Cette thèse étudie les modes d'organisation et de financement des concours (agônes) de la cité d'Athènes aux époques hellénistique et impériale (de ca. 320 av. J.-C. jusqu'au milieu du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). Elle propose un corpus rassemblant toutes les sources, majoritairement épigraphiques, systématiquement traduites et commentées (Volume I), une synthèse historique et analytique sur la question (Volume II), des annexes et illustrations (Volume III).L'étude porte d'abord sur les formules institutionnelles retenues par les Athéniens pour encadrer l'organisation des concours théâtraux, musicaux et gymniques. Elle est consacrée au premier chef à l'agonothésie, charge civique créée au début de l'époque hellénistique et qui se maintint jusque sous l'Empire. Nous avons défini et établi le domaine de compétence et d'action des agonothètes athéniens, ainsi que leurs évolutions, en étant attentif à la périodisation propre à l'histoire de cette fonction comme à celle de la cité. L'athlothésie, magistrature spécifique aux Panathénées et maintenue à l'époque hellénistique, ainsi que la chorégie, réapparue au Ier siècle ap. J.-C., moins bien attestées, font l'objet de la même enquête. Les tâches liées à ces charges, souvent sous-estimées, entraînaient en fait une implication personnelle importante de la part des titulaires.Un examen attentif de la question montre que, contrairement à l'idée généralement admise, le financement des concours ne reposaient pas exclusivement sur la générosité des agonothètes. Au moins jusqu'au début de l'époque impériale, la cité devait fournir l'essentiel des sommes nécessaires. Enfin, une étude d'histoire sociale s'intéresse à l'identité et au milieu des agonothètes, à la place de l'agonothésie dans la carrière d'un citoyen, ainsi qu'à la façon dont leurs concitoyens appréciaient l'exercice de cette charge ; elle apportait à celui qui l'exerçait une popularité certaine, et souvent l'octroi d'honneurs publics.Cette thèse offre une monographie sur l'organisation des concours athéniens pendant six siècles, ce qui permet d'apprécier ses évolutions sur le temps long, dans un espace géographique et politique cohérent. Elle montre l'importance des enjeux entourant la vie agonistique de la cité d'Athènes, qu'ils soient d'ordre institutionnel, culturel, économique ou politique. / This doctoral thesis examines the modalities of organizing and financing the contests (agônes) taking place in the city of Athens in Hellenistic and Imperial periods (from 320 BC until the middle of the 3rd century AD). It consists of a comprehensive corpus gathering all the available evidence (mostly inscriptions), with a French translation and a specific commentary (Volume I) ; a historical and analytic synthesis on the topic as a whole (Volume II) ; and appendixes and illustrations (Volume III).This study first aims at a definition of the institutions Athenians chose to create at the head of the civic contests. It mostly deals with agonothesia, a civic office created at the beginning of the Hellenistic period and was maintained until the Roman Empire. We have defined the fields of expertise and of actions of the Athenian agonothetes and their evolutions, paying a specific attention to both the history of this office and of the city. A similar inquiry has been carried on about athlothesia, a magistracy concerned only with Panathenaia, and choregia, which was recreated in the 1st century AD (both of them being well less known than agonothesia). The tasks implied by these offices, often overlooked, reveal a very important personal involvement from the office-holders.Contrary to what is generally assumed, the agonothetes did not fund the contests exclusively from their own pockets, as a close examination shows. At least until the Imperial period, the city continued to provide most of the money needed. Finally, a social study investigates on who were the Athenian agonothetes and which milieu they were coming from ; it scrutinizes the importance of agonothesia in a public career, and the perception of this office by the average fellow-citizens. Agonothesia usually brought popularity to its holder, and quite often motivated public honors from the city.This thesis is a monography on the organization of Athenian games throughout six centuries, which allows a study on the long term, in a coherent space, geographically and politically. It shows the importance of the agonistic life in Athens, notably from institutionnal, cultural, economical and political points of view.

