer vanlig metod för att lösa detta problem är att använda en tilläggsköpeskilling. Ett sådant kontrakt placerar skillnaden mellan vad köparen är villig att betala och vad säljaren är villig att acceptera som en option baserad på bolagets framtida prestation. Detta examensarbete fokuserade på att testa fyra olika modeller för att skatta den framtida utbetalningen från tilläggsköpeskillingar. De utvärderade modellerna var baserade på geometrisk brownsk rörelse, autoregressive integrated moving average, artificiellt neuralt nätverk och en hybridmodell vilka användes för att generera prediktioner för optionernas underliggande mått. Dessa användes sedan för att med hjälp av Monte Carlo simulering skatta den förväntade utbetalningen från tilläggsköpeskillingen. Utöver detta testades en modell med justering av konkursrisk samt en modell baserad på implicerad volatilitet från börsnoterade optioner. Resultaten visade att hybridmodellen gav bäst prediktioner av den förväntade utbetalningen. Den konkursjusterade modellen påvisade inga signifikanta resultat då den ej nådde tillräckligt hög prediktionsförmåga. Användningen av implicerad marknadsvolatilitet gav ingen tydlig och statistiskt signifikant förbättring.

Industriell vattenrening är ett extremt viktigt område inom Miljöskyddsteknik då 60% av allt sötvatten inom Sverige används av industrier. Substanser som PFAS, aromatiska textilfärger, fenol och läkemedelsrester är extra utmanande då dessa kan vara gifta för biologisk rening. Syftet med denna rapport var att först redogöra några av de viktigaste avvägningarna som behöver göras när ett industriellt vattenreningsverk designas. I del två av arbetet har en kartläggning av teknologier som kan användas för att assistera eller ersätta biologisk rening. Det existerar flera olika typer av tekniker för att ersätta biologisk rening, men majoriteten av dessa konsumerar stora mängder värme eller elektricitet, vilket kan leda till stora rörliga kostnader. En trend inom industriell vattenrening är elektrifiering. Elektrifiering ger möjlighet att återvinna kemikalier, selektiv separation av joner, automatisk justering av pH via tekniker som elektrodialys och elektrokoagulering. Kall plasmaoxidation och kavitation kan även användas för destruktion av organiska ämnen. I takt med att förnyelsebar energi blir billigare att producera och om regeringen inför el-subventioner för industrin så kommer användbarheten av dessa tekniker att öka. Membranprocesser kan användas för att intensifiera processer som extraktion och indunstning. Med hjälp av membran kan separationshastigheten och energianvändningen minskas. Enzym kan användas för att skräddarsy rening för att bryta ner specifika ämnen vid låga tryck och temperaturer. Skumseparation är en mycket lovande process som kan användas för separation av ytaktiva ämnen som PFAS och har en mycket enkel design och låga energikostnader. / Industrial water treatment is an important field of study as industries in Sweden consumes over 60% of the available freshwater. Furthermore, only 60% of the industrial wastewater in Europe receive treatment before its discharged. Hard to oxidize compounds such as dyes, phenol, and PFAS are a major problem within the field as they often exhibit toxic or inhibiting qualities towards biological treatment methods. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is twofold; firstly, some of the most important considerations when designing an industrial wastewater treatment plant is discussed to aid someone new to the field. Secondly, novel technologies that could be used to support or replace biological treatment methods are discussed. There exist several different novel technologies that can be used to treat organic pollutants. However, many of these techniques are very energy intensive, leading to high operational costs. A major trend within wastewater treatment is the electrification of treatment techniques. These enables the recycling of chemicals, selective removal of ions and automatic neutralization of pH by means of electrodialysis and electrocoagulation. They can also be used for destruction of organics using cavitation or cold plasma oxidation. The usefulness of these techniques is likely to increase in the future as the electrification of industry picks up speed and subsidies on industrial electricity prices are put in place. Membrane processes can intensify already existing unit operations such as evaporation and extraction. By employing a membrane, the speed of separation and the energy use can be lowered. Enzymatic treatment can be used to degrade several different compounds at low temperatures and pressures by tailoring the mix of enzymes to perfectly fit the wastewater in question. Foam separation is also interesting technology in the removal of surface-active chemicals and compounds due to its simplistic design and low operational cost. The use of this technology is likely to increase in the future if the legislation regarding persistent organics is tightened further.