Legal rights for public employees are not clear in the area of social media speech. Following the Garcetti v Ceballos (2006) U.S. Supreme Court case, the pursuant to duty test was established. The social media speech of public employees, including educators, could be considered pursuant to their duties as an employee. This means that public employees are vulnerable to disciplinary action from their employer for social media speech. Furthermore, public employees are vulnerable even when they believe their social media speech is done as a private citizen. For this research study, 28 cases at the federal and state levels were analyzed. Seven of the examined cases were U.S. Supreme Court cases involving public employee speech rights. The other 21 cases were extracted from cases determined at the federal and state levels. The cases taking place after the Garcetti v Ceballos (2006) pursuant to duty test were analyzed to see how the test was applied to employee speech. Cases were also analyzed to see what other precedents from the courts had been applied. Additionally, private sector social media rights research was analyzed and reviewed to create more clarity for employees. The findings of the research show the courts have tested employee speech under the Pickering balancing test and the pursuant to duty test. The results of the case analyses were applied to provide clarity to employees regarding social media speech rights. Employee social media speech has to pass both tests to allow First Amendment protections. Employers need to create organization policy and training on this matter to protect the interest of both the organization and employees regarding avoidance of controversy.

This thesis sets out to research the phenomenon that is extraterritoriality within Americancounterterrorism, doing as such by analyzing four policy reports from four differentpresidential administrations. The purpose of this thesis is to research the evolution ofextraterritoriality within counterterrorism policy based on the knowledge that there has been achange regarding the matter, significantly following the events of the 11th of Septemberterrorist attacks in 2001. This thesis, however, researches more than merely before and afternine-eleven. By analyzing policy report from Bill Clintons, George W. Bush’s, BarackObamas and Donald Trumps administrations, the study examines the evolution ofextraterritoriality over a larger time period. The two research questions ask what the view ofextraterritoriality within American counterterrorism has been and, in what sense have changesbeen made within American counterterrorism regarding extraterritoriality.Extraterritoriality has challenged a foundational norm within the modern international worldand that is state sovereignty. Extraterritoriality can be described as one actor asserts theirjurisdiction over another actor within a specific territory of another state. In this thesis, theAmerican military base in Cuba called Guantanamo Bay will be frequently referenced to as anexample of a place where extraterritoriality is present, a so-called extraterritorial domain.In order to analyze the empirical material, a qualitative, descriptive textual analysis has beenused and dimensions have been used as an analytical tool in this thesis.The main conclusions drawn are that there has been an evolution of extraterritoriality withinAmerican counterterrorism during the time these four presidents were in office. The evolutionhas not, however, been simply linear and this study shows that extraterritoriality can bevisible in all the different policy reports. The amount of extraterritoriality noticeable andregarding which matters of extraterritoriality is the primary difference.

Magister Legum - LLM / A person should at all times try to avoid the blemish of a previous conviction and a criminal record entered against his name. A criminal record entered against his name could have detrimental consequences for an individual. An accused is usually aware of this if he is involved in a trial and is thereafter convicted and sentenced. However, the same result could occur where a person paid an admission of guilt fine. Such a person could be aware that he has attained a record, but it could also be that a payee1 of a fine is very unaware that he has attained a criminal record that is entered against his name. This study focusses on the legal consequences of the payment of such an admission of guilt fine and will endeavour to investigate the remedies available to an uninformed payee of such fines.

O presente trabalho analisa a postura do Supremo Tribunal Federal na efetividade dos direitos fundamentais pelo exame de casos concretos recentes. Para tanto, faz uma digressão acerca dos direitos fundamentais, sua evolução, positivação, técnicas de interpretação e suas críticas. Posteriormente, busca examinar duas possíveis consequências práticas dessas interpretações, dentre elas o ativismo judicial e a mutação constitucional. Frente a essas premissas, identifica sua conformação aos casos concretos e conclui pela existência de uma postura ativa do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a qual defende apontando e refutando as críticas a esse modelo. / This work analyses the role of the Supremo Tribunal Federal on the effectiveness of the constitutional rights through the exam of recent precedents. For this purpose, it considers the evolution, interpretation techniques and critiques concerning the constitutional rights. In sequence, it seeks to examine two possible practical consequences of those interpretations - judicial activism and constitutional transformation. Considering those premises, it seeks to identify them in the precedents analyzed and concludes that the Supreme Court has an active role, which is defended by pointing - e rejecting the critiques applied