Le sanctuaire de Delphes a connu pendant toute la période une vie musicale effervescente, notamment par la tenue périodique des prestigieux concours pythiques Cependant, on ne s’était jamais demandé pourquoi la musique y a connu une telle faveur. Il faut remarquer que bien des aspects des musiques données à Delphes sont communs à d’autres sanctuaires : l’Apollon citharède honoré à Delphes est panhellénique et les offrandes qui lui sont consacrées, instruments comme compositions, se trouvent sur d’autres sites. Mais Delphes a ses spécificités : l’interaction d’un environnement sonore adéquat, de la pratique oraculaire et de la volonté amphictyonique de distinguer les concours de pythiques, dans la mesure de leur liberté, en font un cas unique. C’est ainsi que l’on peut parler de « centre musical », au sens où Delphes est une étape obligée des parcours géographiques et sociaux des musiciens et un terrain d’échanges privilégié tant dans la pratique que la théorie musicales. Au terme de cette étude, il paraît clair que Delphes a occupé une place originale dans l’histoire de la musique antique, éminemment paradoxale : c’est un site incontournable pour les musiciens, alors même qu’il n’y eut jamais d’école de musique locale forte à Delphes. C’est là que se trouve sans doute la réponse à notre question : la prospérité musicale de Delphes peut venir de ce que le sanctuaire est un terrain qui était perçu comme neutre par tous les musiciens du monde grec, où ils se retrouvaient égaux par les règles spécifiques en usage à Delphes et qui n’avantageaient aucun musicien originaire des lieux. / The musical life was particularly brilliant in the sanctuary of Delphi, especially during the prestigious Pythian contests. Indeed, no scholar has ever wondered why music was so pregnant in Delphi. Many aspects of the musical life in Delphi are common in comparison to other Greek sanctuaries: Apollo Kitharoidos is a panhellenic god and votive offerings for him (instruments and scores) can be found elsewhere. However, there are some specific features: due to the interaction between an impressive soundscape, the oracular cult and the decision of the Amphictiony to make a distinction between Pythian contests and other ones, Delphi is unique. That is why Delphi can be considered as a “musical centre”: all Greek musicians travel to Delphi, so as to increase their social status; furthermore, there were lots of musical transferts between musicians; so that they may change their own way of playing or understang music. At the end of our study, it is obvious that Delphi has got a specific place in the history of ancient music, but it is quite paradoxical: it is necessary for musicians to come to Delphi, although there is no local music school at all in Delphi. It could be the answer to our preliminary question: Delphi may have been seen by all of the Greek musicians as a neutral site, where no advantage was given to anybody else. In fact, all musicians were equally treated because of the specific rules used in Delphi.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [219]-224).

93 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-07T18:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert. Valdirene Silva.pdf: 1419299 bytes, checksum: 5696ef4316dc83865eb57fddba6b96e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-11T16:59:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert. Valdirene Silva.pdf: 1419299 bytes, checksum: 5696ef4316dc83865eb57fddba6b96e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-11T16:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert. Valdirene Silva.pdf: 1419299 bytes, checksum: 5696ef4316dc83865eb57fddba6b96e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta é uma pesquisa que se insere na discussão das interfaces entendidas como processo de inter(ação) e interatividade, das tecnologias da informação e comunicação e tribos urbanas, no contexto contemporâneo escolar, no universo especificado da Capital do Estado do Tocantins - Palmas. Foram investigados 35 jovens que se assumem como integrantes de tribos que circulam pela cidade e estudam no Centro de Ensino Médio de Palmas – CEM. A investigação esteve atrelada a uma perspectiva formativa escolar oficial e a seleção e oferta de conteúdos paralelos, mediados pelas tecnologias da informação e da comunicação, que possibilitam interações coletivas, em função da subordinação da chamada cultura urbana às tecnologias eletrônicas. O referencial teórico foi construído com base em: Zygmunt Bauman (2003), Paula Sibilia (2002), Jésus Martín Barbero (1997), Edvaldo Couto (2003), Manuel Castells (2003), Lúcia Santaella (1997), André Lemos (2004), Vani Kenski (2004), Maria Helena Bonilla (2005), José Guilherme Magnani (1992), Michael Maffesoli (2000), Don Tapscott(1998) e Pierre Levy (1999), sem desconsiderar as sinalizações de outros autores. O método, análise de conteúdo, foi adotado para a leitura das informações obtidas durante o processo de escuta. Os instrumentos utilizados, como procedimentos básicos para a coleta de dados foram observação, informações e entrevista. Os resultados permitiram concluir que tipologias distintas de jovens estão circulando no cenário escolar, convivendo com as ofertas das políticas educacionais e formativas, que se presumem hegemônicas, e, enquanto receptores vão negociando mais sentidos e significados de mundo e vida, a partir dos aparatos midiáticos. / Salvador

The problem of this study was to determine whether differences exist between elementary and middle school campuses that participate in University Interscholastic League (UIL) academic activities and similar campuses that do not participate. The Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) furnished data from 1993 through 1997 for this ex post facto comparative research. Using all Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) scores for grades 3 through 8, economically disadvantaged population data, attendance rates and campus accountability ratings, 12 hypotheses and 4 research questions were addressed.

Diese Dissertation enthält vier Aufsätze zur Theorie der Anreizsetzung bei nicht-verifizierbaren Leistungsmaßen. Es werden positive Dominanzanalysen für Anreizmechanismen durchgeführt, die in realen wirtschaftlichen Situationen Anwendung finden. Der erste Aufsatz analysiert zwei Bonus-Wettbewerbe in Unternehmen. Der Prinzipal kann entweder einen Bonuspool festlegen, dessen Aufteilung von der Leistung der Agenten abhängt, oder bereits ex ante die Höhe der Boni fixieren. Eine höhere Präzision der Leistungsmessung führt nur im zweiten Fall zu stärkeren Anreizen. Die optimale Wahl des Wettbewerbs hängt von den Präferenzen der Agenten, ihren Liquiditätsbeschränkungen und den Kosten der Leistungsmessung ab. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die optimale Zuordnung von Aufgaben auf Stellen wenn relationale Verträge basierend auf subjektiven Leistungsmaßen explizite Anreizverträge ergänzen können. Die Spaltung von Aufgaben ist optimal, wenn die glaubhafte Bindung an relationale Verträge nicht möglich ist. Dagegen sollten Aufgaben immer dann gebündelt werden, wenn relationale Verträge bereits bestehen. Im dritten Aufsatz möchte ein Käufer eine Innovation erwerben. Um qualitätssteigernde Investitionen bei potentiellen Anbietern zu induzieren, kann der Käufer entweder einen fixen Preis ausschreiben oder einen Auktionsmechanismus nutzen. Obwohl Investitionen unter der Auktion immer höher sind, bevorzugt der Käufer einen fixen Preis wenn die Grenzkosten der Qualitätsmessung hoch sind oder die Produktionstechnologie starken Zufallseinflüssen unterliegt. Im letzten Aufsatz möchte ein Prinzipal das Produktionsergebnis zweier Agenten maximieren, die vor der Produktion in eine kostenreduzierende Innovation investieren können. Dabei kommt es zu Spillover-Effekten. Bei einer allgemeinen Preissubvention sind Investitionen stets zu gering, während ein Innovationswettbewerb zu Unter- und Überinvestitionen führen kann. Der Prinzipal bevorzugt eine Preissubvention bei starken Spillover-Effekten. / This thesis consists of four self-contained essays that compare real-world incentive schemes used to mitigate moral hazard problems under non-verifiable performance. The first essay contrasts the impact of the precision of performance measurement on wage costs in U- and J-type tournaments. In U-type tournaments prizes are fixed. In J-type tournaments only an overall wage sum is specified. The principal prefers a U-type tournament if workers receive a rent under limited liability and the costs of increasing precision are low. However, if workers are inequity-averse and have unlimited liability, the J-type tournament leads to lower wage costs. The second essay analyzes optimal job design when there is only one contractible and imperfect performance measure for all tasks whose contribution to firm value is non-verifiable. Task splitting is optimal when relational contracts based on firm value are not feasible. By contrast, if an agent who performs a given set of tasks receives an implicit bonus, the principal always benefits from assigning an additional task to this agent. The third essay compares an auction and a tournament in a procurement setting with non-contractible quality signals. Signals are affected by firms' non-observable investments in R&D and the procurer's precision of quality measurement. Although investments are always higher with the auction, the procurer may prefer the tournament if marginal costs of quality measurement are high or the production technology for quality is highly random. In the last essay, a principal wants to induce two agents to produce an output. Agents can undertake non-contractible investments to reduce production cost of the output. Part of this "innovation" spills over and also reduces production cost of the other agent. Agents always underinvest with a general output price subsidy, while they may or may not do so with an innovation tournament. Strong spillovers tend to favor a general output price subsidy.