A proteção das terras indígenas sofreu, durante o período republicano, grandes modificações. No começo da República não havia uma política nacional voltada ao índio, é apenas no ano de 1934 que normas relativas às terras indígenas atingiram guarida constitucional. O Serviço de Proteção ao Índio (SPI), criado em 1910, que atuou no sentido de demarcar as terras indígenas, teve que se confrontar com os estados membros para proteger as terras indígenas. Durante este período, a política para os povos indígenas foi de educar os povos indígenas a um modo de vida ocidental, persuadindo os a abandonar seus costumes originais. Isso levou a redução do território necessário para a subsistência dos índio, já que a caça e coleta foram substituídos com a agricultura. Assim, a terra abandonada poderia ser vendida ou utilizada pelo governo federal. Hoje em dia, apesar de essas metas não serem mais apoiadas pela Constituição de 1988, as leis ordinárias não foram alteradas para refletir estes novos objetivos: o respeito à forma original de vida dos indígenas, de acordo com o direito internacional. O que mostra que há contradições no sistema jurídico brasileiro, no que diz respeito aos índios. / The protection of indigenous rights to their land in Brazil has greatly evolved since the early twentieth century. Back then Brazil was a newly established republic divided in states, each of which were responsible for the administration of the indigenous people that occupied their territory. Therefore there was no common policy towards the administration of the indigenous people. Changes began in 1910 when a federal organization, the Indian Protection Service, was created to protect the indigenous people nationwide. During this period the federal policy toward indigenous people was to progressively educate the indigenous people to a western way of life, persuading them to abandon their original customs. One of the achievements of this policy was to reduce the size of the land needed for the indigenous subsistence as hunting and gathering were substituted with farming. Thus, the superfluous land could be sold or otherwise used by the government. Nowadays, although these goals are no longer endorsed in the 1988 constitution, statute law has not changed to reflect these new objectives, namely respect of the original indigenous way of life, in accordance to international law.

A partir da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal proferida no julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 1851-4/AL, os entes políticos, especialmente, estados-membros, passaram a fazer uso pleno e generalizado do regime autorizado excepcionalmente pelo art. 150, § 7.º, da Constituição de 1988, dispositivo inserido no texto constitucional por meio da Emenda n.º 3/93. Trata-se do regime de tributação chamado de substituição tributária para frente, por fato gerador presumido, que abre exceção ao princípio da capacidade contributiva em nome da praticabilidade da tributação. E o objeto do presente trabalho é o estudo dos limites à instituição deste tipo de tributação. Diante da possibilidade de restrição ao princípio da capacidade contributiva, essa norma será o primeiro objeto de análise. Parte-se da teoria dos princípios, por meio da qual se distinguem princípios e regras por critérios estruturais para que se defina o direito fundamental à tributação conforme a capacidade contributiva. Distinguem-se dois direitos fundamentais relativos a dita capacidade, uma regra e um princípio, para, em seguida, focarem-se vários aspectos do conteúdo e aplicação desse princípio. Chegando-se à conclusão da aplicação conjunta do princípio da capacidade contributiva com o interesse coletivo na praticabilidade da tributação, passa-se à análise do instrumento de tal aplicação, que é o modelo da proporcionalidade, conseqüente da distinção entre princípios e regras e definição dos princípios de direito fundamental, como normas com limites definidos por circunstâncias externas ao seu próprio conteúdo. Ao final passa-se à análise de algumas possibilidades de aplicação da proporcionalidade na definição dos limites impostos aos legisladores ao instituírem regimes de tributação por fato gerador presumido. / Since the decision of the Federal Supreme Court on the judgement of the Direct Action ADI 1851-4/AL, the political entities, specially state-members, started to make plain and general use of the regime authorized exceptionally by the article 150, § 7.º, of the Constitution of 1988, clause inserted in the constitutional text by the third Emend (1993). It is a tax regime called forward tax substitution for constructed taxable event, that makes an exception to on the ability to pay principle based on the taxation practicability. The object of this essay are the limits of the use of this regime. Noticed the possibility of restriction to the ability to pay principle, this norm is the first object of analysis. It is started by the principles theory, by which principles and rules are distinguished on terms of structure, to then define the constitutional right to be taxed on the proportion of the ability to pay. Two different constitutional rights related to this ability are distinguished, a rule and a principle. Then, various aspects of the content and application of this principle are focused. After noticing the joined application of the ability t pay principle and the public interest on the practicability of the tax system, it passes to the analysis of the instrument of this application, the proportionality model, which is a consequence of the distinction between principles and rules and the definition of principles of constitutional rights, as norms with limits determined by circumstances out of their own content. Then, the work passed to some analysis of some possibilities of application of the proportionality model on the definition of the limits to the legislators to make use of regimes of taxation of constructed events.