La thèse interroge la formation des architectes à l’Ecole des beaux-arts au vingtième siècle en privilégiant deux orientations qui fondent une histoire réglementaire et une histoire de la pédagogie. D’un côté, les archives de l’Ecole des beaux-arts et ses règlements font émerger les moments de réforme et de débats comme les phases de stabilité. D’un autre côté, l’enseignement de la théorie de l’architecture éclaire certaines pratiques pédagogiques, notamment à l’articulation entre les cours et les concours d’émulation. Ce regard croisé entre histoire règlementaire et pédagogique traduit l’évolution et les continuités d’un enseignement. Ainsi sont évaluées les capacités de l’institution à se réformer et à questionner ses traditions académiques au fil du temps. Du berceau parisien aux antennes provinciales, des enjeux scolaires à ceux de la profession, des cours aux concours, est ici proposée une lecture inédite de certains traits de l’enseignement de l’architecture à l’Ecole de beaux-arts au XXe siècle. / This PHd thesis is focused on the architect’s formation at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century. It is focused on the history of both regulations and pedagogy. Archives of the Ecole de Beaux-Arts and texts of regulations show reformes and period of stability along the century. The teaching of Architectural Theory, expecially the articulation between courses and contests, shows some pedagogical practices. By using a double perspective, continuities and evolutions have been highlighted. Moreover the abilities of the institution to let its academic traditions evolve has been explored. From Paris to provincial schools, from academical contest to professional one, from courses to contests, an innovative way of understanding teaching at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century is proposed.

中國與日本早在1866年就接到法國邀請參加1867年在巴黎舉行的世界博覽會，日本幕府組團參展，而中國的滿清政府以「曉諭商民參加」搪塞，並未組團，到了1873年方由海關洋員組團參加奧國舉辦的「維也納世界博覽會」。另日本明治政府於1877~1907年間共舉辦六次「內國勸業博覽會」，而中國卻遠落後30多年於1910年方首度舉辦等同規格的「南洋勸業會」，是什麼因素造成彼此間博覽會發展的延誤落差？有鑒於這方面的研究較少且深度尚淺，另有鑒於中日兩國現代化也有類似延誤落差的研究，大多限於某些狹小範圍的努力，可惜少了整體的解釋，我們需要一個關於中國現代化的綜合觀點，以深入全面的了解中國社會的變遷。本論文以中日兩國參與世博會事業進行案例研究(Case Study)，並兼論兩國現代化發展差異，方法上以歷程分析法(Process Analysis)，除了要分析影響博覽會事業成敗的關鍵活動成員(Player)，在接觸意會、參展學習及引進實做過程中的認知、能力與經驗之外，還要掌握關鍵活動成員和博覽會引進過程是被鑲崁在社會脈絡(context)，一些地理、經濟、社會、政治及文化等脈絡因素不容忽視。企求能從綜合的觀點進行歷程分析，釐清兩國博覽會事業落差，進而以此綜合觀點討論兩國現代化發展差異。

<p>The primary research question of this dissertation is, \textit{How do contestants make sequential design decisions under the influence of competition?} To address this question, I study the influence of three factors, that can be controlled by the contest organizers, on the contestants' sequential information acquisition and decision-making behaviors. These factors are (i) a contestant's domain knowledge, (ii) framing of a design problem, and (iii) information about historical contests. The \textit{central hypothesis} is that by conducting controlled behavioral experiments we can acquire data of contestant behaviors that can be used to calibrate computational models of contestants' sequential decision-making behaviors, thereby, enabling predictions about the design outcomes. The behavioral results suggest that (i) contestants better understand problem constraints and generate more feasible design solutions when a design problem is framed in a domain-specific context as compared to a domain-independent context, (ii) contestants' efforts to acquire information about a design artifact to make design improvements are significantly affected by the information provided to them about their opponent who is competing to achieve the same objectives, and (iii) contestants make information acquisition decisions such as when to stop acquiring information, based on various criteria such as the number of resources, the target objective value, and the observed amount of improvement in their design quality. Moreover, the threshold values of such criteria are influenced by the information the contestants have about their opponent. The results imply that (i) by understanding the influence of an individual's domain knowledge and framing of a problem we can provide decision-support tools to the contestants in engineering design contexts to better acquire problem-specific information (ii) we can enable contest designers to decide what information to share to improve the quality of the design outcomes of design contest, and (iii) from an educational standpoint, we can enable instructors to provide students with accurate assessments of their domain knowledge by understanding students' information acquisition and decision making behaviors in their design projects. The \textit{primary contribution} of this dissertation is the computational models of an individual's sequential decision-making process that incorporate the behavioral results discussed above in competitive design scenarios. Moreover, a framework to conduct factorial investigations of human decision making through a combination of theory and behavioral experimentation is illustrated. <br></p>

<div>This thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I investigate the effects of complexity in various voting systems on individual behavior in small group electoral competitions. Using a laboratory experiment, I observe individual behavior within one of three voting systems -- plurality, instant runoff voting (IRV), and score then automatic runoff (STAR). I then estimate subjects' behavior in three different models of bounded rationality. The estimated models are a model of Level-K thinking (Nagel, 1995), the Cognitive Hierarchy (CH) model (Camerer, et al. 2004), and a Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) (McKelvey and Palfrey 1995). I consistently find that more complex voting systems induce lower levels of strategic thinking. This implies that policy makers desiring more sincere voting behavior could potentially achieve this through voting systems with more complex strategy sets. Of the tested behavioral models, Level-K consistently fits observed data the best, implying subjects make decisions that combine of steps of thinking with random, utility maximizing, errors.</div><div><br></div><div>In the second chapter, I investigate the relationship between the mechanisms used to select leaders and both measures of group performance and leaders' ethical behavior. Using a laboratory experiment, we measure group performance in a group minimum effort task with a leader selected using one of three mechanisms: random, a competition task, and voting. After the group task, leaders must complete a task that asks them to behave honestly or dishonestly in questions related to the groups performance. We find that leaders have a large impact on group performance when compared to those groups without leaders. Evidence for which selection mechanism performs best in terms of group performance seems mixed. On measures of honesty, the strongest evidence seems to indicate that honesty is most positively impacted through a voting selection mechanism, which differences in ethical behavior between the random and competition selection treatments are negligible.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>In the third chapter, I provide an investigation into the factors and conditions that drive "free riding" behavior in dynamic innovation contests. Starting from a dynamic innovation contest model from Halac, et al. (2017), I construct a two period dynamic innovation contest game. From there, I provide a theoretical background and derivation of mixed strategies that can be interpreted as an agent's degree to which they engage in free riding behavior, namely through allowing their opponent to exert effort in order to uncover information about an uncertain state of the world. I show certain conditions must be fulfilled in order to induce free riding in equilibrium, and also analytically show the impact of changing contest prize structures on the degree of free riding. I end this paper with an experimental design to test these various theoretical conclusions in a laboratory setting while also considering the behavioral observations recorded in studies investigating similar contest models and provide a plan to analyze the data collected by this laboratory experiment.</div><div><br></div><div>All data collected for this study consists of individual human subject data collected from laboratory experiments. Project procedures have been conducted in accordance with Purdue's internal review board approval and known consent from all participants was obtained.</div>