Os avanços tecnológicos trouxeram inovação a vários campos de conhecimento, incluindo o Direito. Neste contexto, debatemos o uso dos meios eletrônicos para a realização de atos processuais criminais, seguindo-se o exemplo de outros setores da Justiça. A lei nº 11.900/09 modificou algumas previsões do Código de Processo Penal e regulamentou o uso do sistema de videoconferência no interrogatório do réu preso. Contudo, suas determinações ainda provocam discussão na doutrina e jurisprudência, no tocante, especialmente, aos direitos individuais do acusado garantidos constitucionalmente e às dificuldades que o Poder Judiciário ainda enfrenta quando se trata de dinamizar o andamento dos processos. / Technological advances have brought innovation to various fields of knowledge, including the study of Law. In this context, we debate the use of electronic means for the accomplishment of criminal proceeding acts, following the example of other sectors of Justice. The law n. 11.900/09 changed some provisions of the Criminal Code and regulated the use of the videoconference system in the arrested defendant´s hearing. However, its provisions still raises discussion in the doctrine and jurisprudence, regardins, specially, to the accused´s individual rights constitucionally granted as well as to the difficulty the Jucidiciary Power stills deals with when it comes to making the procedures in this area more dynamic.

A proteção das terras indígenas sofreu, durante o período republicano, grandes modificações. No começo da República não havia uma política nacional voltada ao índio, é apenas no ano de 1934 que normas relativas às terras indígenas atingiram guarida constitucional. O Serviço de Proteção ao Índio (SPI), criado em 1910, que atuou no sentido de demarcar as terras indígenas, teve que se confrontar com os estados membros para proteger as terras indígenas. Durante este período, a política para os povos indígenas foi de educar os povos indígenas a um modo de vida ocidental, persuadindo os a abandonar seus costumes originais. Isso levou a redução do território necessário para a subsistência dos índio, já que a caça e coleta foram substituídos com a agricultura. Assim, a terra abandonada poderia ser vendida ou utilizada pelo governo federal. Hoje em dia, apesar de essas metas não serem mais apoiadas pela Constituição de 1988, as leis ordinárias não foram alteradas para refletir estes novos objetivos: o respeito à forma original de vida dos indígenas, de acordo com o direito internacional. O que mostra que há contradições no sistema jurídico brasileiro, no que diz respeito aos índios. / The protection of indigenous rights to their land in Brazil has greatly evolved since the early twentieth century. Back then Brazil was a newly established republic divided in states, each of which were responsible for the administration of the indigenous people that occupied their territory. Therefore there was no common policy towards the administration of the indigenous people. Changes began in 1910 when a federal organization, the Indian Protection Service, was created to protect the indigenous people nationwide. During this period the federal policy toward indigenous people was to progressively educate the indigenous people to a western way of life, persuading them to abandon their original customs. One of the achievements of this policy was to reduce the size of the land needed for the indigenous subsistence as hunting and gathering were substituted with farming. Thus, the superfluous land could be sold or otherwise used by the government. Nowadays, although these goals are no longer endorsed in the 1988 constitution, statute law has not changed to reflect these new objectives, namely respect of the original indigenous way of life, in accordance to international law.

A partir da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal proferida no julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 1851-4/AL, os entes políticos, especialmente, estados-membros, passaram a fazer uso pleno e generalizado do regime autorizado excepcionalmente pelo art. 150, § 7.º, da Constituição de 1988, dispositivo inserido no texto constitucional por meio da Emenda n.º 3/93. Trata-se do regime de tributação chamado de substituição tributária para frente, por fato gerador presumido, que abre exceção ao princípio da capacidade contributiva em nome da praticabilidade da tributação. E o objeto do presente trabalho é o estudo dos limites à instituição deste tipo de tributação. Diante da possibilidade de restrição ao princípio da capacidade contributiva, essa norma será o primeiro objeto de análise. Parte-se da teoria dos princípios, por meio da qual se distinguem princípios e regras por critérios estruturais para que se defina o direito fundamental à tributação conforme a capacidade contributiva. Distinguem-se dois direitos fundamentais relativos a dita capacidade, uma regra e um princípio, para, em seguida, focarem-se vários aspectos do conteúdo e aplicação desse princípio. Chegando-se à conclusão da aplicação conjunta do princípio da capacidade contributiva com o interesse coletivo na praticabilidade da tributação, passa-se à análise do instrumento de tal aplicação, que é o modelo da proporcionalidade, conseqüente da distinção entre princípios e regras e definição dos princípios de direito fundamental, como normas com limites definidos por circunstâncias externas ao seu próprio conteúdo. Ao final passa-se à análise de algumas possibilidades de aplicação da proporcionalidade na definição dos limites impostos aos legisladores ao instituírem regimes de tributação por fato gerador presumido. / Since the decision of the Federal Supreme Court on the judgement of the Direct Action ADI 1851-4/AL, the political entities, specially state-members, started to make plain and general use of the regime authorized exceptionally by the article 150, § 7.º, of the Constitution of 1988, clause inserted in the constitutional text by the third Emend (1993). It is a tax regime called forward tax substitution for constructed taxable event, that makes an exception to on the ability to pay principle based on the taxation practicability. The object of this essay are the limits of the use of this regime. Noticed the possibility of restriction to the ability to pay principle, this norm is the first object of analysis. It is started by the principles theory, by which principles and rules are distinguished on terms of structure, to then define the constitutional right to be taxed on the proportion of the ability to pay. Two different constitutional rights related to this ability are distinguished, a rule and a principle. Then, various aspects of the content and application of this principle are focused. After noticing the joined application of the ability t pay principle and the public interest on the practicability of the tax system, it passes to the analysis of the instrument of this application, the proportionality model, which is a consequence of the distinction between principles and rules and the definition of principles of constitutional rights, as norms with limits determined by circumstances out of their own content. Then, the work passed to some analysis of some possibilities of application of the proportionality model on the definition of the limits to the legislators to make use of regimes of taxation of constructed events.

This thesis investigated a rupture in the U. S. legal tradition of punishing sexual crime, initiatedby The Community Protection Act of 1990 and the Sexually Violent Predator Statute, that defined the criminal subject as a sexually violent predator. Thus, with this definition was initiated a new legislative innovation. Effectuated as the following Sexually Violent Predator laws, it allowed for the civil commitment of sex offenders post completed sentence. A commitment scheme that has been subject to a vast criticism qua its severe deprivation of basic human rights and dismissal of Constitutional provisions. The investigation was composed as a content analysis of the framing of the journalistic production responding to these laws. A selection of 35 news articles was appropriated as source material. The method of content analysis was accompanied by a theoretical framework, scrutinising normative orders and claims of disability and able-ism. The analysis of the source material resulted in the identification of eight repetitive thematics. Their framing was presented and analysed in order to critically discuss the composition and execution of the Sexually Violent Predator laws.